Article(id=1241838553404080938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838547544641612, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774006983367, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1745337600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774006983367, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774006983367, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006983367, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241838547544641612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='149', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774006981978, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774007061443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241838880882758461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838547544641612, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241838880882758462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838547544641612, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=218, endPage=229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241838553680905004, articleId=1241838553404080938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Investigation on Quasi-static Fracture Propagation of Dissimilar Metal Welds in Special Vehicles at Different Temperatures, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dissimilar metal welds in special vehicles and equipment are essential parts that significantly influence their performance. This study focuses on how different working temperatures affect crack propagation behavior in these welds. The research employs the extended finite element method (XFEM) as its numerical analysis tool. By refining the local mesh at the crack tip, it avoids complex crack-tip field enhancement function found in traditional methods. Temperature effects are integrated into the interaction integral, and its form is simplified to isolate terms related to material properties and temperature. The method for extracting mode I and mode II stress intensity factors is provided. Thus, a numerical calculation method for the stress intensity factor at the crack tip of dissimilar metal welds in special vehicles has been established. Taking a two-dimensional infinite plate with a crack as an example, stress intensity factors are calculated under various temperature loads and crack lengths and compared with the analytical solution. It is found that the relative error between the two is less than 1.3%, and changes in different integration regions have minimal impact on results. The correctness and integral region independence of this method have been verified. Then, based on the maximum circumferential stress criterion and the above research content, a quasi-static crack growth numerical simulation method is established for different temperatures. Simulations are conducted at low, normal, and high temperatures to examine crack propagation paths at various locations. Initial crack growth angles and paths reveal that crack propagation in the welding zone is predominantly mode I at normal temperatures. However, low and high temperatures have opposite effects on crack direction. Additionally, cracks may propagate across weld boundaries. This finding significantly advances the prediction of performance at different working temperatures in dissimilar metal welds of special vehicles and provides crucial guidance for durability and safety design in engineering applications.

, correspAuthors=Bo Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Biao Wang, Jie Shang, Bo Zhao, Zhanbo Liang, Hongjun Yu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241838572450414760, articleId=1241838553404080938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=特种车辆异种金属焊接件在不同温度下的准静态断裂扩展研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

特种车辆设备中的异种金属焊接件是影响其使用性能的关键部位,而且不同的工作温度也会对裂纹的断裂行为产生不同的影响. 为了研究温度对异种金属焊接件准静态断裂扩展的影响,本文以细化裂纹尖端网格的扩展有限元为基础,利用考虑热载荷作用下的相互作用积分,构建了热载荷作用下焊接区域裂纹尖端应力强度因子的计算方法和对不同温度下裂纹准静态扩展路径的模拟方法,并与解析解对比证明了应力强度因子计算方法的正确性和积分区域无关性. 本文研究对于特种车辆的使用性能预测具有十分重要的工程意义.

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journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838553404080938, language=CN, label=图14, caption=裂纹5网格图及准静态扩展路径, figureFileSmall=qTc6pZLOWBj02hMOvkmMeQ==, figureFileBig=mpPF4y+FdO1HTnQHJjVAuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241838580448952737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838553404080938, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The relative error between the simulation results and the reference solutions

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a/WErdogan and Wu[2]本文结果
积分区域1相对误差(%)积分区域2相对误差(%)积分区域3相对误差(%)
0.10.103890.103780.110.104520.610.103480.39
0.20.085590.085950.420.086030.510.085050.63
0.30.069260.068401.240.068371.290.068411.23
0.40.053560.053440.220.053520.070.053480.15
0.50.03830.037901.040.037731.490.037861.15
