Article(id=1241838626720514709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774007000855, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774007000855, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774007000855, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774007000855, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241838624241681037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774007000265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774007104623, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241839062017966445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241839062017966446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241838628582785696, articleId=1241838626720514709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Reliability Evaluation of Electromagnetic-Acoustic Integrated Testing Method for Composite Defects, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Metal structures are widely used in modern industrial fields, but their manufacturing and service processes often produce composite defects that affect the mechanical properties and service life. Defects can appear both on the surface and beneath the structure, making it challenging for a single nondestructive testing (NDT) method to address all issues. Furthermore, using multiple NDT methods can result in low efficiency and high costs. To address this, a novel electromagnetic-acoustic integrated testing method, called PECT-EMAT, has been developed in this study, with its detection capability evaluated based on the theory of probability of detection (POD). Firstly, we established a simulation method and experimental system for PECT-EMAT to test aluminum alloy specimens with both surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, and explored a signal separation method using spectrum analysis. Next, we built a POD model based on statistical methods and created a signal database for composite defects. Finally, we conducted a statistical analysis of this database to determine the minimum detectable size of the PECT-EMAT hybrid testing method. The research findings indicate that: (1) For metal structures with both surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, the proposed PECT-EMAT method can effectively identify composite defects through signal separation. (2) The PECT signals and EMAT signals separated from the original detection signals exhibit distinct characteristics for detecting surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, respectively, leading to the establishment of a signal features' database for composite defects. (3) POD analysis reveals that the minimum detectable lengths for surface cracks are 2.72 mm in simulation and 2.12 mm in experiments, while for bottom thinning defects, they are 4.13 mm and 1.92 mm, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the adoption of the PECT-EMAT hybrid testing method and offers a reliable technical means for detecting complex defects in engineering structures.

, correspAuthors=Shejuan Xie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhirong Duan, Xiaoming Zhang, Deqiang Jing, Shuyan Yang, Lei Huang, Hongbo Zhang, Liang Li, Shejuan Xie, Zhenmao Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241838642671453063, articleId=1241838626720514709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=复合缺陷电磁-声一体化检测方法的可靠性评估, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金属结构广泛应用于现代工业的各个领域,在其制造和服役过程中会产生各种复杂缺陷,例如金属结构的表面和底部都出现缺陷的复合缺陷情况,这严重影响到金属结构的力学性能和使用寿命. 使用单一的检测方法难以满足实际检测需求,而两种或多种检无损测方法实施检测工作存在检测效率低、成本高等问题. 为解决这一难题,本文开发了一种新型电磁-声一体化检测方法(脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法),并基于检出概率理论重点对所提方法的检测能力进行深入评估. 首先针对铝合金试件同时存在表面裂纹和底部减薄缺陷的复合缺陷情况开发了脉冲涡流-电磁超声一体化检测方法的数值计算方法和实验系统,并基于频谱分析理论研究复合信号的分离方法. 其次根据概率与统计学基本原理建立了检出概率的数学模型,并通过数值模拟结果和实验结果建立了复合缺陷尺寸的信号特征量数据库. 最后对信号特征量数据库进行信号统计分析,并根据建立的检出概率模型对表面裂纹和底部减薄缺陷的尺寸参数进行检出概率分析,确定脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法的最小可检尺寸.

, correspAuthors=解社娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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Material properties of aluminum alloy specimen

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材料属性数值
密度2.7×103 kg/m3
杨氏模量71.7 GPa
泊松比0.35
磁导率4π×10-7 H/m
电导率3.767×107 S/m
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铝合金试件的材料属性

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材料属性数值
密度2.7×103 kg/m3
杨氏模量71.7 GPa
泊松比0.35
磁导率4π×10-7 H/m
电导率3.767×107 S/m
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Defects size

