Article(id=1246023204624515979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690646400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775004681974, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775004681974, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775004681974, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004681974, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246023204117005194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='145', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775004681852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004747143, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246023204834231181, articleId=1246023204624515979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Recent Research Progress on Intelligent Flexible Mechanical Metamaterials and Their Properties, columnId=1241837071892026304, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mechanical metamaterials (or meta-structures) exhibit extraordinary physical and mechanical properties due to their unique microstructural designs. By combining the design ideas of mechanical metamaterials with intelligent and flexible materials (IFMs), it is possible to create intelligent flexible mechanical metamaterials (IFMMs) with self-sensing and self-actuating capabilities. This paper takes conventional mechanical metamaterials as a starting point and analyzes the fundamental design ideas, deformation mechanisms, and mechanical properties of IFMMs. According to recent research progress on IFMMs, this novel metamaterial is categorized as mechanical metamaterial based on shape memory polymers (SMPs), hydrogel, magnetoactive soft materials, and dielectric elastomers, with a particular focus on the first two types. On the basis of our previous work, we present a general approach that utilizes analytical methods and numerical simulations to analyze the mechanical properties of negative Poisson's ratio, negative expansion, and multi-stable metamaterials under the assumptions of small deformation and large deformation with multi-field coupling, respectively. In the case of small deformation, the use of beam theory and energy methods proves to be essential for obtaining fundamental mechanical parameters of the materials. Moreover, accurate constitutive models and numerical implementation under large deformation and multi-field coupling offer the possibility to analyze more complex deformations and structures. In addition, the preparation and performance testing of IFMMs remain crucial. Advanced manufacturing techniques have introduced new opportunities for the preparation of IFMMs, and currently, various methods are available to effectively prepare these materials. The performance testing of IFMMs includes both experiments applicable to traditional materials and specialized experiments only for IFMs. Finally, this paper concludes by highlighting some key issues and potential trends of IFMMs. These challenges primarily revolve around material properties, fabrication methods, mechanical models, and structural designs. This review may bring beneficial inspiration for the future development of IFMMs.

, correspAuthors=Qingsheng Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qingsheng Yang, Xiangchuan Nian, Jing Zhang, Aijie Tang, Shan Jin, Ran Tao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246023211779997846, articleId=1246023204624515979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=智柔超材料及其力学性能的研究进展, columnId=1241837072126907338, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

力学超材料(或超结构)因其独特的微观结构设计而展现超常的物理和力学特性. 将力学超材料设计思想与智能柔性(简称智柔)材料相结合,可以制备出具有自感知和自驱动功能的智柔力学超材料(简称智柔超材料). 本文对近年来智柔超材料的研究现状和进展进行了评述,分析了此类材料的基本设计思想、变形机理及力学特性,重点关注了基于形状记忆聚合物和水凝胶智柔超材料的设计原理和性能分析方法;阐释了先进制造技术为智柔超材料发展带来的机遇,并讨论了此类材料在设计和开发方面面临的关键问题以及未来发展趋势.

, correspAuthors=杨庆生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** E-mail:.
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智柔超材料及其力学性能的研究进展
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杨庆生 1, ** , 粘向川 1 , 张婧 1 , 唐爱杰 1 , 金山 1 , 陶然 2
固体力学学报 | 综述 2024,45(2): 145-169
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固体力学学报 | 综述 2024, 45(2): 145-169
智柔超材料及其力学性能的研究进展
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杨庆生1, ** , 粘向川1, 张婧1, 唐爱杰1, 金山1, 陶然2
作者信息
  • 1北京工业大学工程力学系,北京,100124
  • 2北京理工大学先进结构技术研究院,北京,100084

通讯作者:

** E-mail:.
Recent Research Progress on Intelligent Flexible Mechanical Metamaterials and Their Properties
Qingsheng Yang1, ** , Xiangchuan Nian1, Jing Zhang1, Aijie Tang1, Shan Jin1, Ran Tao2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Engineering Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124
  • 2Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.039
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力学超材料(或超结构)因其独特的微观结构设计而展现超常的物理和力学特性. 将力学超材料设计思想与智能柔性(简称智柔)材料相结合,可以制备出具有自感知和自驱动功能的智柔力学超材料(简称智柔超材料). 本文对近年来智柔超材料的研究现状和进展进行了评述,分析了此类材料的基本设计思想、变形机理及力学特性,重点关注了基于形状记忆聚合物和水凝胶智柔超材料的设计原理和性能分析方法;阐释了先进制造技术为智柔超材料发展带来的机遇,并讨论了此类材料在设计和开发方面面临的关键问题以及未来发展趋势.