0.60.023810.023501.300.023660.630.023521.22
0.70.012090.012000.740.011980.910.011961.08
0.80.003890.003870.510.003841.290.003851.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241838580520255909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838553404080938, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本文仿真结果与参考解相对误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a/WErdogan and Wu[2]本文结果
积分区域1相对误差(%)积分区域2相对误差(%)积分区域3相对误差(%)
0.10.103890.103780.110.104520.610.103480.39
0.20.085590.085950.420.086030.510.085050.63
0.30.069260.068401.240.068371.290.068411.23
0.40.053560.053440.220.053520.070.053480.15
0.50.03830.037901.040.037731.490.037861.15
0.60.023810.023501.300.023660.630.023521.22
0.70.012090.012000.740.011980.910.011961.08
0.80.003890.003870.510.003841.290.003851.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241838580604141992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838553404080938, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Initial crack growth angle

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裂纹位置/工作温度初始裂纹扩展角(°)
-50 ℃25 ℃60 ℃
1-55.53-0.2541.56
2-26.710.2633.01
333.45-0.16-19.52
4-51.720.9423.81
5-35.350.2627.89
), ArticleFig(id=1241838580700610989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838553404080938, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

初始裂纹扩展角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂纹位置/工作温度初始裂纹扩展角(°)
-50 ℃25 ℃60 ℃
1-55.53-0.2541.56
2-26.710.2633.01
333.45-0.16-19.52
4-51.720.9423.81
5-35.350.2627.89
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特种车辆异种金属焊接件在不同温度下的准静态断裂扩展研究
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王标 1 , 尚杰 1 , 赵波 1, ** , 梁展搏 1 , 于红军 2
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(2): 218-229
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(2): 218-229
特种车辆异种金属焊接件在不同温度下的准静态断裂扩展研究
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王标1, 尚杰1, 赵波1, ** , 梁展搏1, 于红军2
作者信息
  • 1上海机电工程研究所,上海,201109
  • 2哈尔滨工业大学航天科学与力学系,哈尔滨,150001

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Investigation on Quasi-static Fracture Propagation of Dissimilar Metal Welds in Special Vehicles at Different Temperatures
Biao Wang1, Jie Shang1, Bo Zhao1, ** , Zhanbo Liang1, Hongjun Yu2
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Electro-mechanical Engineering Institute, Shanghai, 201109
  • 2Department of Astronautic Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001
出版时间: 2025-04-23 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.061
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特种车辆设备中的异种金属焊接件是影响其使用性能的关键部位,而且不同的工作温度也会对裂纹的断裂行为产生不同的影响. 为了研究温度对异种金属焊接件准静态断裂扩展的影响,本文以细化裂纹尖端网格的扩展有限元为基础,利用考虑热载荷作用下的相互作用积分,构建了热载荷作用下焊接区域裂纹尖端应力强度因子的计算方法和对不同温度下裂纹准静态扩展路径的模拟方法,并与解析解对比证明了应力强度因子计算方法的正确性和积分区域无关性. 本文研究对于特种车辆的使用性能预测具有十分重要的工程意义.

异种金属焊接件  /  裂纹  /  相互作用积分  /  应力强度因子  /  裂纹扩展路径

Dissimilar metal welds in special vehicles and equipment are essential parts that significantly influence their performance. This study focuses on how different working temperatures affect crack propagation behavior in these welds. The research employs the extended finite element method (XFEM) as its numerical analysis tool. By refining the local mesh at the crack tip, it avoids complex crack-tip field enhancement function found in traditional methods. Temperature effects are integrated into the interaction integral, and its form is simplified to isolate terms related to material properties and temperature. The method for extracting mode I and mode II stress intensity factors is provided. Thus, a numerical calculation method for the stress intensity factor at the crack tip of dissimilar metal welds in special vehicles has been established. Taking a two-dimensional infinite plate with a crack as an example, stress intensity factors are calculated under various temperature loads and crack lengths and compared with the analytical solution. It is found that the relative error between the two is less than 1.3%, and changes in different integration regions have minimal impact on results. The correctness and integral region independence of this method have been verified. Then, based on the maximum circumferential stress criterion and the above research content, a quasi-static crack growth numerical simulation method is established for different temperatures. Simulations are conducted at low, normal, and high temperatures to examine crack propagation paths at various locations. Initial crack growth angles and paths reveal that crack propagation in the welding zone is predominantly mode I at normal temperatures. However, low and high temperatures have opposite effects on crack direction. Additionally, cracks may propagate across weld boundaries. This finding significantly advances the prediction of performance at different working temperatures in dissimilar metal welds of special vehicles and provides crucial guidance for durability and safety design in engineering applications.

