Article(id=1241838552951096102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838547544641612, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730736000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774006983268, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1745337600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774006983268, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774006983268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006983268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241838547544641612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='149', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774006981978, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774007061443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241838880882758461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838547544641612, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241838880882758462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838547544641612, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=206, endPage=217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241838553299223337, articleId=1241838552951096102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Perturbation Method for Solving Tensile and Compressive Deformation of Circular Rods with Axisymmetric Rough Surfaces, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Factors such as processing techniques, daily abrasion, and atmospheric corrosion lead to a specific level of surface roughness in component surfaces. This paper examines the tensile and compressive deformation behavior of circular rods with axisymmetric random rough surfaces. First, a digital reconstruction of the rough circular rod model was conducted, where the rough surface was jointly characterized by two statistical parameters: root mean square height and correlation length. Then, the dimensionless governing differential equation for both tensile and compressive cases of the rough circular rod was derived through the infinitesimal element method. Subsequently, in combination with the perturbation method and the fast Fourier transform, the governing equation was solved, yielding the perturbation solutions for both types of deformation of the rough circular rod. The validity of these solutions was verified through comparisons with analytical and finite element solutions. Finally, to explore the influence of the statistical parameters of rough surfaces on tensile and compressive deformation, the contributions of first-order and second-order perturbation solutions were systematically compared, and an empirical formula for the perturbation amplitude was established. The effect of perturbation on the results gradually increased with root mean square height and correlation length; the proportion of the second-order perturbation solution rose with root mean square height but remained unaffected by correlation length. This work not only expands the research scope of traditional problems in mechanics of materials related to tensile and compressive deformation, but also provides an example of the application of mathematical and physical methods in mechanical practice. Moreover, this study offers a theoretical basis for optimizing the manufacturing processes of components and quantitatively assessing the impact of surface defects on the mechanical properties of components.

, correspAuthors=Jiao Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jianen Ding, Jiao Wang, Xiangyu Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241838586048348716, articleId=1241838552951096102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=轴对称粗糙圆杆拉压变形的摄动解法, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

由于加工工艺、日常磨损、大气腐蚀等原因,构件的表面往往存在一定的表面粗糙度,本文主要研究具有轴对称随机粗糙表面圆杆的拉压变形行为. 首先对粗糙圆杆模型进行了数字重建,粗糙面由高度均方根和相关长度两个统计参量协同表征. 然后利用微元法推导了拉压情形下粗糙圆杆的无量纲控制微分方程. 结合摄动法和快速傅里叶变换,对该控制方程进行了求解,获得了粗糙圆杆拉压变形的摄动解,并利用解析解与有限元解验证了摄动解的有效性. 最后,系统地比较了摄动一阶解和二阶解对结果的贡献,并建立了扰动幅值的经验公式. 得到结论:扰动对结果的影响会随着高度均方根和相关长度的增大而逐渐增大;扰动中二阶解的占比会随着高度均方根的增大而逐渐增大,但二阶解相关长度的关系不大. 本文工作不仅拓宽了材料力学中传统拉压问题的研究范畴,为数学物理方法的力学实践提供了实例,同时也为优化构件制造工艺以及定量评估表面缺陷对构件力学性能的影响提供理论依据.