智柔超材料  /  力学性能  /  形状记忆聚合物  /  水凝胶  /  负泊松比  /  负膨胀  /  多稳态

Mechanical metamaterials (or meta-structures) exhibit extraordinary physical and mechanical properties due to their unique microstructural designs. By combining the design ideas of mechanical metamaterials with intelligent and flexible materials (IFMs), it is possible to create intelligent flexible mechanical metamaterials (IFMMs) with self-sensing and self-actuating capabilities. This paper takes conventional mechanical metamaterials as a starting point and analyzes the fundamental design ideas, deformation mechanisms, and mechanical properties of IFMMs. According to recent research progress on IFMMs, this novel metamaterial is categorized as mechanical metamaterial based on shape memory polymers (SMPs), hydrogel, magnetoactive soft materials, and dielectric elastomers, with a particular focus on the first two types. On the basis of our previous work, we present a general approach that utilizes analytical methods and numerical simulations to analyze the mechanical properties of negative Poisson's ratio, negative expansion, and multi-stable metamaterials under the assumptions of small deformation and large deformation with multi-field coupling, respectively. In the case of small deformation, the use of beam theory and energy methods proves to be essential for obtaining fundamental mechanical parameters of the materials. Moreover, accurate constitutive models and numerical implementation under large deformation and multi-field coupling offer the possibility to analyze more complex deformations and structures. In addition, the preparation and performance testing of IFMMs remain crucial. Advanced manufacturing techniques have introduced new opportunities for the preparation of IFMMs, and currently, various methods are available to effectively prepare these materials. The performance testing of IFMMs includes both experiments applicable to traditional materials and specialized experiments only for IFMs. Finally, this paper concludes by highlighting some key issues and potential trends of IFMMs. These challenges primarily revolve around material properties, fabrication methods, mechanical models, and structural designs. This review may bring beneficial inspiration for the future development of IFMMs.

intelligent flexible mechanical metamaterials  /  mechanical properties  /  shape memory polymer  /  hydrogel  /  negative Poisson's ratio  /  negative expansion  /  multi-stability
杨庆生, 粘向川, 张婧, 唐爱杰, 金山, 陶然. 智柔超材料及其力学性能的研究进展. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (2) : 145 -169 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.039
Qingsheng Yang, Xiangchuan Nian, Jing Zhang, Aijie Tang, Shan Jin, Ran Tao. Recent Research Progress on Intelligent Flexible Mechanical Metamaterials and Their Properties[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (2) : 145 -169 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.039
近年来,超材料作为高性能材料的一个重要分支,受到广泛的关注. 超材料是指经过人工设计而呈现出常规材料所不具备的超常物理性质的结构材料,其特性源于其层次结构概念和材料多尺度设计原理[1]. 由于其超常物理特性主要来自于微结构的特殊形态,超材料往往也称为超结构或超构材料. 根据超材料所展现出的特性,可分为力学超材料[2]、热学超材料[3]、电磁超材料[4]和光学超材料[5]等,它们在工业和军事等领域具有十分广泛的应用. 对于力学超材料,可人为设计材料的微结构参数和力学特性,使其在宏观上表现出负泊松比、负热膨胀和多稳态等独特力学性能.
智能柔性(简称智柔)材料是一种能感知外部刺激,并做出响应反馈的新型功能材料,拥有普通材料不具备的特殊功能. 近年来,形状记忆聚合物(Shape Memory Polymer,SMP)和水凝胶等智柔材料在物理、电子、航空航天和生物医学等领域得到了广泛应用[6,7]. SMP是一种具有感知-响应特性的形状记忆材料,具备大变形、变刚度和形状可编程的特性[8,9]. 水凝胶是一类可吸水溶胀并在溶胀状态下保持大量水而不溶解的材料,具有丰富的刺激响应模式及非线性驱动力输出方式[7,10].
将力学超材料设计思想与智柔材料相结合可设计出既具有特殊力学性能,又具有主动感知和智能响应的智柔力学超材料(简称智柔超材料),它们实现了力学超材料的飞跃式发展,也为力学结构创新设计开辟了新途径. 智柔超材料可以通过外部驱动改变自身形态,外部驱动主要包括热驱动[11]、溶液驱动[12]、磁驱动[13]和光驱动[14]等. 随着3D/4D打印技术的逐步应用,智柔超材料的发展呈现方兴未艾之势.
本文结合本课题组工作与其他相关研究,阐述近几年智柔超材料及其力学性能的研究进展. 文章的主要结构为:第1节简要介绍力学超材料的基本设计思想和原理;第2节介绍几种常见的智柔超材料,并重点聚焦基于SMP和水凝胶的智柔超材料的研究;第3节介绍智柔超材料基本单元的理论分析法和大变形多场耦合分析法;第4节结合先进制造技术介绍智柔超材料的制备方法和力学性能实验技术;最后总结智柔超材料存在的问题和未来发展趋势.
力学超材料包括常规力学超材料和智柔力学超材料. 关于常规力学超材料的综述文献已有较多[1,15-18],它们的一些设计思想也是设计智柔超材料的基础. 考虑到本文的系统性,首先简要介绍常规力学超材料的基本设计思想和原理.
负泊松比超材料是通过设计材料微结构,使其在宏观上表现出负泊松比的性能. 有少数天然材料具有负泊松比效应,如沸石[19]和方晶石[20]等.1988年Friis等[21]设计了聚氨酯泡沫的内凹泡孔单元结构,如图1(a)所示,此结构具有负泊松比效应. 自此,这一领域的研究开始蓬勃发展起来. 负泊松比材料表现出了优异的力学性能,如提高了材料的剪切模量、抗缺口性能、抗断裂性能和回弹韧性,并且在抗冲击时拥有更好的效果[22].