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缺陷类型表面裂纹尺寸(l/mm×w/mm×d/mm)底部缺陷尺寸(l/mm×w/mm×d/mm)
试件1:表面裂纹2×2×1.0,4×2×1.0,6×2×1.0,8×2×1.0,12×2×1.0,16×2×1.0,20×2×1.0/
试件2:底部缺陷/2×10×6,4×10×6,6×10×6,8×10×6,12×10×6,16×10×6,20×10×6
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缺陷尺寸

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缺陷类型表面裂纹尺寸(l/mm×w/mm×d/mm)底部缺陷尺寸(l/mm×w/mm×d/mm)
试件1:表面裂纹2×2×1.0,4×2×1.0,6×2×1.0,8×2×1.0,12×2×1.0,16×2×1.0,20×2×1.0/
试件2:底部缺陷/2×10×6,4×10×6,6×10×6,8×10×6,12×10×6,16×10×6,20×10×6
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Analysis results of noise signal

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信号类型噪声阈值(V)
脉冲涡流检测信号3.526
电磁超声检测信号8.151×10-3
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噪声信号分析结果

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信号类型噪声阈值(V)
脉冲涡流检测信号3.526
电磁超声检测信号8.151×10-3
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Parameter estimation of linear-regression analysis

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表面裂纹模拟1.2150.0490.001
实验1.2370.0340.001
底部缺陷模拟-5.7580.6940.016
实验-5.0120.3810.026
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线性回归分析的参数估计

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表面裂纹模拟1.2150.0490.001
实验1.2370.0340.001
底部缺陷模拟-5.7580.6940.016
实验-5.0120.3810.026
), ArticleFig(id=1241838652632924380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838626720514709, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Decision threshold

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脉冲涡流信号3.5263.5261.260
电磁超声信号8.151E-38.151E-3-4.810
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决策阈值

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脉冲涡流信号3.5263.5261.260
电磁超声信号8.151E-38.151E-3-4.810
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Parameter estimation of POD curve

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表面裂纹模拟0.9190.028
实验0.6670.036
底部缺陷模拟1.3660.023
实验0.5300.067
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POD曲线的参数估计

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表面裂纹模拟0.9190.028
实验0.6670.036
底部缺陷模拟1.3660.023
实验0.5300.067
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Index of POD curve

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a50(mm) a90(mm) a90/95(mm)
表面裂纹模拟2.5062.5992.720
实验1.9462.0392.123
底部缺陷模拟3.9204.0384.127
实验1.6991.8491.919
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POD曲线的指标

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a50(mm) a90(mm) a90/95(mm)
表面裂纹模拟2.5062.5992.720
实验1.9462.0392.123
底部缺陷模拟3.9204.0384.127
实验1.6991.8491.919
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复合缺陷电磁-声一体化检测方法的可靠性评估
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段志荣 1, 2 , 张晓明 1 , 井德强 1 , 杨淑言 2 , 黄磊 3 , 张鸿博 3 , 李亮 3 , 解社娟 2, ** , 陈振茂 2
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(1): 27-38
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(1): 27-38
复合缺陷电磁-声一体化检测方法的可靠性评估
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段志荣1, 2, 张晓明1, 井德强1, 杨淑言2, 黄磊3, 张鸿博3, 李亮3, 解社娟2, ** , 陈振茂2
作者信息
  • 1陕西省特种设备检验检测研究院,西安,710048
  • 2复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室,陕西省无损检测与结构完整性评价工程技术中心,西安交通大学航天航空学院,西安,710049
  • 3中国石油集团工程材料研究院有限公司,西安,710077

通讯作者:

Reliability Evaluation of Electromagnetic-Acoustic Integrated Testing Method for Composite Defects
Zhirong Duan1, 2, Xiaoming Zhang1, Deqiang Jing1, Shuyan Yang2, Lei Huang3, Hongbo Zhang3, Liang Li3, Shejuan Xie2, ** , Zhenmao Chen2
Affiliations
  • 1Shaanxi Special Equipment Inspection and Testing Institute, Xi'an, 710048
  • 2State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Nondestructive Testing and Structural Integrity Evaluation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049
  • 3CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi'an, 710077
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.038
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金属结构广泛应用于现代工业的各个领域,在其制造和服役过程中会产生各种复杂缺陷,例如金属结构的表面和底部都出现缺陷的复合缺陷情况,这严重影响到金属结构的力学性能和使用寿命. 使用单一的检测方法难以满足实际检测需求,而两种或多种检无损测方法实施检测工作存在检测效率低、成本高等问题. 为解决这一难题,本文开发了一种新型电磁-声一体化检测方法(脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法),并基于检出概率理论重点对所提方法的检测能力进行深入评估. 首先针对铝合金试件同时存在表面裂纹和底部减薄缺陷的复合缺陷情况开发了脉冲涡流-电磁超声一体化检测方法的数值计算方法和实验系统,并基于频谱分析理论研究复合信号的分离方法. 其次根据概率与统计学基本原理建立了检出概率的数学模型,并通过数值模拟结果和实验结果建立了复合缺陷尺寸的信号特征量数据库. 最后对信号特征量数据库进行信号统计分析,并根据建立的检出概率模型对表面裂纹和底部减薄缺陷的尺寸参数进行检出概率分析,确定脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法的最小可检尺寸.

复合缺陷  /  电磁-声一体化检测  /  检出概率

Metal structures are widely used in modern industrial fields, but their manufacturing and service processes often produce composite defects that affect the mechanical properties and service life. Defects can appear both on the surface and beneath the structure, making it challenging for a single nondestructive testing (NDT) method to address all issues. Furthermore, using multiple NDT methods can result in low efficiency and high costs. To address this, a novel electromagnetic-acoustic integrated testing method, called PECT-EMAT, has been developed in this study, with its detection capability evaluated based on the theory of probability of detection (POD). Firstly, we established a simulation method and experimental system for PECT-EMAT to test aluminum alloy specimens with both surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, and explored a signal separation method using spectrum analysis. Next, we built a POD model based on statistical methods and created a signal database for composite defects. Finally, we conducted a statistical analysis of this database to determine the minimum detectable size of the PECT-EMAT hybrid testing method. The research findings indicate that: (1) For metal structures with both surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, the proposed PECT-EMAT method can effectively identify composite defects through signal separation. (2) The PECT signals and EMAT signals separated from the original detection signals exhibit distinct characteristics for detecting surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, respectively, leading to the establishment of a signal features' database for composite defects. (3) POD analysis reveals that the minimum detectable lengths for surface cracks are 2.72 mm in simulation and 2.12 mm in experiments, while for bottom thinning defects, they are 4.13 mm and 1.92 mm, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the adoption of the PECT-EMAT hybrid testing method and offers a reliable technical means for detecting complex defects in engineering structures.