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轴对称粗糙圆杆拉压变形的摄动解法
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丁建恩 , 王蕉 ** , 李翔宇
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(2): 206-217
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(2): 206-217
轴对称粗糙圆杆拉压变形的摄动解法
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丁建恩, 王蕉** , 李翔宇
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学力学与航空航天学院,成都,610031

通讯作者:

Perturbation Method for Solving Tensile and Compressive Deformation of Circular Rods with Axisymmetric Rough Surfaces
Jianen Ding, Jiao Wang** , Xiangyu Li
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031
出版时间: 2025-04-23 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.057
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由于加工工艺、日常磨损、大气腐蚀等原因,构件的表面往往存在一定的表面粗糙度,本文主要研究具有轴对称随机粗糙表面圆杆的拉压变形行为. 首先对粗糙圆杆模型进行了数字重建,粗糙面由高度均方根和相关长度两个统计参量协同表征. 然后利用微元法推导了拉压情形下粗糙圆杆的无量纲控制微分方程. 结合摄动法和快速傅里叶变换,对该控制方程进行了求解,获得了粗糙圆杆拉压变形的摄动解,并利用解析解与有限元解验证了摄动解的有效性. 最后,系统地比较了摄动一阶解和二阶解对结果的贡献,并建立了扰动幅值的经验公式. 得到结论:扰动对结果的影响会随着高度均方根和相关长度的增大而逐渐增大;扰动中二阶解的占比会随着高度均方根的增大而逐渐增大,但二阶解相关长度的关系不大. 本文工作不仅拓宽了材料力学中传统拉压问题的研究范畴,为数学物理方法的力学实践提供了实例,同时也为优化构件制造工艺以及定量评估表面缺陷对构件力学性能的影响提供理论依据.

随机粗糙表面  /  拉压变形  /  摄动法  /  快速傅里叶变换  /  统计参量

Factors such as processing techniques, daily abrasion, and atmospheric corrosion lead to a specific level of surface roughness in component surfaces. This paper examines the tensile and compressive deformation behavior of circular rods with axisymmetric random rough surfaces. First, a digital reconstruction of the rough circular rod model was conducted, where the rough surface was jointly characterized by two statistical parameters: root mean square height and correlation length. Then, the dimensionless governing differential equation for both tensile and compressive cases of the rough circular rod was derived through the infinitesimal element method. Subsequently, in combination with the perturbation method and the fast Fourier transform, the governing equation was solved, yielding the perturbation solutions for both types of deformation of the rough circular rod. The validity of these solutions was verified through comparisons with analytical and finite element solutions. Finally, to explore the influence of the statistical parameters of rough surfaces on tensile and compressive deformation, the contributions of first-order and second-order perturbation solutions were systematically compared, and an empirical formula for the perturbation amplitude was established. The effect of perturbation on the results gradually increased with root mean square height and correlation length; the proportion of the second-order perturbation solution rose with root mean square height but remained unaffected by correlation length. This work not only expands the research scope of traditional problems in mechanics of materials related to tensile and compressive deformation, but also provides an example of the application of mathematical and physical methods in mechanical practice. Moreover, this study offers a theoretical basis for optimizing the manufacturing processes of components and quantitatively assessing the impact of surface defects on the mechanical properties of components.

axisymmetric random rough surface  /  tensile and compressive deformation  /  fast Fourier transform  /  perturbation solution  /  statistical parameters
丁建恩, 王蕉, 李翔宇. 轴对称粗糙圆杆拉压变形的摄动解法. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 206 -217 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.057
Jianen Ding, Jiao Wang, Xiangyu Li. Perturbation Method for Solving Tensile and Compressive Deformation of Circular Rods with Axisymmetric Rough Surfaces[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (2) : 206 -217 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.057
现代工业与科技发展迅速,促使工程应用对构件精度标准提出了更高的要求. 由于加工工艺、日常磨损、大气腐蚀等原因,构件表面会出现缺陷,密集的缺陷将在构件表面形成表面粗糙度,引发构件性能的劣化[1],表面粗糙度的存在可能会缩短构件的使用寿命甚至使构件无法满足服役需求. 因此,构件表面粗糙度的相关问题成为国内外学者研究的热点. Whitehouse和Archard[2]提供了一种利用随机信号波形来表示粗糙表面轮廓的方法,该方法通过高度均方根与相关长度,有效模拟了实际工程中的随机粗糙表面,且具备较高精度. Thomas[3]对表征随机粗糙面所需的参数进行了系统梳理,最后指出:通过高度均方根与相关长度这两个参数来表征随机粗糙面的方法,更简洁且普适.