常见人工负泊松比超材料的设计思想可由图1(b)-(e)所示结构展现,这些结构包括旋转多边形结构[23]、内凹结构[24]、手性结构[25]和折纸结构[26]等. 沿一方向拉伸图1(b)所示的旋转多边形结构时,多边形会发生旋转,使它们之间的缝隙增大,导致材料横向尺寸增大,从而产生负泊松比效应. 内凹结构与旋转多边形的原理相似,只不过是当拉伸内凹结构时,其纵向的直杆间距增大,最终产生负泊松比效应. 对图1(d)所示的手性结构施加纵向压力时,受压的韧带推动中心刚体旋转,从而带动其它韧带发生卷曲,导致材料横向尺寸减小,从而产生负泊松比效应. 折纸结构的设计相对丰富,传统折纸中一般考虑可展开性、平面可折叠性和刚性可折叠性三个特征[17]. 设计折纸结构的方法有很多,其中三浦折纸法(Miura-Ori)是设计负泊松比超材料的一种有效方法. 它涉及的参数也比其它结构要多,如图1(e)所示,根据这些参数的几何关系和泊松比定义可得出负泊松比效应,具体可参考文献[26].
这些基本的结构形式成为负泊松比超材料设计的“基因库”,学者在这些结构基础上,通过混杂原理、组合原理和梯度原理[15,16],特别是结合轻质点阵结构设计出了许多负泊松比超材料[16]. 此外,还有一类属于结构优化范畴的负泊松比设计,它通过建立数学优化目标函数,以此设计泊松比可调的超材料[27,28].
负热膨胀超材料是一种具有负热膨胀系数的结构材料,当温度升高(降低)时表现为体积缩小(增大). 天然的负热膨胀材料极少,而且有效的负热膨胀系数极低,难以在实际工程中运用. 自1996年Lakes[3]率先设计出具有显著负热膨胀系数的双材料晶胞以来,利用晶胞的形状、拓扑和几何排列成为调节材料热性能的一种主流方法. 这启发人们可以通过调节结构构型、几何参数和材料参数获得具有较大负热膨胀系数的结构,甚至能实现对负热膨胀系数的调控.
负热膨胀超材料主要以双材料热膨胀失配而导致的结构收缩变形为设计原理,根据其变形原理设计思想可分为两类:(1)以弯曲主导变形的双材料手性负热膨胀超材料[29],如图2(a)-(b)所示. 在温度变化刺激下,这种超材料中的韧带弯曲会带动节点的旋转,从而引起结构的扩展或收缩[30,31]. 弯曲主导型负热膨胀超材料基本设计单元为热膨胀系数不同的双材料细杆,由于两种材料的热膨胀不匹配,当其受热时杆件会向热膨胀系数较低的一侧弯曲,导致杆件两端的距离减小. 因负泊松比超材料在变形时结构单元也会产生弯曲变形,可利用热作为这种变形的驱动力,所以以弯曲变形为主的负热膨胀超材料一般可参考负泊松比超材料的基本构型.(2)以拉伸主导变形的双材料三角形负热膨胀超材料[32-35],如图2(c)-(d)所示. 这种超材料首尾连接着具有不同正热膨胀系数的材料,采用类似铰接的形式可将这种基本结构单元连接起来,形成一定周期排布的阵列结构,最后在温度变化下发生拉伸变形失配而产生负热膨胀行为[33-35]. 负热膨胀超材料因其独特的热响应特性,使其在剧烈的温度变化下可实现精准的热变形行为控制,在深空探测等工程领域具有良好的应用前景[35].
多稳态超材料是指在静力平衡状态下具有两种或多种稳定状态的超材料. 在每个状态之间都存在着能量壁垒,结构从一种状态变化到另一种状态需要先吸收能量突破能量壁垒再释放能量. 多稳态超材料的设计思想由图3所示结构体现,这些结构包括:(1)融入可屈曲壳、梁的超材料设计方法[36,37],这更容易结合二维点阵结构拓展新构型[38-40],如图3(a)所示.(2)基于纤维与基体热膨胀系数不同的非对称铺设层合板结构[41]. 该类结构主要为平面结构,但能够产生较大的卷曲,因此通过多个结构的组合叠加,可得到较为优异的卷曲性能[42],如图3(b)所示.(3)基于折纸设计的多稳态超材料. 折纸结构通常只需吸收较少的能量即可突破能量壁垒. 由于折纸结构本身就具有可折叠的优势,这使得多个稳态具有显著的形状差异[43-45],如图3(c)所示.(4)采用磁驱动的多稳态超材料[46,47]. 将具有磁力的模块嵌入到结构中进行设计,使结构具有可重复性,如图3(d)所示. 此外,也可将上述多个设计方式融合在一起[48]. 由于多稳态超材料拥有非凡的吸能和隔振性能,未来对多稳态超材料的研究依然是一个重点.
除以上三种常见力学超材料外,还有一些其它力学超材料. 它们的主要设计思想有:(1)微纳米晶格拓扑结构设计. 合理设计具有适当微结构以及纳米和微米级特征材料尺寸的晶格拓扑,可以使超材料具备一些其它的特殊力学性能,如高比强度[50,51],这种结构可以达到与材料本身相当的强度,而质量却大大减轻. 但这种高比强度超材料容易发生脆性断裂,因而提高其韧性也得到了广泛的关注[52].(2)基于折纸结构的变刚度设计. 变刚度超材料具有逐层渐变的结构设计方式,使得结构拥有变化刚度的特性. 改变折叠模式的几何参数,以创建刚性可折叠和自锁状态,该结构可以实现周期性梯度刚度,并且可以通过改变基本的几何设计来调整力学响应[53].(3)五模超材料设计. 这种设计可满足刚度矩阵的6个特征值5个为零的条件,具有流体性质[54],可实现力学隐身和超透镜等功能.(4)压扭力学超材料设计. 传统材料扭转变形需要有与受力方向相同的扭矩才能实现,区别于此,压扭力学超材料在受单轴作用力时即可发生扭转变形[2].
