Article(id=1241837069861983149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774006629672, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1750867200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774006629672, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774006629672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006629672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241837062781997926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='297', pageEnd='436', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774006627984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006677005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241837268458083311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241837268462277616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=356, endPage=367, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241837070180750256, articleId=1241837069861983149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Reduced-Order Homogenization of Soft Composites Based on Clustering Analysis, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Soft composites exhibit significant potential in advanced engineering applications but face critical computational challenges due to their inherent heterogeneity and geometric nonlinearity. Traditional meso-scale finite element analysis suffers from low efficiency, rendering macro-meso coupled multiscale analysis impractical for real-world engineering scenarios. To address this limitation, this study develops a clustering-based reduced-order homogenization method that synergistically integrates reduced-order homogenization techniques with clustering analysis, achieving remarkable computational efficiency while maintaining sufficient accuracy. First, we establish a two-scale analysis framework for soft composites on the basis of finite deformation theory. On the meso-scale, an energy density function is used to describe the constitutive behavior of the micro constituents. Then, we perform clustering analysis on the microscale representative volume element (RVE) to partition it into uniform subdomains called clusters. The clustering analysis groups regions with similar mechanical behavior and thereby reduces the system's complexity and related computational cost. After that, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is employed to generate reduced bases for approximating the mesoscopic deformation gradient fields. An efficient sampling strategy is used for both snapshot generation and model validation. A clustered version of reduced-order model (CROM) is established based on the principle of minimum energy. Numerical examples demonstrate that the developed CROM can maintain a high level of accuracy while achieving a computational acceleration of about 104 compared to traditional finite element methods. A comparison to an existing clustering approach named self-consistent clustering analysis (SCA) is also given. Although the computational cost of the offline phase for the CROM is relatively high, the online analysis is rather fast. This significant improvement in efficiency makes the method highly suitable for problems that require frequent microscale RVE predictions, such as multiscale analysis or multiscale parameter identification. In conclusion, the developed CROM offers a promising and practical tool for engineers, which can be further applied in the design, optimization, and analysis of soft composites.

, correspAuthors=Yangjian Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaozhe Ju, Jinhua Liu, Lihua Liang, Yangjian Xu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241837106142712626, articleId=1241837069861983149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=基于聚类分析的软复合材料降阶均匀化方法, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

软复合材料的非均质性和几何非线性导致传统有限元细观分析效率低下,从而使得宏-细观耦合的多尺度分析在工程实际中并不可行. 为了大幅度提高细观分析的计算效率,本文结合降阶均匀化技术和聚类分析,建立一种新型聚类降阶均匀化方法. 首先,基于有限变形理论,建立软复合材料的宏-细观双尺度分析框架. 在细观层面上,利用能量密度函数来描述细观材料相的本构行为. 随后,结合细观代表性体积单元(RVE)的聚类分析、细观变形梯度场的降阶技术以及高效的采样策略,基于最小能量原理,建立聚类降阶模型. 通过聚类分析将RVE域划分为若干个均匀子域(簇),并通过本征正交分解对细观变形梯度场进行低阶近似,进而大幅减少细观系统自由度数量. 算例结果表明,CROM方法在保证较高精度的情况下,虽然离线计算成本较高,但是在线分析相较于传统有限元计算的加速率高达104量级. 因此,该方法适用于宏-细观耦合多尺度分析或多尺度材料参数反演等需频繁调用细观RVE预测的问题.

, correspAuthors=许杨剑, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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Material properties of a soft composite

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材料 λ(MPa) μ(MPa)
增强体1700740
软基体15520
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软复合材料的材料属性

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材料 λ(MPa) μ(MPa)
增强体1700740
软基体15520
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基于聚类分析的软复合材料降阶均匀化方法
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鞠晓喆 , 刘金华 , 梁利华 , 许杨剑 **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(3): 356-367
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(3): 356-367
基于聚类分析的软复合材料降阶均匀化方法
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鞠晓喆, 刘金华, 梁利华, 许杨剑**
作者信息
  • 浙江工业大学机械工程学院,杭州,310023

通讯作者:

Reduced-Order Homogenization of Soft Composites Based on Clustering Analysis
Xiaozhe Ju, Jinhua Liu, Lihua Liang, Yangjian Xu**
Affiliations
  • College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023
出版时间: 2025-06-26 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.004
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软复合材料的非均质性和几何非线性导致传统有限元细观分析效率低下,从而使得宏-细观耦合的多尺度分析在工程实际中并不可行. 为了大幅度提高细观分析的计算效率,本文结合降阶均匀化技术和聚类分析,建立一种新型聚类降阶均匀化方法. 首先,基于有限变形理论,建立软复合材料的宏-细观双尺度分析框架. 在细观层面上,利用能量密度函数来描述细观材料相的本构行为. 随后,结合细观代表性体积单元(RVE)的聚类分析、细观变形梯度场的降阶技术以及高效的采样策略,基于最小能量原理,建立聚类降阶模型. 通过聚类分析将RVE域划分为若干个均匀子域(簇),并通过本征正交分解对细观变形梯度场进行低阶近似,进而大幅减少细观系统自由度数量. 算例结果表明,CROM方法在保证较高精度的情况下,虽然离线计算成本较高,但是在线分析相较于传统有限元计算的加速率高达104量级. 因此,该方法适用于宏-细观耦合多尺度分析或多尺度材料参数反演等需频繁调用细观RVE预测的问题.

软复合材料  /  降阶均匀化  /  聚类分析  /  代表性单元体  /  有限变形

Soft composites exhibit significant potential in advanced engineering applications but face critical computational challenges due to their inherent heterogeneity and geometric nonlinearity. Traditional meso-scale finite element analysis suffers from low efficiency, rendering macro-meso coupled multiscale analysis impractical for real-world engineering scenarios. To address this limitation, this study develops a clustering-based reduced-order homogenization method that synergistically integrates reduced-order homogenization techniques with clustering analysis, achieving remarkable computational efficiency while maintaining sufficient accuracy. First, we establish a two-scale analysis framework for soft composites on the basis of finite deformation theory. On the meso-scale, an energy density function is used to describe the constitutive behavior of the micro constituents. Then, we perform clustering analysis on the microscale representative volume element (RVE) to partition it into uniform subdomains called clusters. The clustering analysis groups regions with similar mechanical behavior and thereby reduces the system's complexity and related computational cost. After that, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is employed to generate reduced bases for approximating the mesoscopic deformation gradient fields. An efficient sampling strategy is used for both snapshot generation and model validation. A clustered version of reduced-order model (CROM) is established based on the principle of minimum energy. Numerical examples demonstrate that the developed CROM can maintain a high level of accuracy while achieving a computational acceleration of about 104 compared to traditional finite element methods. A comparison to an existing clustering approach named self-consistent clustering analysis (SCA) is also given. Although the computational cost of the offline phase for the CROM is relatively high, the online analysis is rather fast. This significant improvement in efficiency makes the method highly suitable for problems that require frequent microscale RVE predictions, such as multiscale analysis or multiscale parameter identification. In conclusion, the developed CROM offers a promising and practical tool for engineers, which can be further applied in the design, optimization, and analysis of soft composites.