在求解含有随机粗糙表面的相关问题时,Eisenberger[4]利用有限单元法研究了变截面杆的纵向振动频率. 杨立军等[5]利用摄动法分析了变截面杆的轴向与扭转自由振动,并得出了振动平衡方程的近似解. 为了探究扭转波在变截面粗糙杆中的传播特性,秦臻等[6]结合摄动法和快速傅里叶变换求得了扭转波动方程离散形式的半解析解. 李志浩等[7]针对具有随机表面粗糙度圆杆的扭转变形进行了系统研究. 杆件拉压是材料力学中的经典问题,到目前为止,等直圆杆和多段组合杆的拉压变形问题已经得到了充分的研究. 然而根据文献调研,关于具有随机表面粗糙度的圆杆在拉伸与压缩变形方面的探究尚不充分.
基于此,本文针对具有统计特性的轴对称粗糙圆杆的拉压变形展开系统研究. 本文首先利用高度均方根和相关长度对粗糙圆杆模型的粗糙表面进行了数字重建,然后利用微元法建立了粗糙圆杆拉压变形的控制微分方程. 运用摄动法[5-11]和离散傅里叶变换[12-13]获得了随机粗糙圆杆拉压变形的摄动解,并利用特殊情况的解析解和有限元解对摄动解的有效性进行了验证. 当不考虑表面粗糙度时,本文解可退化为经典的材料力学解. 最后分析了各阶摄动解对最终结果的贡献,深入讨论了粗糙表面统计参量的影响规律并建立了扰动幅值的经验公式. 利用粗糙面统计参数重建粗糙表面,有利于获得统计意义上的结果,扩展了摄动解析解的适用性,将为定量评估真实构件表面粗糙度的影响提供理论支撑.
考虑如图1所示的随机粗糙圆杆模型,粗糙圆杆左端固支,右端施加一个轴向外力F,杆件在外力作用下发生拉压变形. 采用如下方法对此随机粗糙圆杆进行重建:
有一长为l,半径为R的光滑圆杆,x轴与圆杆轴线方向重合,y轴与轴线方向垂直,坐标原点在杆左侧面圆心处. 对不同x位置处的截面圆半径施加一个随机缺陷,即可得到轴对称随机粗糙圆杆模型. 该随机缺陷可用粗糙高度函数hx)表示,粗糙圆杆任意截面处的半径rx)可表示为
hx)是一个在0附近小范围内波动的随机量,用于表征各种原因在构件表面上产生的缺陷. 该函数与截面x坐标相关且满足高斯分布,同时是一个平稳随机离散序列[14],其概率密度函数fp为:
其中,σ为粗糙面的高度均方根.
该粗糙面的数字重建可通过线性滤波过程实现[14,15],设定高斯型自相关函数fax)为
其中,lc为相关长度.
由建模过程可知,粗糙面由高度均方根和相关长度两个统计参量协同表征,二者均具有[长度]1的量纲. 由于杆件表面的缺陷与圆杆半径相比通常较小,故粗糙圆杆的初始半径R与粗糙高度函数hx)的高度均方根满足关系:Rσ. 由高度均方根与相关长度的不同组合重建得到的粗糙面如图2所示:高度均方根σ越大,粗糙面的波动幅度越大,对应表面的粗糙程度越大;相关长度lc越大,粗糙面越趋于平滑.
设粗糙圆杆的弹性模量为E,任意位置的截面面积为Ax),不计杆自重. 根据胡克定律,对于光滑圆杆而言,其伸长量表达式为
其中,Δx)为圆杆任意位置截面沿轴线方向的位移.
在粗糙圆杆任意微元dx上,可以认为截面近似保持不变. 根据式(4a),dx段的伸长量可表示为
故粗糙圆杆的拉压变形控制微分方程为
图1所示的坐标系进行缩放
对粗糙圆杆的以下各量进行无量纲化
结合式(5)和式(6)可得控制方程(4c)的无量纲形式为
粗糙圆杆左端固定,有.
由于与坐标相关,式(7)为变系数常微分方程,可采用摄动法[5-11]求解. 选用无量纲小参数
式(7)中的无量纲面积可表示为
对上式两端取倒数得
对上式右端使用泰勒展开,略去高阶项可得
无量纲面积另可写为
将摄动小量ε引入式(12),展开平方项得
对比式(13)与式(9)可得
设式(7)的解为如下形式[11]
其中,分别对应摄动解的零阶解、一阶解和二阶解.