常规力学超材料的共同特点是材料独特的整体力学性能可通过巧妙的微结构设计而实现. 将上述超材料基本设计思想与智柔材料相结合,为设计可响应外部刺激的智柔超材料提供了一种新的思路. 在智柔超材料的设计和分析中,更加体现了智能响应-微结构-力学性能关系的关键作用. 智柔超材料通常在热、化、磁、电和光等作用下能产生特殊的力学响应,其模量往往较低,因此能产生较大的变形. 可以说,智柔超材料既具有超材料的特殊力学性能,又具有主动感知外部环境并产生响应的功能. 围绕智柔材料与超材料设计耦合的智柔超材料越来越多. 本节重点评述两类研究较为成熟的基于SMP和基于水凝胶的智柔超材料,简要评述基于磁活性软材料和介电弹性体的智柔超材料.
SMP可以变形为临时形状,并在受到如热、电、光和化学诱导等刺激后恢复至初始形状[55]. 基于SMP的智柔超材料主要集中于结构变形的可调性,如自展开、自折叠和可调多稳态等,随着研究的深入,也出现了基于SMP的力学性能可编程的功能性超材料,如弹性模量、泊松比和隔振带隙可调等.
具有自主展开与折叠的SMP智柔材料与结构已有广泛的研究. 比如,基于SMP的纤维复合材料可以设计成智能铰链结构,合理设计结构内的弯曲路径和纤维的铺设层数,结构可获得更优异的力学性能[56]. 基于SMP和导电箔设计的折纸天线,具有形状转变和自折叠功能,可在几秒钟内将2D形状转化为永久的3D结构[57]. 在同一结构的不同部位可以分别打印不同属性的SMP,实现在均匀温度场内顺序自折叠的智柔超材料[58]. 这些工作为SMP超材料的应用提供了坚实的基础.
本课题组将SMP的大变形及形状记忆功能与折纸技术结合,做出了具有创新性的折纸智柔超材料[59,60]. 我们受三浦折纸法(Miura-Ori)启发,并引入具有不同热响应特性的SMP,获得了具有温度响应的自展开折纸扇面[59],如图4(a)所示. 将Kresling-pattern的扭转折痕嵌入到圆筒内部结构中,可以诱导产生超压缩性和压扭耦合效应,进一步采用SMP对折痕进行处理,可以使折纸超材料既具有折叠展开的力学特性,又具有热响应的自扭转特性[60],如图4(b)所示. 此外,基于SMP的单层折纸超材料可以扩展到多层结构,这有望成为机械伸展臂或驱动器的新原型.
基于SMP的智柔超材料在多稳态自主转换方面也有丰富的结构设计[11,61,62]. 如借鉴壳、梁变形机理设计的具有自恢复功能的二维和三维多稳态结构[11],如图5所示. 利用双稳态特性设计可变软超材料浆的游泳机器人[63],可通过周围温度变化触发形状记忆行为而获得推进力,以完成预先编程的水中推进任务. 由于SMP具有变刚度与形状记忆的性质,因而与多稳态相结合可以产生自主可控的特性,以此对超材料的微结构进行逆向设计,可产生更多的多功能智能多稳态超材料.
基于SMP实现超材料力学性能的可调可编程成为新兴的研究趋势. 如结构可调节、可部署的超材料[9],还有专门针对弹性模量、泊松比、断裂应变可编程[64]以及应力应变曲线可定制的超材料[65]等. 本课题组利用SMP形状可编程、形状记忆和变刚度的功能,制备了具有声子带隙可调节可转换的智柔超材料[66],如图6所示. 目前,在带隙的动态调整方面,通过机械载荷改变晶格构型是一种较为常见的方法,但该方法要求超材料始终处于加载状态来维持其变形,而结合SMP制备成的声子晶体可以通过切换结构的应变来调整带隙,并保持变形状态不变[66,67],如图7(a)所示. 另外由于SMP的温度敏感性,能够控制环境温度改变结构的有效刚度,达到进一步优化结构的振动控制能力,实现带隙的双重控制功能[66],如图7(b)所示. 这种几何可重构、性能可定制的超材料设计方法,为开发具有潜在应用前景的智柔超材料提供了有意义的参考. 根据需求对力学性能进行编程调控的逆向设计策略,无论从理论还是从结构上都推进了超材料设计的革新. 近期出现了基于机器学习和神经网络等手段,直接建立超材料特定功能和结构参数关系的方法,但更多局限在简单平面结构的研究[68]. 随着理论与技术上的发展,未来机器学习方法将有力地辅助科研人员针对特定功能需求来设计智柔超材料.
通过以上分析可以发现,力学超材料与SMP智柔材料相融合,能感知环境温度并产生力学响应,得以突破时间与空间的限制,实现了特殊变形行为与功能的智能调控. 随着可感知的智柔超材料在柔性电子、航空航天和软体机器人等领域需求的提升,基于SMP智柔超材料会向智能化和多功能一体化的方向发展.