composite defects  /  electromagnetic-acoustic integrated detection  /  probability of detection
段志荣, 张晓明, 井德强, 杨淑言, 黄磊, 张鸿博, 李亮, 解社娟, 陈振茂. 复合缺陷电磁-声一体化检测方法的可靠性评估. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 27 -38 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.038
Zhirong Duan, Xiaoming Zhang, Deqiang Jing, Shuyan Yang, Lei Huang, Hongbo Zhang, Liang Li, Shejuan Xie, Zhenmao Chen. Reliability Evaluation of Electromagnetic-Acoustic Integrated Testing Method for Composite Defects[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (1) : 27 -38 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.038
金属结构广泛应用于航空航天、能源化工等重工业领域,但在其结构件的制作、结构的成型和服役等各个阶段,材料内部都可能产生各种各样的缺陷. 这些缺陷通常会随时间历程而扩展,势必会影响金属结构的力学性能和整体完整性[1-3]. 因此,对金属结构进行无损检测和评价具有重要意义. 由于电磁无损检测方法具有非接触、检测效率高、信号处理方便等优点,是一种极其重要的缺陷无损检测方法[4,5]. 常规电磁无损检测方法有涡流检测/脉冲涡流检测、漏磁检测、电磁超声检测等,各有优缺点[6-12].
随着现代工业的发展,各种复杂的检测环境或检测对象层出不穷,例如金属结构同时存在表面缺陷和底部缺陷,这对金属结构的质量检验提出了更高的要求. 面对这种复合缺陷,单一的电磁检测方法难以满足所有要求,需要开发多种电磁检测方法组合的复合电磁检测方法. 由于复合电磁检测方法是多种常规电磁检测方法的有机融合,可以实现各种电磁检测方法的优势互补,从而实现对复合缺陷的全面检测与综合评估. 因此,开发新型复合电磁检测方法是现代工业质量控制复杂需求的重要保障.
目前,对于复合电磁无损检测方法,国外学者进行了大量研究. 例如,德国Rainer Pohl等学者同时使用超声检测方法和涡流检测方法于火车检测系统中,用超声检测火车的车轮,用涡流检测导轨,以达到对火车系统的全面质量控制[13]. 美国Missouri-Rolla大学、波音公司和空军研究所的研究人员应用微波和涡流两种检测方法,对飞机铆接多层结构中的腐蚀缺陷进行检测[14]. 日本Ryoichi Urayama等学者提出了一种新型的结合电磁超声探头和涡流探头的双传感器结构,在高温环境下监测管道壁厚的减薄情况[15]. 近年,复合电磁无损检测方法受到国内学者的高度重视,获得蓬勃发展. 例如,陈积懋研究员等将几种电磁无损检测法结合起来并研制成便携式仪器设备,可以使用同一台仪器的不同检测方法对不同类型的缺陷进行无损检测[16]. 孙峥等应用电磁超声与脉冲涡流两种方法对管道内壁缺陷进行检测,同样采用两套系统,但是共用一套激励装置[17]. 此外,周正干、高斌、刘增华等学者也在这方面做出了突出贡献[18-20].
以上分析表明,目前已有的复合电磁无损检测方法都是基于多种电磁无损检测方法的系统融合而开发出来的. 这种复合检测方法通过多种电磁检测系统进行独立检测,得到多组独立的检测信号,然后应用数据融合技术进行信号处理,以达到复合检测的目的. 由于这种复合检测方法多系统集成的特点,需要多套检测仪器实施复合检测,存在系统复杂,操作繁琐,且检测效率低等缺点.
基于上述研究背景与现状,本课题组提出了一种新型的脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法,并针对该复合检测方法的可行性、信号分离处理以及缺陷定量评价等方面做了大量工作[21-23]. 该复合检测方法仅需使用一套检测仪器即可获得脉冲涡流和电磁超声两种不同类型的检测信号,这大大提高了复合缺陷的检测效率. 本文在此基础上,进一步研究脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法的检测能力与可靠性. 针对同时带表面裂纹和底部缺陷的铝合金试件,基于检出概率开发了脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测的可靠性评估方法.