将式(11)与式(15)代入无量纲控制微分方程(7),忽略ε3及更高阶项可得
观察式(16)两端关于ε的同次幂项,可得如下三个方程
式(17a~c)分别为控制微分方程的零阶、一阶和二阶解方程,对应的边界条件为
由于式(17a)两端不含高度函数hx),故可直接求解得
其中c0为积分常数. 将边界条件(18a)代入上式可得
结合式(14)与式(20),可由式(19)得到控制方程的零阶解
此结果与《材料力学》[16]中光滑圆杆拉压变形的结果一致,故零阶解代表hx)≡0的结果.
一阶解方程(17b)的解由通解和特解组成,其通解c1为待定积分常数. 现采用傅里叶变换[13](详见附录A)对其特解进行求解.
对式(17b)两端进行傅里叶变换得
其中,i为虚数单位,f为频域变量.
对式(22)左端运用傅里叶变换导数定理,右端运用卷积定理[13](详见附录A),式(22)变形为
的傅里叶变换分别表示为G1f)、G2f)、G3f),则式(23)变形为
以上推导过程仅适用于连续函数,而粗糙高度函数hx)是一个离散随机序列,与截面位置相关的量,如以及等均为离散量. 因此,利用抽样定理和离散傅里叶变换[13](详见附录A)将式(24)离散化得
其中,N为抽样的样本数,T为抽样间隔,k为时域中离散点的序号,n为频域中离散点的序号,S为抽样算子;分别是的离散傅里叶变换.
设随机粗糙圆杆模型沿轴线的取点间隔为T′,摄动法取点间隔为T,根据图1模型的无量纲化过程,可知
对式(25)两端进行离散傅里叶逆变换,利用离散卷积定理[13](详见附录A),可得一阶解特解
结合边界条件(18b),将式(27)代入可得积分常数为
得到离散形式的一阶解
二阶解方程(17c)的求解过程与一阶解类似,具体推导过程可见附录B,这里只给出二阶解结果
其中
零阶解离散化得
将式(29)、式(30)与式(32)代入式(15),得到控制方程(7)离散形式的摄动解为
根据无量纲化过程,粗糙圆杆实际伸长量为
本节首先对摄动解的有效性进行验证,然后在此基础上深入讨论粗糙面统计参量对杆件拉压变形的影响.
本研究选用的圆杆为细长杆,根据长细比要求,长度应远大于半径,即lR. 结合前文Rσ的尺度要求,数值计算中粗糙圆杆选用如下参数:E=206 GPa,ν=0.3,l=50 m,R=0.2 m,F=100 N.
图3所示,验证模型共两组分别为正弦粗糙圆杆模型与随机粗糙圆杆模型. 前者的粗糙面由正弦函数曲线决定,根据材料力学,可利用微元法求得其拉压变形的解析解. 后者粗糙面的统计参量为σ=0.001 m,lc=5 m,可利用ANSYS得到其拉压变形的有限元解. 图4展示了不同方法求得的粗糙圆杆伸长量随无量纲坐标α=x/l的变化曲线. 可见,摄动解相比解析解与有限元解的最大相对误差分别为0.31%与0.22%,验证了摄动解的有效性.
根据前文,随机粗糙圆杆拉压变形的摄动解由零阶解、一阶解和二阶解组成,其中零阶解代表没有缺陷的光滑圆杆的伸长量,一阶解与二阶解之和代表由随机缺陷形成的粗糙面对伸长量的影响. 定义该影响为粗糙面对结果的扰动|Δ-Δ0|,扰动在所有离散点中绝对值的最大值|Δ-Δ0|max为扰动幅值. 由于粗糙面的生成具有随机性,本小节数据均为对应统计参量组合下100次样本结果的均值.