水凝胶作为一种柔性功能性高分子材料,通过在分子水平上的合理设计和对多尺度结构的控制,已实现了力学性能和刺激响应等功能的显著改善[69],并被广泛应用于柔性生物电子、组织工程、软执行器和药物输送系统等领域[70,71].
近年来,基于水凝胶的复合结构的设计和变形机理研究取得了很大的进展. 水凝胶由于吸水或失水会产生较大的体积变化. 在结构设计层面上,受折纸/剪纸启发并结合3D/4D打印技术,可利用不同水凝胶吸水溶胀失配制备各种智能响应型复合水凝胶超材料[72],如图8(a)所示. 这些复合水凝胶结构能够响应多种外部刺激并产生特殊的变形,如弯曲、折叠和扭曲[6,73]等,如图8(b)-(c)所示. 同样利用协同变形的原理,通过调整结构的几何形状和水凝胶特性,可以使二维水凝胶板自发变形为三维交替的凹凸结构[74]. 由于水凝胶的软性使其在压力下能产生可转换的结构相变,利用这一特点可以开发各种软机械驱动器[75]. 此外,通过在特定的3D结构中引入两种刺激响应材料(SMP和水凝胶),水凝胶的溶胀作为形状变化的驱动力,用SMP的温度响应特性来调节形状变化的时间,由此可实现更丰富的变形模式[76],如图8(d)所示,这种多智能材料相结合的设计方法为复杂变形材料的研发指引了方向.
基于水凝胶的负膨胀超材料在整体上表现出具有吸水收缩、失水膨胀的特殊变形特性[77],如图9(a)所示. 它与负热膨胀具有相似的变形特性,在大多数天然材料中并不存在,一般需要通过巧妙的微结构设计. 马蹄形是一种具有拉胀效果的网络结构,将水凝胶交错贴在韧带一侧,可以将水凝胶的溶胀变形转换为韧带的弯曲变形,从而导致整个网络高达约-47%的应变[78],如图9(b)所示. 但是目前缺乏便捷的3D负膨胀超材料制备方法,有研究通过构建一种充满液体的3D密闭不渗透的水凝胶立方空腔,并刚性连接每个立方体的表面,能够实现有效的3D负膨胀变形[12],如图9(c)所示,但这种方法由于密闭腔的存在,在普通工艺上很难制备出来,需要利用巧妙设计的3D/4D打印技术.
本课题组受内凹结构形式启发,利用水凝胶的高溶胀特性并结合3D打印技术,制备了2D/3D负膨胀智柔超材料[79],如图10所示. 这项工作中,水凝胶作为变形的驱动力类似于人类肌肉,可通过控制水化时间,调节整个结构的变形程度. 当水凝胶充分溶胀后,结构的应变可达-22.4%,其中三维体积缩小了53.3%. 而当从水溶液中取出后,随着水凝胶不断失水,结构又可以恢复至原来的形状. 这种简单而模块化的设计可用于宏观和微观超材料的设计,为智柔超材料实现极端的形态/体积变化提供了一种新的机制. 尽管水凝胶因其大的可逆溶胀/收缩能力而具有很大的应用潜力,但要实现超大的负膨胀、复杂的变形编程能力仍然是一个挑战,需要更加深入的研究.
除上述两种常见智柔超材料外,还有磁活性软体和介电弹性体智柔超材料,值得注意的是,它们有些也是在SMP或水凝胶基体中加入磁性颗粒或导电材料形成的.
磁活性软材料是一种将磁性颗粒与高分子聚合物复合而成的智柔材料,其功能性的核心在于磁场对材料性能的调控作用,它具有远程非接触控制、高致动应变和自感知等特点[80]. 磁性颗粒在聚合物中的方向、磁性颗粒类型和颗粒浓度等对磁活性软材料的功能和变形具有重要影响. 粒子链的取向可以显著影响各向异性磁活性软材料的磁致扭矩和法向力,基于此,磁活性软材料在外磁场作用下可以实现复杂的三维折纸变形,如图11(a)所示,这种变形能力为编程实现复杂软超结构提供一种思路[81]. 此外,利用3D打印技术和附加磁场可以对粒子重新定向,这种方法可对软材料中的铁磁畴进行编程,进而远程控制实现具有负泊松比的力学超材料[82],如图11(b)所示. 磁性颗粒类型一般包括硬磁颗粒和软磁颗粒[80]. 将硬磁颗粒和高含水量的水凝胶结合可设计具有可变颗粒浓度的水凝胶梁,该水凝胶梁可以形成复杂的形状[83]. 软磁颗粒和软弹性体的组合可以显著增强弹性和阻尼性能[80].
介电弹性体是在电场刺激下发生较大形态和体积变化的智柔材料,相对于其它智柔材料,它具有响应快、电-力转化能力、介电常数高和能量密度高的特点[84]. 介电弹性体根据材料开发和结构设计可形成形式多样,功能丰富的智柔器件,它们广泛应用于能量收集、柔性机器人、可穿戴设备和航天可展开结构等领域. 通过定制的聚合物基复合材料可生产介电谐振器结构,该结构具有层状复合材料系统中的性质各向异性,不同几何取向的试样对入射微波辐射在一个频率范围内的响应显示出双折射的人工介电各向异性,具有类似超材料行为的特征[85]. 莫尔手性超材料可以用来设计介电弹性体超材料,它由多层堆叠而成,可在金纳米莫尔图案中加入介电隔离层,它展示了显著增强的光谱位移和线形变化[86]. Li等[87]利用介电弹性体开发了一种用于深海探索的软体机器鱼,通过将电子设备集成到硅胶基质中,板载电源、控制和驱动模块可在极端条件下正常工作. 导电弹性体在导电后产生的热量对材料的变形也有重要影响. Zhu等[88]设计了电热微型折纸系统,通过控制输入电压,该结构可实现快速、可逆的大角度弹性折叠.
