Article(id=1241838625588052623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725379200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774007000586, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774007000586, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774007000586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774007000586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241838624241681037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774007000265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774007104623, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241839062017966445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241839062017966446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=79, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241838626347221650, articleId=1241838625588052623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Method of High-Order Precise Analysis for the P-Δ Effect in Tall Structures due to Arbitrary Axial Loads, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional methods for analyzing the P-Δ effect in tall structures often fail to adequately account for time-varying axial forces, which can lead to an underestimation of its impact on structural safety. This paper introduces a high-order accurate analysis method based on the weak-form quadrature element method (QEM). We develop Hermite-type quadrature element models for both distributed and concentrated mass structures. The proposed method is capable of addressing dynamic P-Δ effects caused by arbitrary axial loads without iterative computations, yielding precise solutions. Its efficacy and accuracy are validated through comparative analysis involving three distinct case studies. Numerical results confirm that the proposed approach delivers highly accurate P-Δ effect analyses, achieving exceptional precision in dynamic response with a single quadrature element, even in complex structural systems. Overall, this method offers a novel and efficient solution for detailed analysis of P-Δ effects in tall structures.

, correspAuthors=Hongjing Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan Lu, Hongjing Li, Xiaopeng Yang, Yinquan Zhai), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241838648493146222, articleId=1241838625588052623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=任意轴向荷载作用下高耸结构P-Δ效应高阶精确分析方法, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高耸结构P-Δ效应的传统分析方法一般难以考虑时变轴力作用,有可能会低估P-Δ效应对结构安全性的影响. 本文应用求积单元法(weak form quadrature element method,QEM),针对分布质量结构体系和含有集中质量的结构体系分别建立Hermite型求积单元模型,发展了一种高耸结构P-Δ效应高阶精确分析方法. 该方法能够应用于具有突变质量的结构体系,可处理任意轴向荷载引起的动力P-Δ效应问题,无需迭代计算即可获得高精度的P-Δ效应解答,同时能准确地揭示竖向荷载以及时变轴力对高耸结构特性的影响规律. 通过对3个不同类型案例的比较分析,验证了本文方法的可行性和准确性. 数值分析结果表明,本文方法可以实现高精度的P-Δ效应分析,对于质量均匀分布和含有集中质量的结构体系仅需使用一个求积单元即可获得非常精确的动态响应结果.

, correspAuthors=李鸿晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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Properties of the Chimneys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
L(m) k1(kg/m2 k2(kN·m) A1(kg/m) A2(kN·m2 A3(kN) ωp(rad·s-1
2205.530×1031.014×1091.473×1052.301×1011250.93ω11.03ω1
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656294551845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烟囱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
L(m) k1(kg/m2 k2(kN·m) A1(kg/m) A2(kN·m2 A3(kN) ωp(rad·s-1
2205.530×1031.014×1091.473×1052.301×1011250.93ω11.03ω1
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656403603751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The first four order natural frequences for tall Chimneys (rad·s-1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态无轴向荷载情形考虑轴向荷载情形
DQM(Nn=17)QEM(1×12)AnalyticalDQM(Nn=17)QEM(1×12)ticalAnaly
10.90810.90810.90810.86850.8685
25.69105.69105.69105.65605.6560
315.934815.934815.934815.897315.8973
431.225931.225931.225931.184031.1840
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656483295529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

烟囱前四阶固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态无轴向荷载情形考虑轴向荷载情形
DQM(Nn=17)QEM(1×12)AnalyticalDQM(Nn=17)QEM(1×12)ticalAnaly
10.90810.90810.90810.86850.8685
25.69105.69105.69105.65605.6560
315.934815.934815.934815.897315.8973
431.225931.225931.225931.184031.1840
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656546210091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The first three order natural periods for tall piers (s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态无轴向荷载情形考虑轴向荷载情形
EEMTubaldiQEM(1×9)EEMTubaldiQEM(1×9)
16.97556.9686.96817.70027.6927.6919
20.89150.8840.88400.90280.8950.8950
30.29840.2920.29190.29980.2930.2932