根据脉冲涡流和电磁超声的工作原理,发现脉冲涡流检测的激励线圈和检出线圈可以采用自激自检模式,并且激励信号可以采用正弦脉冲电流. 而电磁超声检测的线圈为自激自检线圈,其激励信号是正弦脉冲电流. 因此,可以对脉冲涡流检测和电磁超声检测的检测探头和激励信号加以统一. 其次电磁超声检测过程包括激励电流在试件中感应脉冲涡流、脉冲涡流在恒定磁场作用下产生洛伦兹力、洛伦兹力引发质点振动并形成超声波三个阶段. 其中第一阶段激励电流感应出脉冲涡流与脉冲涡流检测的工作原理一致.
因此,电磁超声检测的原始信号中存在两种信号成分,一种是激励电流在试件中感应的电磁成分,即脉冲涡流信号,另一种是质点振动在试件中引起的超声成分,即电磁超声信号. 如果能将这两种信号分离出来,就可以实现脉冲涡流和电磁超声的复合检测. 其中脉冲涡流信号可以用来检测试件的表面缺陷,电磁超声信号可以用来检测试件的底部缺陷. 根据频谱分析原理,脉冲涡流信号和电磁超声信号具有不同的频谱特性[21]. 因此,可以应用频谱滤波的信号分离方法来分离原始检测信号中的脉冲涡流信号和电磁超声信号. 如图1所示,为脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测的原理图. 根据麦克斯韦方程组、法拉第电磁感应定律等电磁学原理以及固体波动理论,脉冲涡流信号和电磁超声信号的计算公式为:
式中,Bt)为脉冲涡流产生的磁感应强度,ϕ为检测线圈中的感应磁通量,t为时间.
无损检测的可靠性是指无损检测方法对缺陷的检出能力,即在一定检测条件和工艺下能够检测出某一尺寸范围缺陷的可能性,是无损检测方法检出特定缺陷有效性的一种度量[24]. 一般引入检出概率来定量地表征无损检测方法对缺陷的检出能力,其定义为:经过培训的无损检测人员应用给定的检测方法检测某一特定类型、特定尺寸的缺陷,缺陷可以被可靠检测出来的概率[25]. 对于给定的无损检测方法,检出概率分析通过建立检出概率函数来表示检测信号与缺陷尺寸之间的关系,并根据信号的概率分布计算每一缺陷尺寸对应的检出概率进而绘制检出概率曲线[26].
通常无损检测的检出结果有两种数据形式,一种是目标缺陷尺寸a的检出/漏检数据(hit/miss),另一种是目标缺陷尺寸a的信号响应数据[27]. 相较于检出/漏检数据,信号响应数据能够提供更丰富的缺陷信息. 因此本文应用基于信号响应数据模型的检出概率对脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法进行可靠性评估. 对于缺陷的信号响应,可设置一个决策阈值,当信号响应大于决策阈值时,表示缺陷能够被检测出来. 一般取检测信号的幅值作为信号响应,取0.8~1.2倍的噪声信号作为决策阈值[28-30]. 信号响应数据模型的检出概率公式如下[27]
式中,a为目标缺陷尺寸,为目标缺陷的响应信号,为决策阈值,ϕ()为标准正态分布函数,μσ分别为ln(a)的均值和标准差,β0β1τ为检测数据的线性回归参数,可通过极大似然估计法进行求解. 如图2所示,为POD曲线的示意图.
根据脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测的基本原理开发相应的复合检测有限元程序与实验系统. 如图3图4所示,分别为复合检测模型和复合检测实验系统. 信号发生器激发脉冲激励信号并加载到检测探头的线圈中,在线圈附近的试件中会感应出脉冲涡流,而脉冲涡流在永磁体的偏置磁场作用下产生超声波. 由脉冲涡流和超声波混合而成的原始检测信号被探头接收. 将原始检测信号通过滤波器进行不同带宽的频谱滤波即可分离出脉冲涡流信号和电磁超声信号.
检测探头由螺旋形自激自检线圈和放置在线圈正上方的永磁体构成. 其中线圈直径为20 mm,线径为0.2 mm,匝数为47;永磁体直径为25 mm,高度为40 mm;检测探头提离为0.5 mm. 激励信号的表达式为:
式中,t为时间,f=1 MHz为激励中心频率. 被测试件采用铝合金材料,尺寸为80 mm×80 mm×20 mm,材料参数如表1所示. 数值模拟与实验的检测探头、激励设置、材料属性和试件尺寸等各类参数一致.
图5所示,其中试件1制作有表面裂纹,由于自然裂纹的宽度很小,对检测信号的影响有限,故表面裂纹设置为固定宽度的槽型裂纹. 试件2制作有底部缺陷,由于底部缺陷的长度和宽度具有相同的考察意义,故不研究底部缺陷宽度的影响. 本文主要讨论表面裂纹长度和底部缺陷长度的检出概率问题,两种缺陷的具体尺寸如表2所示.