为充分发挥智柔超材料的潜力并探索它们潜在的应用前景,获取它们的基础力学参数是不可或缺的一步. 在小变形下使用梁理论和能量法获得这些参数的理论方法,成为进一步分析智柔超材料力学性能和应用的前提,也是设计智柔超材料的基础. 值得注意的是,智柔超材料一般具有材料和几何非线性大变形以及多材料和多场耦合的特点,这些因素都加大了单纯使用理论方法进行分析的难度,而发展数值模拟方法成为克服上述困难的有效手段. 本节将基于一些例子介绍SMP和水凝胶智柔超材料力学性能分析的基本思路.
在小变形假设下,通过理论方法可以获得智柔超材料的基本力学性能. 分析负泊松比和负膨胀智柔超材料力学性能的理论方法相似,一般均从结构的几何参数和变形理论出发. 本节以SMP结合手性结构和水凝胶结合内凹结构的智柔超材料为例,简述它们的理论分析思路.
SMP在受到温度影响后可以保持变形状态或使变形恢复,在带隙调整时,克服了机械载荷需要始终处于加载状态来维持变形的缺点,依靠温度刺激即可以实现负泊松比效应,其基本结构如图12所示[66]. 在计算和对关键参数分析时,需要定义一些无量纲化参数和变量,对图12结构需定义无量纲参数r1=d/lr2=t/l以及变量h=0.5t=0.5r2l,其中dt分别是质量块和韧带的宽度,l是晶格的长度. 当超材料受到张力时,质量块的旋转会导致韧带弯曲,在小变形假设下,可写出以下关系[25,66]
θ是晶格偏转的角度,根据上式获得泊松比为:
根据能量法可以获得结构的弹性模量. 首先获得能量密度函数的关系为:
其中V是晶格的体积(V=l2tztz是单位晶格深度),Wall代表储存在晶格所有韧带中的应变能(Wall=8WaWa是储存在单个韧带中的应变能). 从而可以得到弹性模量为:
根据梁理论可得韧带中的应变能为:
其中Ma是作用在韧带每个“边缘”上的力矩,Es为韧带的弹性模量,Ia为单个韧带横截面的转动惯量. 将式(1)和(5)代入式(4),可得到SMP超材料的弹性模量:
对于内凹结构的水凝胶智柔超材料[67,79],结构单元是由聚合物、水凝胶和橡胶组成的复合梁,其中聚合物为支撑层,水凝胶为驱动层,橡胶为包裹层,如图13所示. 将此复合梁结构与内凹结构相结合,形成了负膨胀智柔超材料,如图14所示.
此晶格的变形由两部分组成,一是梁弯曲后中间直杆引起的应变:
其中h为直杆向内的凹陷深度,a为复合梁长度;b为直杆长度. 第二部分是复合梁弯曲导致两端距离减小而引起的应变:
其中l为变形后复合梁两端的距离. 由此可获得晶格的总变形:
为获得最大变形,上式对b求导得:
由此可知直杆向内的凹陷深度h等于直杆长度b时,此超材料具有理论上的最大负膨胀变形,此时即可得出应变为:
可以看到,内凹与手性结构智柔超材料变形理论分析的方法基本类似. 在水凝胶折纸超材料的设计中,每个晶胞也可利用类似图13所示的复合梁结构,改变折纸整体结构中四边形单元的大小和数目可以获得板的弯曲,调整水的进出方向,可以改变水凝胶折纸超材料的膨胀行为[89].
多稳态智柔超材料的力学分析受到双稳态屈曲直梁结构的启发[90],往往需要进行屈曲分析. 首先要给出直梁承受轴向载荷的平衡方程[40,90,91]
其中,ES为梁的杨氏模量,IS为梁的惯性矩,f是轴向力,w为弹性梁的中心线挠度.
进一步需给出曲梁所受外力与位移之间的关系,在图15的模型中(h2-t3)/t3是一个关键值,它对多稳态的形成很重要[92]. 最后基于标准梁理论获得挠度、模量和泊松比等力学参数.
以上从超材料微结构的物理和几何特征角度出发,给出了它们的理论分析方法,在弹性小变形假设下,这种理论求解智柔超材料力学性能的方法是合理的. 也应注意到,不同于常规材料,在分析智柔超材料时往往需要特别关注智柔材料本身特点对力学响应的影响. 其次,对于智柔超材料的非线性大变形和多场耦合问题,一般要结合有限元等数值方法进行.
分析智柔超材料大变形和多场耦合力学性能时往往需要借助数值方法,而建立准确的本构模型和合适的数值实现方法则是关键的一步. 本节以SMP和水凝胶为对象,简述建立材料本构模型和数值实现的思路.