dissimilar metal welds  /  crack  /  interaction integral  /  stress intensity factor  /  crack propagation
王标, 尚杰, 赵波, 梁展搏, 于红军. 特种车辆异种金属焊接件在不同温度下的准静态断裂扩展研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 218 -229 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.061
Biao Wang, Jie Shang, Bo Zhao, Zhanbo Liang, Hongjun Yu. Investigation on Quasi-static Fracture Propagation of Dissimilar Metal Welds in Special Vehicles at Different Temperatures[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (2) : 218 -229 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.061
为了满足多功能化作战的需求,特种车辆设备中对异种金属焊接件的使用更加广泛. 但是在特种车辆使用年限内或者在其他军用、民用设备多年来的运行历程中,容易发生安全事故的薄弱部位往往是焊接区域. 本文以应用广泛的奥氏体不锈钢F316L和铁素体低合金钢SA508之间的焊缝区为例进行研究. 由于奥氏体不锈钢、铁素体低合金钢和镍基焊缝之间存在多方面的显著差异,如化学成分、微观组织和力学性能等,而且在焊接过程中,在这些异种金属焊接接头位置处,往往会存在着很多典型的问题,主要包括[1]
(1)热影响区. 铁素体低合金钢和奥氏体不锈钢母材与焊缝处镍基材料之间存在有焊缝熔合线界面,该界面两侧即为热影响区. 由于焊接过程中的高温,在此区域内会产生较为复杂的微观组织,例如马氏体、贫碳区以及各种晶界等微观结构,从而造成物理、化学和力学性能的突变,晶粒尺寸、晶界类型等因素可能会引起材料敏化. 而且由于高温后冷却会造成焊接位置处有残余应力的存在,使得焊接件的强度、抗腐蚀性能、抗冲击性能降低,对异种金属焊接件的使用性能造成严重影响.
(2)焊接缺陷. 由于异种金属焊接接头处结构复杂,焊接流程繁琐,而且需要进行多道次焊接,其具有高应力约束的特征,所以不可避免的会出现焊接缺陷. 常见的焊接缺陷主要有:焊接热裂纹、杂质颗粒、焊接气孔等,这些焊接缺陷的存在将会对焊接件的力学性能造成很大影响.
随着现在科技的发展和工程上的特殊需求,许多工程结构在服役过程中不仅会受到机械载荷的作用,还会受到热载荷的作用,因此考虑热载荷作用下的断裂力学研究引起了学者们的广泛关注[2-5]. 为研究其破坏机理,探究温度对其断裂性能的影响,许多学者对其展开了断裂力学研究. Erdogan等[2]于1996年对功能梯度材料的热断裂问题开展了相关研究,分析了在热载荷作用下含有边裂纹和中心裂纹的非均匀矩形板中的热应力,通过给出材料内部的温度场和热应力场,用解析方法计算出了热应力强度因子. Noda等学者[3-5]对功能梯度材料的热断裂问题进行了大量的研究,取得了较为卓越的成果,他们对热稳态载荷和热冲击载荷作用下的非均匀体进行了各种各样的研究,其中包括有限裂纹体、半无限和无限裂纹体的热应力以及热应力强度因子的求解. 这类问题首先从材料内部的温度场出发,计算出热应力场,然后再对裂纹尖端的应力强度因子进行求解,分析热应力的影响.
特种车辆上不同种金属在焊接过程中会不可避免地产生焊接缺陷,内部或者表面会产生细小的裂纹,而特种车辆的工作环境较为恶劣[6],须能够承受高原等环境的低温条件以及沙漠等环境的高温条件. 特种车辆异种金属焊接件在高温以及低温工作环境中内部焊接缺陷容易发生裂纹扩展,与常温下的裂纹扩展情况不同. 对于断裂扩展的数值模拟方法,近年来应用较为广泛的主要有边界元法、无网格法、有限元法和扩展有限元法等[7]. 其中,边界元法在处理非线性等复杂问题时存在诸多局限性;有限元法的计算效率高于无网格法;扩展有限元法相对于有限元法的优势是其可以通过构造不同的形函数将不连续性引入到单元内部,使裂纹独立于网格存在,而不是像有限元法必须进行局部网格细化,克服了裂纹尖端高应力网格划分的困难[8,9].
本文工作基于扩展有限元方法,利用考虑热载荷作用下的相互作用积分,研究不同工作温度对特种车辆异种金属焊接件不同区域裂纹准静态扩展路径的影响.
首先简要介绍扩展有限元关于含裂纹体的控制方程,在确定位移插值函数后,就与常规有限元方法类似,利用虚功原理推导其控制方程. 在小变形前提下,对于含内部裂纹的二维弹性体计算域,如图1所示,其控制方程为[10]
式中,σ为Cauthy应力,为指定位移值即位移边界条件,为体力,为面力,n为计算域边界的单位外法向向量,Ω为此二维平面计算域,ΓuΓtΓc分别表示位移边界、面力边界和内部裂纹面,裂纹表面假设处于体力为零的状态[11],即裂纹面为自由面. 针对含裂纹体中含有的夹杂问题,可引入材料属性不连续界面Γα进行进一步处理.