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656630096173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高墩前三阶固有周期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态无轴向荷载情形考虑轴向荷载情形
EEMTubaldiQEM(1×9)EEMTubaldiQEM(1×9)
16.97556.9686.96817.70027.6927.6919
20.89150.8840.88400.90280.8950.8950
30.29840.2920.29190.29980.2930.2932
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656713982255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Properties of the structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构总高度L(m)楼层高度h(m)层间分布质量m(kg/m)层间刚度EI(kN·m2楼层数Nf楼层质量MI(kg)
1083.61.56×1055.36×10930100×103
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656793674033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

结构特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构总高度L(m)楼层高度h(m)层间分布质量m(kg/m)层间刚度EI(kN·m2楼层数Nf楼层质量MI(kg)
1083.61.56×1055.36×10930100×103
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656869171507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The first four order natural frequence for the structural model (rad·s-1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mode无轴向荷载情形考虑轴向荷载情形
Nn=3 Nn=5 Nn=7 Nn=3 Nn=5 Nn=7
ω11.61971.61971.61971.57511.57511.5751
ω210.148910.148910.148910.110210.110210.1102
ω328.413628.413528.413528.373828.373728.3737
ω455.672555.672055.672055.630655.630155.6301
), ArticleFig(id=1241838656969834805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

结构模型的前四阶固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mode无轴向荷载情形考虑轴向荷载情形
Nn=3 Nn=5 Nn=7 Nn=3 Nn=5 Nn=7
ω11.61971.61971.61971.57511.57511.5751
ω210.148910.148910.148910.110210.110210.1102
ω328.413628.413528.413528.373828.373728.3737
ω455.672555.672055.672055.630655.630155.6301
), ArticleFig(id=1241838657053720887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of the first four natural frequencies of structural model (rad·s-1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mode无轴向荷载情形考虑轴向荷载情形
Scheme1Scheme2errorScheme 1Scheme 2error
ω11.61971.61560.25%1.57511.57100.26%
ω210.148910.12280.25%10.110210.08400.26%
ω328.413528.33690.27%28.373728.29700.27%
ω455.672055.49580.32%55.630155.45370.32%
), ArticleFig(id=1241838657141801273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625588052623, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

结构模型的前四阶固有频率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mode无轴向荷载情形考虑轴向荷载情形
Scheme1Scheme2errorScheme 1Scheme 2error
ω11.61971.61560.25%1.57511.57100.26%
ω210.148910.12280.25%10.110210.08400.26%
ω328.413528.33690.27%28.373728.29700.27%
ω455.672055.49580.32%55.630155.45370.32%
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任意轴向荷载作用下高耸结构P-Δ效应高阶精确分析方法
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陆言 , 李鸿晶 ** , 杨筱朋 , 翟银泉
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(1): 79-92
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(1): 79-92
任意轴向荷载作用下高耸结构P-Δ效应高阶精确分析方法
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陆言, 李鸿晶** , 杨筱朋, 翟银泉
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  • 南京工业大学工程力学研究所,南京,211816

通讯作者:

Method of High-Order Precise Analysis for the P-Δ Effect in Tall Structures due to Arbitrary Axial Loads
Yan Lu, Hongjing Li** , Xiaopeng Yang, Yinquan Zhai
Affiliations
  • Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.039
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高耸结构P-Δ效应的传统分析方法一般难以考虑时变轴力作用,有可能会低估P-Δ效应对结构安全性的影响. 本文应用求积单元法(weak form quadrature element method,QEM),针对分布质量结构体系和含有集中质量的结构体系分别建立Hermite型求积单元模型,发展了一种高耸结构P-Δ效应高阶精确分析方法. 该方法能够应用于具有突变质量的结构体系,可处理任意轴向荷载引起的动力P-Δ效应问题,无需迭代计算即可获得高精度的P-Δ效应解答,同时能准确地揭示竖向荷载以及时变轴力对高耸结构特性的影响规律. 通过对3个不同类型案例的比较分析,验证了本文方法的可行性和准确性. 数值分析结果表明,本文方法可以实现高精度的P-Δ效应分析,对于质量均匀分布和含有集中质量的结构体系仅需使用一个求积单元即可获得非常精确的动态响应结果.

高耸结构  /  P-Δ效应  /  求积单元  /  时变轴力  /  Hermite型插值

Traditional methods for analyzing the P-Δ effect in tall structures often fail to adequately account for time-varying axial forces, which can lead to an underestimation of its impact on structural safety. This paper introduces a high-order accurate analysis method based on the weak-form quadrature element method (QEM). We develop Hermite-type quadrature element models for both distributed and concentrated mass structures. The proposed method is capable of addressing dynamic P-Δ effects caused by arbitrary axial loads without iterative computations, yielding precise solutions. Its efficacy and accuracy are validated through comparative analysis involving three distinct case studies. Numerical results confirm that the proposed approach delivers highly accurate P-Δ effect analyses, achieving exceptional precision in dynamic response with a single quadrature element, even in complex structural systems. Overall, this method offers a novel and efficient solution for detailed analysis of P-Δ effects in tall structures.