为了厘清扰动|Δ-Δ0|中,一阶解与二阶解对结果的影响大小,分别对摄动解的零阶解、一阶解与二阶解进行分析. 定义χ1为圆杆上离散点轴向位移摄动解的扰动与零阶解的比值绝对值;定义χ2为二阶解与一阶解的比值绝对值,即
定义一个条件为
其中γ>0,γ越小则高阶解相对低阶解越小. 定义η为粗糙圆杆上满足条件(36)的离散点个数的占比,η越大,粗糙圆杆上满足条件(36)的离散点越多. 对于χ1,取γ1=0.01;对于χ2,取γ2=0.1. 图5图6展示了η随统计参量的变化曲线,其中η1χ1满足条件(36)的离散点占比,η2χ2满足条件(36)的离散点占比.
图5可知,在图中所示的统计参量范围内,η1会随着σlc的增大而逐渐减小. 这表明扰动的影响会随着σlc的增大而逐渐增大. 图5η1始终大于95%,即在不同统计参量组合下,95%以上离散点的扰动均小于零阶解的1%. 扰动的影响比较微小,这是由本文粗糙圆杆的缺陷远小于圆杆初始半径所致,符合本文假设.
图6可知,lcη2几乎不产生影响,σ的影响较为显著:σ越小,η2越大,曲线变化越平稳,σ越大,η2越小,曲线波动越剧烈. 这意味着扰动|Δ-Δ0|中二阶解的占比会随着σ的增大而逐渐增大,但与lc无关.
为了进一步厘清粗糙面统计参量的影响,下面研究扰动幅值|Δ-Δ0|max与统计参量σlc的关系. 图7展示了固定其中一个统计参量,扰动幅值随另一统计参量的变化情况. 可以看到随着统计参量的增大,在双对数坐标系下扰动幅值|Δ-Δ0|max均呈线性增加趋势.
根据扰动幅值|Δ-Δ0|max与统计参量的关系,使用如下公式对曲线进行最小二乘拟合
引入光滑圆杆最大伸长量,式(37)可变形为如下经验公式
基于上式,对多组数据进行最小二乘法拟合,可得
通过式(38)可预测粗糙圆杆的扰动幅值与光滑圆杆最大伸长量的比值
为了检验拟合效果,图8将式(38)的预测解与本文摄动解进行了对比. 其中,方柱表示式(38)的预测结果,红球表示本文摄动解结果,可见二者具有较高的吻合度. 同时在图上三个不同的角上标明了对应统计参数条件下,粗糙圆杆的扰动幅值与光滑圆杆最大伸长量的比值,以便对粗糙面统计参数的影响进行直观评价.
本文利用线性滤波过程重建了含有随机粗糙表面的轴对称粗糙圆杆的数字模型,结合摄动法和傅里叶变换,求解了该模型拉压情形下的控制方程,得到了粗糙圆杆轴向位移的摄动解. 利用MATLAB将离散解数值化,并与解析解和有限元解分别进行对比,验证了摄动解的有效性. 然后,评估了摄动一阶解和二阶解对轴向位移的贡献. 最后,系统讨论了统计参量对轴向位移的影响规律并建立了经验公式. 本文对材料力学中传统拉压问题的研究进行了扩展,获得摄动解的过程本身也为数学物理方法的力学实践提供了实例. 此外,摄动解析解的建立是以粗糙面统计参数为依据,可以从统计意义上对实际工程中粗糙面的影响提供定量评估. 由于本文中的粗糙面是轴对称的,与实际工程存在差异,鉴于真实粗糙面建模和控制方程求解的复杂性,相关工作还有待更进一步的深入研究.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12272327; 12072297)
  • 2024年西南交通大学高水平育人课程教学改革项目“弹性力学”(GK20240112)
  • 西南交通大学2024年本科教育教学研究与改革项目“数字赋能力学教学的实践路径与智能实现”(JG2024066)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.057
  • 接收时间:2024-11-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-05
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国家自然科学基金项目(12272327; 12072297)
2024年西南交通大学高水平育人课程教学改革项目“弹性力学”(GK20240112)
西南交通大学2024年本科教育教学研究与改革项目“数字赋能力学教学的实践路径与智能实现”(JG2024066)
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    西南交通大学力学与航空航天学院,成都,610031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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