图2所示,一个含有内部裂纹的二维弹性体的扩展有限元网格,采用规则的四边形单元进行网格划分,在裂纹贯穿的单元和裂尖所在的单元设置增强节点,以D0表示区域内所有节点组成的节点集,D1表示裂纹贯穿单元的节点集,D2表示夹杂所在及其边界所贯穿的单元节点组成的集合,D3表示裂纹尖端所在单元的节点集,D1D3节点集之间没有交集,当节点同时属于二者时,该节点优先属于节点集D3.
利用扩展有限元模拟裂纹问题时,Moës[12]引入了Heavisde阶跃函数,其在裂纹面两侧取值分别为1和-1,为裂纹贯穿单元中模拟裂纹面间断的加强函数,由此可以在位移模式中模拟裂纹表面的不连续性,此函数表达式为
图1所示,引入符号距离函数来表征区域Ω内的夹杂颗粒的不连续界面[13]
式中,x为区域Ω内部的任意一点的坐标,为夹杂颗粒界面上的点坐标,n为此不连续界面的单位外法向向量. 那么,在传统扩展有限元中,图1所示问题的位移插值函数可以表示为:
式中,uiNix)分别为传统有限元中的节点位移和插值形函数,bjck分别为由于D1D2D3中节点存在引起的附加自由度,Hfαx))为由于裂纹将单元贯穿而在相应节点引入的阶跃函数,|fαx)|为由于夹杂颗粒界面存在而在相应节点引入的节点增强函数,Fnrθ)为模拟裂纹尖端奇异性的裂尖增强函数,用于提高仿真计算精度和收敛性.
扩展有限元的求解过程仍按照传统有限元的方法框架进行求解,其求解过程包括:全局坐标系、裂纹尖端局部坐标系之间的坐标转换;寻找裂纹贯穿单元、夹杂颗粒所在单元以及裂纹尖端所在单元和对应的增强节点集合确定增强范围;进行单元划分以及选择单元积分方案;进行单元刚度矩阵的求解以及组装整体刚度矩阵;处理弹性体的约束条件及所承受的载荷;求解方程组获得弹性体的应力场等力学场参数.
采用式(4)进行计算时,需要在单元的位移插值模式中引入复杂的裂尖场的增强函数. 对于各向同性的弹性体,一般利用裂尖场渐近分析得到的Williams解[14],即裂纹分支函数作为传统的裂尖增强函数,其形式为:
裂纹扩展模拟过程中,由于裂尖附加自由度较多,从而组装而成的结构整体刚度矩阵维数巨大,计算效率大大降低,经过研究,刘学聪等[15]提出了一种由单一均匀含裂纹弹性体的渐进场分析得到的改进的裂尖增强函数. 但是当材料属性非均匀时,裂纹尖端增强函数无法通过解析方法获得,一种合理有效的解决办法是在裂纹尖端局部网格引入自适应的网格细化技术[16]. 基于扩展有限元方法,于红军[14]最早将这种技术应用在非均匀材料的混合型断裂的仿真模拟中,并将这种方法命名为“补丁扩展有限元”. 如图3所示,该技术的具体做法是寻找裂纹尖端坐标所在的单元,将与此单元共节点的一层单元或者多层单元(本文采用的是一层单元)作为局部网格细化区域(细化前此区域内含有九个四边形单元),即为图中的红色网格区域. 细化的具体方法是裂纹尖端附近的一层网格采用三角形六节点奇异单元(T6单元),其余网格为过渡单元,采用四边形八节点单元(Q8单元),过渡单元的层数以及三角形单元的大小可以自行设定,将细化后的网格覆盖在此区域内原来的四边形网格之上,细化区域的网格仍与周围的网格共用相同的节点,在计算过程中,细化区域处原来的网格刚度设置为零,以消除原来规则网格的影响.
经过“补丁扩展有限元”的处理后,含内部裂纹的弹性体计算域内将不再含有D3节点集,也就意味着在式(4)中将不考虑裂纹尖端增强函数的存在,仅采用Hfαx))和D1D2中的节点进行增强,裂纹尖端的奇异性通过三角形奇异单元来反应,因此去掉对应项后,新的位移插值函数为
常规有限元插值方法中,位移插值函数在某一节点处的值等于该节点的位移,因此很容易进行Dirichlet边界条件的施加. 但是上述位移插值函数中在节点处的位移值不等于节点位移,需要对其中引入的节点增强函数进行平移处理,由此得到
这种方法在保留传统扩展有限元优势的基础上,不需要获得裂纹尖端场的复杂解析形式或避免了增强函数难以求解的问题. 而且细化网格区域外的其他部分可以采用尺寸较大的网格,只需要对裂尖区域进行局部细化即可,在提高计算速度的同时保证了计算精度,扩大了扩展有限元的应用范围,易于工程界所接受.