对于热响应型SMP,其本构模型一般建立在黏弹性理论、固体相变理论和上述两者相结合的基础上. 三种方法相辅相成,其中基于黏弹性理论的模型能较好地描述热-力耦合中的蠕变、结构松弛和各向异性特征,但是在解释SMP的应变储存和释放机理上有所欠缺. 而固体相变理论是一种细观力学方法,与黏弹性理论的优劣正好相反. 通过取长补短,将上述两种方法的各自优势相结合发展出了第三种方法,它更加合理高效. Liu等[93]提出SMP由硬冻结相和软活性相组成的假设. 冻结相锁定对应于高温熵形变的构象旋转,相反,活性相允许局部的自由构象运动. 通过改变环境温度,可以调节两相的比例并获得所需的力学性能. Qi等[94]开发了一种三相转变理论,该理论结合了黏弹性理论和相变理论的优点,为SMP提供了更准确的本构模型.
将SMP一维黏弹性本构模型的总应变分解为可逆应变、热应变和机械应变[95],如图16所示和式(13). 然后将一维模型发展为三维模型,基于三维模型开发了有限元子程序,利用子程序分析了包括薄膜、蜂窝结构和伸展臂在内的具有自主展开和折叠的智能结构[8,96-100].
热响应型SMP的变形可以分为三部分:
式中ε为总应变,εme为机械应变,εme=εe+εvεe为弹性应变,εv为黏性应变,εT为热应变,εT=αT-T0),α为热膨胀系数,T为当前温度,T0为初始温度. εr为可逆应变,其表达式为:
式中z为可近似描述可逆应变与机械应变比的函数. 上述方程可用于有限元编程,并由此分析SMP结构的热力学变形与形状记忆效应[95]. 基于上述模型进一步发展了电响应SMP模型用于分析智柔超材料,有限元多场耦合分析结果如图17所示[91].
此外,最近提出一种新的基于细观力学的SMP复合材料热黏弹性本构模型,其可用于预测4D打印SMP复合材料和复杂构件的形状记忆行为[101].
开发水凝胶本构模型的代表性工作有很多,在弹性阶段,可以将化学效应引入Gibbs自由能[102]
其中U表示内能密度,第二项和第三项分别代表电场和温度场的能量贡献,最后一项是化学能.
水凝胶的大变形理论大多以Flory和Rehner提出的聚合物网络理论和水凝胶自由能函数为基础[103],利用统计力学建立聚合物网络溶胀过程自由能函数,其一般形式为[104]
其中ψmech为力学项,ψmix为化学混合项,ψother为其它因素引起的自由能变化,如离子化、极化、分解、光化反应和相变等. 这种形式被后来研究水凝胶大变形理论所广泛采用. 针对不同类型水凝胶也开发了许多本构模型和有限元数值实现方法[104]. 在模拟溶液驱动水凝胶变形中往往用温度场来等效化学场,这为数值实现提供了很大的便利,但是当涉及更一般的多物理场耦合时仍需其它有限元实现方法,如需开发用户单元子程序UEL等. 利用上述本构模型和数值方法对水凝胶变形进行很多模拟,生动描述了水凝胶的超大变形、溶胀、弯曲和扭转等现象. 用有限元计算的复合水凝胶结构[105]和负膨胀超材料[79],如图18图10所示,图18的结果是分析水凝胶智柔超材料变形的基础,它们均利用多层水凝胶具有不同溶胀率时会产生变形失配的原理进行设计. 针对复杂智柔超材料,可采用理论与数值分析相结合的方法. 如对于图19所示的三维内凹结构,可先对单胞进行理论分析,然后对周期性多胞单元进行有限元分析.
针对新型3D打印纤维增强水凝胶,近年也发展了相应的本构模型[106],通过模型和有限元子程序准确描述了材料所表现出的特殊现象. 此外,水凝胶的断裂和失效也是一个重要的课题,本课题组最近提出了一种在化-力耦合介质中的复合断裂J积分公式和数值计算方法[107],为分析智柔超材料的多场耦合断裂力学问题提供了理论基础.
智柔超材料因其结构形状复杂,且具有宏微观跨尺度的特点,采用传统的制造技术难以制备出性能稳定的试件. 随着4D打印技术的兴起,智柔超材料增材制造成为可能,为解决性能不稳定问题提供了途径.4D打印在3D打印基础上发展起来,但不同于传统增材制造制备的功能单一的“静态”产品,4D打印的是一种“动态”产品[108,109]. 其将智柔材料的演变特性和特殊结构结合,具备应激自响应特性,可在不同激励条件(如热、磁、光、湿和pH等)下实现相应的形态和性质上的演变.4D打印技术的核心在于可编程、可设计,以及特定条件下可随时间变化. 目前,用于智柔超材料的增材制造技术包括熔融沉积建模(FDM)、墨水直写(DIW)、数字光处理(DLP)、选择性激光融化(SLM)、连续挤出技术和立体光刻(SLA)等,如图20所示,可使用的智柔材料包括SMP、水凝胶和磁活性软材料等. 图21为水凝胶4D打印过程,打印的图案在溶液中可从2D形态变成多种的3D形态(如弯曲、滚动和螺旋)[110]. 本课题组利用增材制造技术制备了多种智柔超材料,如图67所示的具有可调带隙功能的手性智柔超材料[66],以及利用折纸原理,4D打印制备了具有超大折展比、力学双稳态和自展开特性的SMP智能圆形折纸超材料[59],如图22所示.