根据开发的脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测有限元程序,可计算出复合检测的脉冲涡流信号和电磁超声信号,如图6所示. 根据上述实验条件进行复合检测实验,可得原始混合检测信号,如图7(a)所示. 对原始检测信号进行频谱分析,如图7(b)所示. 结果表明,原始检测信号的频谱信号存在明显的脉冲涡流成分(Ⅰ区)和电磁超声成分(Ⅱ区),脉冲涡流信号的高峰值部分主要基本集中在0.1 MHz以下的频率范围,电磁超声信号的高峰值部分主要集中在0.5 MHz-1.5 MHz的频率范围. 因此对原始检测信号进行0-0.1 MHz的低通滤波和0.5-1.5 MHz的带通滤波,可分离出脉冲涡流信号和电磁超声信号,如图8所示. 信号分离提取过程与定量分析过程详见作者前期研究成果[22].
相较于模拟信号,实验信号由于受到系统、环境、操作等因素的影响,检测信号会有噪声,这会影响脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法的可靠性. 如图6(a)图8(a)所示,对于表面裂纹的脉冲涡流信号,需要提取信号峰值作为特征值来表征表面裂纹尺寸. 取无表面裂纹试件的两次脉冲涡流实验信号进行差分,如图9(a)所示. 结果表明脉冲涡流实验信号中存在明显的噪声. 如图6(b)图8(b)所示,对于底部减薄缺陷的电磁超声信号,需要提取缺陷回波的峰值作为特征量来表征底部缺陷尺寸,而缺陷回波处于底部回波和表面波之间. 如图9(b)所示为底部无缺陷时的电磁超声信号,在底部回波和表面波之间存在明显的噪声信号,这严重干扰了缺陷回波特征量的提取.
根据上述分析表明,由于脉冲涡流信号的峰值本身包含噪声,对无表面裂纹试件进行10次独立重复的脉冲涡流检测实验,并分别提取每次检测结果的峰值信号,并取其均值作为脉冲涡流信号的噪声阈值. 此外,由于电磁超声信号的底部回波和表面波之间存在明显的噪声信号,对无底部减薄缺陷试件进行10次独立重复的电磁超声检测实验,并分别提取每次检测结果的底部回波与表面回波之间的噪声信号幅值,取其均值作为电磁超声信号的噪声阈值. 如表3所示,为脉冲涡流信号和电磁超声信号的噪声阈值.
在实际检测工作中,影响检测信号的因素有很多,比如设备性能、操作技能、检测环境等,这些因素都会给缺陷的检测结果带来不确定性. 因此,无损检测的结果具有统计特性,对某一特定缺陷进行独立的重复检测试验会得到不同的响应信号,但信号峰值大致服从正态分布.
然而数值模拟通常是在确定的框架内进行,建立起确定的数值模型即可得到确定的检测信号. 因此需要对实际检测参数带来的不确定性进行有效处理以重现检测工作的现实环境. 忽略材料属性及检测环境这些因素的影响,其它检测参数的影响主要体现在探头的位移和激励信号的中心频率这两方面. 其中探头的位移涵盖了检测人员的操作技能,激励中心频率则涵盖了检测设备的性能,其它检测参数也基本可以用这两个因素来表示. 因此,复合检测数值模拟的信号数据可以通过改变探头位移和激励中心频率来建立,记为(f0xz),其中f0为中心频率,x为探头中心在试件表面上相对于缺陷中心的水平偏移,z为探头提离. 本文以检测参数(1.0,0,0.5)为标准参照组,分别设置了(1.0,0,0.5)、(0.8,0,0.5)、(1.2,0,0.5)、(1.0,-1,0.5)、(1.0,-2,0.5)、(1.0,0,0.6)和(1.0,0,0.7)共7组检测参数. 故此对表2中每个缺陷的数值模拟都可以得到7组检测结果,共有7×14=98组数值模拟结果.
此外,对于复合检测实验,由于其本身受到各种检测因素的影响,故此可以对表2中每个缺陷进行10次独立重复的检测试验,即可得到10×14=140组实验结果.
对于表面裂纹,提取脉冲涡流信号的峰值作为表面裂纹尺寸a的响应信号,并分别绘制两组响应信号关系图. 如图10所示,为不同长度表面裂纹的脉冲涡流响应信号. 对于底部缺陷,提取电磁超声信号的缺陷回波峰值作为底部缺陷尺寸a的响应信号,并分别绘制两组响应信号关系图. 如图11所示,为不同长度底部减薄缺陷的电磁超声响应信号. 由图可知,由于表示的信号响应关系具有更好的线性相关性.
以下对脉冲涡流响应信号和电磁超声响应信号的数据进行线性回归分析,并利用极大似然估计法计算回归参数θβ0β1τ)的估计值. 线性回归结果如图12图13所示,分别为不同长度表面裂纹和不同长度底部缺陷的线性回归结果,回归参数估计值如表4所示.