在线弹性力学中,材料中的机械应力与应变之间存在的关系为:
式中,σij为机械应力,Cijkl为刚度矩阵,为材料的总应变,为材料的机械应变,为热应变,其可以表示为:
式中,α为材料的热膨胀系数,ΔT为材料的温度变化,T为材料温度,T0为材料的初始温度.
利用上述扩展有限元的思想,可以得出考虑热载荷作用的单元控制方程:
式中,Ke为单元刚度矩阵,ue为单元位移向量,Fe为单元的等效节点载荷向量,为等效温度载荷向量,其具体形式如下
其中,矩阵B为形函数的导数矩阵[17].
由式(13)可知,等效温度载荷向量只与材料温度变化产生的热应变有关. 将系统中的刚度矩阵进行组装,并整合所有单元的位移方程,得到系统位移的求解方程:
对上式进行求解即可得出考虑材料温度场变化的位移场,进而可以进行应变场和应力场计算,利用考虑热载荷作用下的相互作用积分对应力强度因子进行提取.
图4给出了非均匀材料裂纹尖端附近的积分区域示意图,图中分别为裂纹的上表面和下表面. 只考虑机械载荷作用下对非均匀材料具有区域无关性的相互作用积分表达式如下[16]
式中,Ih为均匀材料对应的相互作用积分项,Inonh为非均匀材料对应的相互作用积分项,上标aux代表辅助场相关变量,无上标者为真实场相关变量. Ih中各项直接进行计算即可,下面对Inonh中各项进行推导计算:
由于物体内部无体力即σijj=0,可以将上式化简为
根据位移和应变之间的关系及其关系对称性可知
其中,材料总应变与机械应变、总应变之间的关系见式(8).
将式(18)代入到式(17)可得
为了将相互作用积分形式进行进一步简化,在这里引入一个应变,其与辅助位移场之间满足以下关系式
利用式(20),式(19)的第一项可以简化为
将式(21)和代入到式(19),可得
上式中的最后一项即为考虑热载荷作用下的相互作用积分的影响项,用Ith表示.
若材料内部均处于相同的温度,不考虑材料内部的热传导问题,即材料的温度场T为常量,则上式可简化为:
各向同性材料的J积分、应变能释放率G和应力强度因子存在如下关系[16]
其中,K为Ⅰ型应力强度因子;K为Ⅱ型应力强度因子;
式中,Etipνtip分别为裂纹尖端所处材料的弹性模量和泊松比. 那么,在真实场和辅助场的共同作用下,相应的J积分为[16]
将式(27)展开后,可分离出三项,分别为真实场、辅助场、真实场和辅助场共同作用下的J积分. 其中,真实场和辅助场共同作用下的交叉影响项即为I积分:
由于辅助场是可设计的,可分别令,将其代入式(28)中,可计算得出相互作用积分IaIb,则可提取出Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型应力强度因子分别为
为验证考虑热载荷作用下的相互作用积分方法的有效性,考虑热应力作用下的一个含裂纹二维无限大板对其进行验证. 针对上述问题,Erdogan和Wu[2]进行了诸多研究,得出了适用于多种模型在热载荷作用下应力强度因子的解析解.
图5所示,矩形板宽度为W=1,长度为H=5,弹性模量E、热膨胀系数α等材料参数沿宽度方向呈指数形式不断变化,泊松比ν=0.33,
矩形板左右边界的弹性模量、热膨胀系数、温度分别为E1α1T1E2α2T2,且E2/E1=10,α2/α1=2,在矩形板的H/2处有一长度为a的边裂纹. 矩形板的初始温度设定为T0=10,右边界温度设定为Th)=T2=0.5T0,左边界设定温度分三种不同情况,分别为:T(0)=T1=0.1T0T(0)=T1=0.2T0T(0)=T1=0.5T0. 矩形板有限元网格划分、裂纹尖端局部网格形式以及三个不同的积分回路如图5(d)所示. 矩形板有限元网格中共有2103个四边形八节点单元(Q8单元)和12个三角形六节点单元(T6单元),其中,T6单元可反映裂纹尖端的奇异性. 假设为平面应变状态,在每种温度条件下,取不同裂纹长度a/W=0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8,计算不同热载荷作用下裂纹尖端的应力强度因子. 应力强度因子K计算结果采用无量纲化表示,无量纲化系数,其中σ0=11T0/(1-ν).