tall structures  /  P-Δ effect  /  weak-form quadrature element  /  time-varying axial force  /  Hermite interpolation
陆言, 李鸿晶, 杨筱朋, 翟银泉. 任意轴向荷载作用下高耸结构P-Δ效应高阶精确分析方法. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 79 -92 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.039
Yan Lu, Hongjing Li, Xiaopeng Yang, Yinquan Zhai. Method of High-Order Precise Analysis for the P-Δ Effect in Tall Structures due to Arbitrary Axial Loads[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (1) : 79 -92 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.039
拥有较大高宽比的结构,例如输电线塔、烟囱、高桥墩等,在同时遭受水平向作用(风、水平地震地面运动等)和竖向作用(恒荷载、活荷载、竖向地震地面运动等)时,其横向结构响应中往往包含不容忽视的轴向作用的影响. 这是因为当结构产生相对于基底的水平变位Δ时,轴向作用力P将在结构上施加附加弯矩作用,进而对横向响应产生影响,此即P-Δ效应问题. 高耸结构属于对竖向作用敏感的结构体系,尤其遭遇强震作用时重力和竖向地震地面运动产生的P-Δ效应可能会对结构安全性造成较严重威胁,这是高耸结构设计时不得不面对的因素[1].
P-Δ效应是普遍存在的一种力学现象,它在本质上属于几何非线性问题,在结构响应过程中即使材料始终处于弹性范围,横向响应亦呈现非线性特征. 从分析方法的角度来看,目前已经发展的P-Δ效应分析方法大致可以归结为两类,即迭代方法(Iterative methods)和非迭代方法(Non-iterative methods). 迭代法是早期使用的分析方法,可进一步细分为等效水平力的有限元迭代法[2]和等效重力迭代法[3],加拿大钢结构规范[4]曾采用迭代策略实现对P-Δ效应问题的求解. 迭代解法可以达到比较高的精度,且能够考虑结构平衡位置的变化. 但想要获得较为准确的结果需要耗费较多的机时,计算工作量大. 故实际进行P-Δ效应分析时多采用无需迭代的近似方法,如放大系数法[5-9]、直接求解法[10,11]和基于几何刚度的有限元法[12,13]等. 非迭代方法简单易行,计算效率高,但P-Δ效应分析结果往往不够精确,对于时变轴力效应的估计可能存在偏差,其中基于几何刚度的有限元法虽然广泛被使用,但因其刚度矩阵只是建立在施加荷载增量之初的内力及位移基础上的,忽略了施加荷载过程中内力与位移的变化,因此不能准确地反映P-Δ效应的影响. 李鸿晶等[14]从连续体系运动微分方程入手,利用微分求积(differential quadrature,DQ)原理[15-17]发展了一种高精度P-Δ效应分析方法. 这种方法操作简便且不需要迭代处理,对于分布质量结构体系能够高效地给出高精度的分析结果,但在处理具有突变质量(例如集中质量)的结构体系P-Δ效应问题时显得不足. 此外,文献[18-22]针对特定类型工程结构建立的P-Δ效应分析方法,可视为上述各类求解方法的具体应用.
与传统的迭代法以及非迭代法不同,本文聚焦质量突变高耸结构体系,旨在应用弱形式求积单元法(weak form quadrature element method,QEM)[23-28]进一步建立一种适用于任意高耸结构体系的P-Δ效应高精度分析方法,分别建立连续分布质量结构体系和含有集中质量结构体系两种Hermite型求积单元模型,以解决任意的横向荷载和轴向荷载耦合作用下的结构P-Δ效应分析问题. 本文发展的动力P-Δ效应分析方法为高阶数值方法,故可获得高精度的分析结果.