根据检出概率的基本原理,检出概率函数的决策阈值的确定至关重要,通常取0.8-1.2倍的噪声阈值作为决策阈值. 在2.2节中已对脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测的实验信号进行了噪声分析,如表3所示. 本文取1.0倍的噪声阈值作为检出概率函数的决策阈值,结果如表5所示.
在求得复合检测响应信号的线性回归参数θβ0β1τ)估计值和判断阈值的前提下,根据公式(4)可以求解检出概率函数的均值μ估计值和方差σ估计值,如表6所示. 根据公式(3)可以求解不同缺陷尺寸参数的检出概率曲线,如图14图15所示,分别为不同长度表面裂纹脉冲涡流信号的检出概率曲线和不同长度底部减薄缺陷电磁超声信号的检出概率曲线. 此外,可分别求得a50a90a90/95,如表7所示,通常认为当缺陷尺寸大于a90/95时,该缺陷可以被脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法可靠地检测出来.
对于不同长度的表面裂纹,数值模拟结果表明,当表面裂纹的长度大于2.720 mm时,可以被脉冲涡流信号可靠地检测出来,如图14(a)所示. 实验结果表明,当表面裂纹的长度大于2.123 mm时,可以被脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法分离出来的脉冲涡流信号可靠地检测出来,如图14(b)所示. 对于不同长度的底部减薄缺陷,数值模拟结果表明,当底部减薄缺陷的长度大于4.127 mm时,可以被电磁超声信号可靠地检测出来,如图15(a)所示. 实验结果表明,当底部减薄缺陷的长度大于1.919 mm时,可以被脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法分离出来的电磁超声信号可靠地检测出来,如图15(b)所示.
本文为了研究脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法的检测能力,开发了基于检出概率分析的可靠性评估方法. 根据概率和统计学原理,建立了检出概率的数学模型,并根据检出概率对复合缺陷的检测能力进行评估. 具体结论如下:
(1)针对铝合金试件同时含有表面裂纹和底部减薄的复合缺陷情况,首先通过数值模拟方法与实验方法分析了脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法的检测信号,研究电磁-声一体化检测的可行性.
(2)根据脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法建立缺陷尺寸与检测信号特征量的数据库,并对响应信号进行统计分析,估计检出概率函数中的统计参数.
(3)对脉冲涡流-电磁超声复合检测方法进行检出概率分析,对于表面裂纹,数值模拟结果和实验结果表明其最小可检长度分别为2.72 mm和2.12 mm,对于底部减薄缺陷,数值模拟结果和实验结果表明其最小可检长度分别为4.13 mm和1.92 mm.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YEC3005001; 2023YEE0615200)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目NSAE(U2130206)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目NSEC(12222207)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.038
  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YEC3005001; 2023YEE0615200)
国家自然科学基金项目NSAE(U2130206)
国家自然科学基金项目NSEC(12222207)
作者信息
    1陕西省特种设备检验检测研究院,西安,710048
    2复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室,陕西省无损检测与结构完整性评价工程技术中心,西安交通大学航天航空学院,西安,710049
    3中国石油集团工程材料研究院有限公司,西安,710077

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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