K/K0计算结果与参考文献中理论解进行对比,如图6表1所示,可以看出两者的结果吻合的很好,相对误差均不超过1.3%,由此可以验证此计算方法的正确性. 以T1/T0=0.1为例,改变不同积分回路,采用三种不同的积分区域进行计算,如图7表1所示,可以看出不同积分区域之间的计算结果波动范围很小,说明本文的方法对于热载荷作用下的非均匀材料具有很好的积分区域无关性.
在本节中所研究的准静态扩展问题中,选用最大周向应力准则[18]进行裂纹扩展角度的计算. 根据最大周向应力准则,裂纹每次向前扩展时,总是沿周向应力σθ最大的方向进行扩展,在扩展方向上,剪切应力σ总为零,即
裂纹扩展角θc
在模拟准静态裂纹扩展中,其基本思路为:应用细化裂纹尖端网格的扩展有限元法,首先得出所研究二维问题的位移场,然后考虑温度场引起的热应变,对应变场和应力场进行求解,采用考虑热载荷作用下的相互作用积分对混合型应力强度因子进行提取,利用最大周向应力准则来判定裂纹的扩展角度,每次的扩展步长取普通四边形单元长度的三分之一,仿真过程中按如图8所示进行裂纹长度和裂纹尖端网格的生成,以此可以得到裂纹的准静态扩展路径.
下面进行不同工作温度下准静态裂纹扩展的仿真计算.
设定一个长为120 mm,宽为24 mm,上下边界受均匀拉伸载荷的焊缝区金属矩形板,材料的弹性模量和热膨胀系数均取自文献[19,20],如图9所示,图(b)为矩形板各区域常温下热膨胀系数沿长度方向变化曲线,图9(c)和图9(e)分别为矩形板左右两侧常温下弹性模量沿长度的变化曲线,宽度方向材料属性分布为两者插值. 设定裂纹长度为4.8 mm,分布位置如下图所示,裂纹1和2起始点距离F316L侧焊缝熔合线上下2 mm处,裂纹4和5起始点距离SA508侧熔合线上下2 mm处,裂纹3位于这两条熔合线中间,阶跃拉伸载荷作用在矩形板上下两侧. 取三种不同的工作温度进行仿真计算,初始温度载荷分别为低温-50 ℃、常温25 ℃、高温60 ℃[21].
对五种裂纹位置的非均匀矩形板进行低温、常温及高温环境下的仿真计算,如图10-14所示为网格划分示意图以及裂纹扩展路径图,表2为不同工况下的初始裂纹扩展角. 从中可以看出,在常温25 ℃下,由于矩形板中没有温度变化,裂纹在扩展过程中没有热应力的影响,裂纹虽有小角度的倾斜,但是基本保持I型开裂;在低温以及高温环境下,由于焊缝区热膨胀系数的不同造成了材料内部热应变的不匹配,导致裂纹在扩展过程中产生了大角度的偏转,而且高低温对裂纹扩展方向的影响相反,这说明工作温度对裂纹的扩展路径产生了极大的影响,在实际工程问题中不容忽视.
本文基于细化裂纹尖端网格的扩展有限元方法,采用考虑热载荷作用下的相互作用积分,实现了在热载荷作用下焊接区域非均匀材料裂纹尖端应力强度因子的准确计算和对不同温度下不同位置裂纹准静态扩展路径的模拟,并且得出了如下结论:
(1)针对热载荷作用下含裂纹功能梯度板的断裂问题,本文方法计算出的应力强度因子值与解析解之间的相对误差在1.3%以内,正确性和积分区域无关性均得到验证.
(2)针对在低温-50 ℃、常温25 ℃、高温60 ℃下,利用构建的准静态裂纹扩展模拟方法,分别对不同位置的裂纹进行仿真计算,得出其初始裂纹扩展角及裂纹扩展路径,对特种车辆异种金属焊接件的使用性能预测有十分重要的工程意义.
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.061
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
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    1上海机电工程研究所,上海,201109
    2哈尔滨工业大学航天科学与力学系,哈尔滨,150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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