烟囱、高桥墩以及各种类型的塔桅结构等具有较大的高宽比,其主要变形形式为弯曲变形,水平荷载作用是结构设计的主要依据. 这些高耸结构系统可以由众多的构件组合而成,工程上的关注点主要集中在整体结构的横向位移上,并以此为基础估计各构件的内力和变形. 因此,可以将高耸结构系统整体上等效为一个悬臂梁结构,开展结构静力和动力分析. 高层建筑的结构系统与高耸结构的特性相似,P-Δ效应是结构设计时不得不面对的问题. 本文将高层建筑结构和高耸结构归并在一起,研究该类型结构在任意的横向荷载和轴向荷载耦合作用下P-Δ效应的高阶分析方法.
对于建造在良好地基上的结构,刚性基底假设通常是合理的. 将高耸结构视为基底固定支撑和顶端自由的悬臂结构,结构特性用沿高度方向分布的质量集度my)、横向刚度EIy)和轴向刚度EAy)描述,如图1所示. 高耸结构的动力响应是时间坐标t和空间坐标y的多元函数. 注意到这些结构特性不都是随着空间坐标y均匀分布的,例如高层建筑楼(屋)盖质量(包括作用于楼盖或屋盖上的恒荷载和活荷载)、输电塔挂线部位的质量等都远超其他空间部位的质量,往往造成高耸结构拥有突变质量分布的特征. 在结构模型中还应考虑这种质量突变性对高耸结构P-Δ效应的影响,通过集中质量的方式予以描述.
图1所示的结构模型中,横向荷载H和轴向荷载P都可以是任意分布的,它们都是ty的分布函数. 在空间坐标y处取出微元dy,其受力状态如图2所示. 通过应用牛顿第二定律可在水平向和竖向分别建立该微元的动力学微分方程,即
水平方向:
竖直方向:
式中,wyt)为横向位移,向右为正;vyt)为竖向位移,向下为正;EIy)和EAy)分别为横向分布刚度和轴向分布刚度,my)为分布质量,其中包含有集中质量;Hyt)和Pyt)分别为作用于结构上的横向分布荷载和轴向分布荷载;Nyt)为轴力响应.
时变轴力Nyt)可以依据虎克定律确定,即
观察式(1)、式(2)和式(3),可以发现P-Δ效应问题属于几何非线性问题. 求解方程(2)可以独立地解出结构竖向位移vyt),将其代入式(3)进而求解方程(1),即可获得结构横向位移wyt). 求解方程(1)和方程(2)时需要使用适当的数值方法.
为了建立高耸结构P-Δ效应高阶精确分析方法,引入QEM建立具有分布质量和分布刚度特征的求积梁单元模型. 考虑到高耸结构的轴向刚度往往远远大于弯曲刚度,相较于横向位移结构在轴向上产生的形变是微不足道的,忽略其影响不会引起大的误差. 因此,在构建求积单元模型时不考虑结构轴向变形影响,并假定结构响应过程中材料本构始终处于线弹性范围内(满足线弹性应力-应变关系),即把研究重点放在P-Δ效应导致的几何非线性对高耸结构动力响应的影响上面.
为保证一致性和完整性,将求积梁单元的长度和横截面面积分别设为LA,材料密度ρ,弹性模量E,惯性矩I,横向位移wxt).
梁单元的动能和应变能表达为
轴力N和横向荷载H所作的功分别写为
假定一个梁单元包含N个节点,其中左端和右端各有一个端节点,其余节点为内部节点. 由于忽略了结构轴向变形,故每个内部节点只有一个横向自由度,而每个端节点则有两个自由度,即横向位移和截面转角. 梁的求积单元模型如图3所示.
按照Hermite型求积单元模式,上述N节点梁单元的位移场可假设为
式中,Hi表示Hermite插值多项式,其定义为
式中,lix)为Lagrange插值多项式,aii表示Lagrange多项式一阶导权系数,分别按照下式计算
为获取单元对角质量矩阵[28],可利用Lagrange形函数来构造梁单元的位移场:
将上述Lagrange型位移场函数代入式(4),并且将表达式(8)分别代入式(5)和式(6),采用无量纲节点坐标ξii=1,2,…,N)表示,其中ξ=(2x-L)/L,可得
式中,表示w对时间的一阶导. mkg分别表示求积单元的质量矩阵、刚度矩阵和几何刚度矩阵. 采用数值积分(Gauss积分或GLL积分),其矩阵元素可分别表示为
其中Gk表示积分节点对应的权重;AijBij分别表示形函数Hi在单元节点处的一阶导与二阶导权系数. 根据微分求积法的导数计算法则,它们可以显示地计算,即
k=1得到Aij后,Bij也可方便地由下式计算:
建立含有集中质量的求积梁单元本质上是处理单元节点与积分点不重合这一问题. 按照基函数最小化最优的原则[29,30],在Lagrange型求积单元中基于Lagrange插值函数的GLL节点是最佳选择,而基于Lagrange插值函数的等距节点则是最差的选择;而在Hermite型求积单元中,基于Hermite插值函数的等距节点是最优的(节点数不超过8). 这可通过图4中展示的两种单元在不同节点条件下插值函数的最值来体现.