基于4D打印的增材制造技术在制造智柔超材料方面具有很多优势:(1)增材制造工艺可以和材料的功能结合,既能保留智柔材料的性质又能快速制造,从而实现智能产品的一体化成型制造[108],这将减少大量成本.(2)制造尺度上可做到从微观到宏观的跨越,打印材料可从单相到多相材料中选择,打印技术上根据产品特点进行选择,可赋予产品更高的设计自由度,制造出更加复杂和精密的产品. 不过智柔超材料的增材制造也面临几个需要解决的技术问题:(1)具有合适的智柔材料是使用增材制造的前提,目前可用于增材制造的材料还比较有限,这些材料不太适用于大规模生产;(2)智柔材料在打印过程中的演变特性决定了产品的质量,而控制材料的形状变化和相变特性比较复杂,涉及打印条件的多参数耦合,针对不同的智能材料需要从机理上揭示材料成型的规律.
智柔超材料的性能测试既有适用于传统材料的实验,又有仅针对智柔材料及其制备方法的特殊实验. 与传统材料相同的性能实验包括在动静态载荷作用下的拉压、弯曲、疲劳和抗冲击等实验. 拉压和弯曲实验可获得材料的拉压弯曲强度等基本力学性能指标,这是很多理论研究的基础. 进行疲劳和抗冲击等实验是智柔超材料工程应用的重要前提,疲劳实验是获取材料使用寿命的重要方法,抗冲击实验可以测试材料在复杂工程环境下抵抗冲击的能力. 针对智柔材料的特殊测试方法也有较深入的研究,如为获取SMP的蠕变和松弛性能需要记忆循环测试,为获取水凝胶的膨胀特性需要干燥-溶胀实验[67],3D/4D打印多材料时需要界面性能表征和流变性能测试,应用于组织工程的生物相容性测试[113]等. 总体上看,智柔超材料的性能测试需要从制备质量、力学性能和智能演变性能这三个方面进行.
实验表明,智柔超材料的力学性能受到制备材料、制备方法和结构形式等多方面的影响[115],由此它们的力学性能也会千差万别[116]. 目前受增材制造技术和智柔材料特点的限制,制备的材料性能仍显不佳. 比如:(1)为打印多智柔材料相结合的超材料,需要考虑多材料间界面有效结合的问题;(2)增材制造技术依赖于逐层制造,为了打印复杂精细的超材料往往需要一定的支撑结构来保证精度,但是当超材料结构尺寸过小时,就需要考虑支撑结构的设计和移除问题[117].
面对智柔超材料的不断出现,其性能测试方法和技术同样也在不断得到发展,预计今后的性能实验将更加精细、准确、便捷和通用.
本文结合本课题组工作与其他相关研究,综述了近几年智柔超材料及其性能的研究进展. 阐述了适用于智柔超材料的基本设计思想,重点梳理并分析了基于SMP和水凝胶的智柔超材料的发展现状、分析方法、先进制备技术和性能实验. 具有特殊力学性能的智柔超材料已广泛应用于柔性机器人、柔性电子、航空航天和生物医疗等领域. 强大的应用背景极大地推动了智柔材料的基础研究以及力学分析方法的进步. 以增材制造(3D/4D打印)为代表的先进制造技术的飞速发展,也使我们可以制造出常规方法无法制造的复杂结构,为制造更多有着奇特性能的智柔超材料提供了重要手段.
智柔超材料具有多变量控制的智能可调性,它不仅可以对结构变形进行调控,还能实现力学特性的可编程化. 但是目前智柔超材料仍面临一些有待突破的实质问题,这也是未来的研究方向,主要包括:
(1)目前超材料的功能响应速度慢,调控精度低,可重复性不高,适用于增材制造技术的材料少,因此仍需开发响应速度快、精度高、更加稳定、更适合增材制造的新型智柔材料.
(2)在智柔超材料的力学分析中,由于一些理想化的假设,使得分析结果与实际情况仍存在一定偏差,尤其是在大变形多场耦合分析中仍需发展更加精确的本构模型和计算高效的数值实现方法. 同时目前的模型多是唯象的,对于一些物理机制和现象尚无法解释和描述,因此基于物理发展模型也是今后的重要方向.
(3)在不同制备条件和多物理场耦合作用甚至是极端服役环境条件下,仍需探究智柔材料本身行为与外界环境变化的关系,还有待揭示材料在不同制备条件与服役环境下的一般规律.
(4)智柔材料与弹性材料的界面连接仍是一个关键问题,这不仅对智柔超材料的协同设计与制备带来困难,而且界面连接性能对材料整体性能的影响也是一个亟待解决的问题.
(5)从结构设计的角度出发,将智柔材料与超材料的构型进行协同设计,发挥出智柔材料驱动与传感的优势是设计的关键,在结构设计上需要考虑结构协同变形,有时需要考虑刚柔耦合效应的影响,从结构设计上体现智柔材料的自适应性与多功能性.
综合来看,将力学超材料设计思想与智柔材料相结合已经成为一个新兴的研究课题,它是一门多学科交叉融合的课题,具有巨大的科学意义和工程价值,通过研究的深入,未来智柔超材料也有望成为更智能、更通用的材料.
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(11932002)
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.039
  • 接收时间:2023-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-30
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国家自然科学基金重点项目(11932002)
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    1北京工业大学工程力学系,北京,100124
    2北京理工大学先进结构技术研究院,北京,100084

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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