由于等距节点的Hermite单元表现出较好的基函数性质,所以对于像高层建筑这类结构,为计算其结构特性和动态响应,开发一种等间距节点且含集中质量的求积单元是有价值的. 为此,以6-等距节点单元为例,建立该类型单元模型,单元的相关参数如图5所示.
假设单元的质量分布函数由式(24)表示(ρA为常数),其中δ表示狄拉克δ函数,Mx)表示楼层集中质量,由于地基处Mx0)=0,且为了便于单元组装可将第一个节点的集中质量设为0,即有
则单元动能表达式:
为获取对角质量矩阵,采用式(13)的位移函数来计算动能:
王鑫伟等[26,27]提出了一种简单但通用的方法来解决单元节点和积分节点不同时的情况. 该方法给出了积分点处应变的显示计算式. 记N个积分点为ζkk=1,2,…,N)且其对应的权重系数为Gk,则N个积分点在形函数liξ)上的函数值可通过下式计算:
利用积分点ζk同样可以构造出形函数liξ),即:
式中为基于N个积分点ζk的Lagrange插值函数,由下式计算:
显然在确定lik之后,将新的位移场表达式代入式(26),便可获取节点和积分点不重合时的单元对角质量矩阵m,即其对角元素由下式计算(其中,lii表示积分点处对应的形函数值):
对于gk,由于单元的节点和积分点不同导致其求解方式与式(18)和(19)略有不同,其矩阵元素可通过下式进行计算:
其中可由式(20)~(22)求解,但需要将公式中的关于节点对应的Lagrange权系数换为积分点对应的权系数,即公式中的ξiζk代替;积分点对应的各阶Lagrange权系数由下式计算:
分别表示积分点对应的Lagrange插值函数的一阶导和二阶导权系数矩阵,二者同样具有与式(23)相同的计算关系. 将式(31)和式(32)对应代入式(20)~(22),便可获取Hermite形函数在积分点处各阶导数的权系数.
考虑P-Δ效应的结构总体控制方程可以表示为
式中,M为总体质量矩阵,K为总体刚度矩阵,G为总体几何刚度矩阵,F为总体等效荷载向量,w为结构的横向节点位移向量.
对于一个划分为Z个单元、每个单元具有N个节点的悬臂梁模型,其整体等效荷载向量,即
由于每个单元只涉及2个转角,因此Ωθ向量的维数是Z+1维,F的维数为N·Z+2. 值得注意的是,当单元节点与积分点不同时,单元等效作用荷载应由如下公式进行求解:
式中,fi为横向等效节点荷载,βi为转角等效节点荷载,Hξt)为横向分布荷载.
在利用QEM形成结构的总体刚度矩阵时,其中包含了转角的影响,而得到节点处的位移响应是所关心的主要目标,为此将水平向运动W定为主自由度向量,节点转动θ为从自由度向量. 因此,可将位移和转角分离考虑,即结构的振动控制方程写为
Mθ=0,可得:
其中
显然,式(40)即是标准的结构运动控制方程,并且它只包含了主自由度向量W;在确定结构运动控制方程后,结合无条件稳定的Newmark常平均加速度法便可求解结构的动态响应.
为验证本文方法对高耸结构P-Δ效应分析的可行性和准确性,设计了三个计算案例,并将本文方法计算结果分别与有限元解、DQM解和解析解进行对比分析.
以某一混凝土烟囱为例阐释本文方法的应用,其结构模型如图1(a)所示. 该烟囱高度为220 m,为保证一般性,假定其质量和刚度沿高度方向呈线性分布,表示为
作用于烟囱上的横向荷载Hxt)满足表达式:
设该烟囱模型和横向外荷载的相关参数如表1所示.
根据方程(41)和(42),当k1k2均为零时,该结构为等截面欧拉梁模型,其固有频率可通过解析方法得到. 表2中列出了在这种情况下QEM、DQM以及解析方法的计算结果.
表2可以看出,QEM仅需使用一个包含12个GLL节点的单元即可使求解结果与解析解相符,DQM则需要17个CGL节点才能收敛于解析解. 将k1k2调整为本例参数值,在不考虑轴力影响时,利用QEM(一个包含21个GLL节点的单元),DQM(43个CGL节点)对烟囱模型进行计算,二者前三阶固有频率一致,结构模态如下图6中所示. 值得注意的是,由于DQM的刚度矩阵为非对称矩阵,因此其并不能获取与结构固有频率相对应的模态.
在考虑轴向力的作用后,结构的各阶频率都有所降低. 这种频率降低的现象可能导致结构在遭受不同频率外部横向荷载作用时产生不同的响应. 因此,以烟囱结构模型的顶点作为采样点,利用QEM可获取不同频率外部荷载作用下采样点的动态响应.
图7中W/O表示Without(无轴向荷载情形),W表示With(考虑轴向荷载情形);可以发现,P-Δ效应对高耸结构动态响应产生了两种不同的影响. 当结构遭受作用频率为1.03倍基频的作用荷载时,会发生共振现象. 然而,由于P-Δ效应的存在,结构的固有频率降低,从而抑制了共振现象. 同样,当结构受到0.93倍基频的作用荷载时,由于下降后的结构固有频率与作用荷载频率接近,结构发生了共振现象. 换言之,当P-Δ效应使结构的固有频率降低时,可能会出现接近或远离外部载荷作用频率的情况,从而增加或减小结构的动态响应. 这种现象可以理解为结构的内在因素(固有频率)和外在因素(外部载荷作用频率)之间的相互关系变化所致,可简单由图8表示:
以某一真实桥墩为例,使用QEM分析其在轴向力、时变轴力作用下的结构频率变化规律及结构动态响应. 桥墩的相关参数来自Li等[31]的研究,其简化模型可以由图1(b)表示;桥墩高度为90 m,其抗弯刚度和分布质量分别为EI=2.225×108 kN·m2mx)=19.87 t/m,墩顶的集中质量为MT=700 t. 利用QEM对桥墩进行分析时,墩顶的集中质量可以直接放置在整体质量矩阵的最后一个元素上,即将其放置在最后一个单元的最后一个节点处. QEM的计算结果、有限元解以及Tubaldi解析方法[32]的结果汇总在表3中.
根据表3可以发现QEM仅使用了1个包含9个GLL节点的求积单元就能得到与Tubaldi解析解一致的结果,且继续增大节点数或单元数,其结果均收敛于解析解,见图9;而即使EEM的单元数为90个甚至100个时,其求解结果仍未完全收敛于解析解.
商用有限元软件,如SAP2000和PKPM,常用于计算结构的P-Δ效应,这些软件主要依赖于基于几何刚度的有限元法[12,13]. 然而,这种方法在分析过程中往往无法始终准确捕捉到结构的内力与位移的变化,也难以全面地描述结构特性变化的规律. 尤其在竖向荷载的作用下,结构的刚度矩阵不再仅仅是原弹性刚度矩阵的简单增减,这使得计算过程更为复杂. 与此相比,采用QEM进行分析则能够精确描述高耸结构在考虑P-Δ效应、时变轴力情况下结构特性的变化. 因此,对结构模型输入1940年5月18日美国加州帝王谷地震(Imperial Valley earthquake)中记录到的经典El Centro地面加速度时程,并截取地震记录前40 s作用于结构,其水平(南北向)和竖向地震加速度时程反应谱如图10所示.
以结构的顶点作为采样点,对比分析结构在考虑P-Δ效应以及考虑时变轴力作用下采样点的时程曲线,同时分析二者对结构固有频率的影响规律.
图11所示,在采用有限元法(EEM)和QEM对结构模型进行分析时,观察到采样点的时程曲线几乎一致. 当考虑P-Δ效应后,采样点的位移幅值增加了4.25%,这验证了P-Δ效应会放大结构动态响应的观点. 此外,考虑竖向地震荷载后,结构固有频率的变化规律可以从图12进行阐述.
图12中,N表示竖向轴力,G表示竖向地震荷载作用,wt表示时变频率,即在时变轴向荷载作用下,结构的频率不再是恒定的,而会随着轴力的改变而改变. 从图中可以看出,在考虑P-Δ效应之后,结构的一阶频率从0.9016降低为0.8168,同时在考虑时变轴力作用之后,结构频率会轻微下降(约0.09%). 此后,结构的时变频率会呈现与竖向地震动形状一致的时程曲线,这一现象源于假设轴向刚度无穷大,即忽略轴向变形,将竖向作用力直接等效于轴力所致. 需要注意的是,El Centro竖向地震动对结构频率的影响较小,因此考虑时变轴力作用时,样点的时程曲线与不考虑时变轴力时的几乎相同,如图13所示.
烟囱和桥墩模型验证了QEM应用于高耸结构P-Δ效应分析时的可行性与准确性. 该小节将针对高层建筑的“多自由度体系”模型采用两种不同的方案进行动力P-Δ效应分析. 以某一栋108 m高层建筑为例,其结构模型如图1(c-d),结构特性参数如下表所示.
在第一种方案中,高层建筑的每个楼层均被视为一个求积梁单元,楼层质量MI被置于各单元的连接点. 考虑到建筑共有30层,因此将模型划分为30个单元. 确定单元数量后,模型的收敛性和准确性主要受到空间域内各单元节点划分数量的影响. 为此,分别使用具有3、5和7个GLL节点的单元进行分析. 表5汇总了在考虑和不考虑轴力的情形下,结构各阶固有频率的计算结果.
表5可以发现,在单元数Nf=30的前提下,无论是否考虑轴向荷载,单元节点数Nn=3时的求解结果已接近收敛解.
在第二种方案中,将高层建筑的若干楼层视为一个含集中质量的求积梁单元,将楼层质量MI置于等距单元节点处. 据此,可将该算例划分为5个6等距节点的Hermite型单元. 表6汇总了方案1(采用节点数Nn=5的单元)与方案2的各阶固有频率求解结果. 两种方案相对应的结构模态如图14所示.
将El Centro地面加速度时程信息输入到结构模型,对其进行结构动态响应分析,求解得到方案1和方案2的整体最大横向位移和采样点的时程曲线如下图所示.
根据表6图15可以发现,采用含集中质量的6-等距节点求积单元的求解结果与方案1的结果基本一致,由于频率的轻微差异,使得整体横向最大位移响应有轻微差别(可认为方案1的求解结果是精确值);本文数值方法采用Python语言进行编译,并通过比较两种方案的CPU运算时间来评估计算效率,图16展示了两种方案在CPU运行时间方面的对比.
可以发现,通过将楼层的集中质量直接放置在单元内部节点上,方案2显著减小了结构模型的整体刚度矩阵和整体质量矩阵的维度,从而提高了动力P-Δ效应分析的计算效率. 这种优化是有意义的,特别是在分析时变轴力对高层结构动态响应的影响时,模型的整体几何刚度矩阵会时刻发生变化,因此其维度的大小成为影响计算效率的主要原因.
本文利用QEM建立了一种能够处理不同类型高耸结构动力P-Δ效应的通用分析方法,该方法不需要繁琐的迭代即可获取高精度的问题解答. 具体结论如下:
(1)P-Δ效应对结构产生有利或不利的影响取决于外部荷载的幅值大小,以及结构固有频率的变化和外荷载作用频率之间的关系.
(2)基于QEM的高精度动力P-Δ效应分析方法适用于各种类型的高耸结构,包括几何和材料上的不连续性. 相较于DQM方法,该方法的应用更加方便和灵活.
(3)在不考虑轴向变形的情况下,时变轴力对高耸结构的影响似乎较轻微,因为它对结构的几何刚度矩阵影响较小. 这意味着结构的频率不会产生较大的波动,因此认为其影响可忽略不计.
(4)依据基函数最小化最优的原则,本文建立了含有集中质量的Hermite单元,在对多高层结构模型进行分析时,该方法通过降低整体刚度矩阵和质量矩阵的维度展现出较好的计算效率.
本文旨在利用QEM方法解决高耸结构动力P-Δ效应问题,并着重于方法的建立、验证和优化. 未来的研究可以基于此方法,探索双向地震动对竖向作用敏感型高耸结构的影响规律,深化对结构动力行为及在复杂荷载下响应的理解. 借助机器学习和大数据分析技术,构建可靠的双向地震动作用下结构的预测模型,为高耸结构的设计提供可靠支持.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52378519)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.039
  • 接收时间:2024-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-04
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52378519)
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    南京工业大学工程力学研究所,南京,211816

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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