soft composites  /  reduced-order homogenization  /  clustering analysis  /  representative volume element (RVE)  /  finite deformations
鞠晓喆, 刘金华, 梁利华, 许杨剑. 基于聚类分析的软复合材料降阶均匀化方法. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 356 -367 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.004
Xiaozhe Ju, Jinhua Liu, Lihua Liang, Yangjian Xu. Reduced-Order Homogenization of Soft Composites Based on Clustering Analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 356 -367 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.004
复合材料由于优异的性能在众多工程领域中占据重要地位[1]. 软复合材料,诸如填充橡胶[2]、纳米复合凝胶、双网络水凝胶以及多重网络弹性体,已在软体机器人[3]、可穿戴电子设备[4]、牙科填充物和水凝胶复合材料[5]等领域中广泛应用. 通过将磁性填料嵌入软聚合物基体中制成一类先进的磁响应柔性复合材料,能够实现可编程的形状变化,并且可以通过激光重塑磁各向异性[6]. 这些特性使得它们在软体机器人、超材料和生物医学设备等多个领域具有广泛的应用前景[7]. 由于几何和物理非线性以及潜在的细观非均匀性,针对这些柔性复合材料的力学建模是一项极具挑战性的任务,目前仍是一个活跃的研究领域. 例如,最近的研究[8]提出了一种通用的连续介质损伤模型,而文献[9]则涉及不确定性量化.
多尺度方法是一种强大的计算工具,由细观信息(即细观形貌和细观组分相的性质)预测宏观尺度的等效行为[10]. 从细观尺度到宏观尺度的桥接通常被称为均匀化[11]. 在细观力学中,均匀化方法的发展最早可追溯到Eshelby的开创性工作[12],深入研究了嵌入无限基体中的椭圆形夹杂问题. 基于此,均匀场(解析)方法得以发展,如Mori-Tanaka方法[13]或自洽方法[14]等,仅限于求出相关场量在各材料相中的均值[15]. 这类方法也能够处理物理非线性问题[16],但主要局限于小应变问题. 针对几何非线性问题,则一般需要采用数值方法. 有限变形下的细观边界值问题通常通过有限元方法(FEM)来求解,即FE2方法[17,18]. 基于最小化平均增量能原理,文献[19]考虑不同细观边界条件,系统发展了计算宏观应力和切线算子的算法.
数值均匀化方法的主要缺点是计算成本极高,使得双尺度模拟实际上并不可行. 为了提高计算效率,学者开发了大量的降阶模型(ROM),统称为降阶均匀化方法[20]. 模型降阶通常通过缩减系统自由度数量的方式,并结合必要的离线分析,于在线阶段寻求计算精度与成本之间的平衡. 针对物理非线性问题,这些方法一般采用本征应变的低阶近似,例如:动态划分[20]、渐近一致性本征应变场[21]、本征正交分解(POD)[22]、变换场分析(TFA)[23]或非均匀变换场分析(NTFA)[24-26]等. TFA采用分段均匀函数对细观塑性场进行近似,以大幅度提高计算效率,但对复杂问题的刚度预测过大. 作为TFA方法的扩展,NTFA充分考虑细观塑性应变场的非均匀性,从而大幅度提升了预测精度. POD方法则对细观位移场进行本征正交分解,提取降阶基,以缩减在线阶段所求解的自由度数量. 此外,还有学者引入聚类分析,将细观代表性体积单元(RVE)分为多个均匀的子域,例如:自洽聚类分析(SCA)[27]、虚拟聚类分析(VCA)[28,29]和聚类非均匀变换场分析(CNTFA)[30,31]等. 这些聚类方法在降阶模型推导方面有所区别. SCA通过聚类分析对相应的Lippmann-Schwinger方程进行降阶,并提出自洽方法,用于参考材料的自适应选取. VCA通过无穷远加载和扩展域内忽略边界项,克服了传统方法中周期性假设和参考材料一致性限制,避免了SCA中优化参考材料的迭代. 而CNTFA则从塑性场增量式拟合的角度提出一个最小化框架,可以方便地嵌入不同的细观本构模型. 通过模型降阶,Fritzen和Kunc[32]进一步建立了一个适用于小变形非线性固体的双级数据驱动均匀化框架.
由于叠加原理不再适用,有限变形问题的模型降阶更具有挑战性. 早期的研究[22]提出了一种基于本征正交分解(POD)的方法,通过一些预计算来获得细观位移场的低阶近似,从而显著减少了在线求解方程组的维度. 然而,由于基本的矩阵组装步骤仍需执行,计算成本节省仍然有限. 随后,SCA和VCA被相继扩展应用于有限变形问题[29,33]. 区别于POD方法,这类方法涉及参考材料选取、FFT求解等问题. 最近的研究[34]基于最小能量原理,从细观变形梯度的POD出发,导出了新型降阶均匀化方法. 然而,该方法涉及细观量场的赋值,计算效率仍有较大的提高空间.
针对软复合材料的有限变形问题,本文基于细观变形梯度场的本征正交分解,引入RVE聚类分析,进而建立更加高效的聚类降阶模型(CROM). 首先,建立软复合材料宏-细观建模的一般框架. 然后,详细阐述聚类降阶均匀化方法的基本理论和数值实现框架. 在宏观变形梯度空间内,采用高效采样策略,以生成CROM所需数据,并生成独立的验证集. 最后,通过算例分析验证聚类降阶模型的有效性.
软复合材料在宏观尺度上呈现出均质材料特性,细观尺度上则由于增强体、基体及材料界面的不同分布,表现出显著的非均匀性. 细观尺度与宏观尺度满足尺度分离条件,即lL(如图1,细观尺度的特征长度l远小于宏观特征长度L),因此采用一阶均匀化理论.
图1所示,每一个宏观材料点都与一个细观连续体相关联. 该细观连续体通常通过RVE来表征,需要包含足够的细观结构信息[35].
材料点在宏观尺度下的位移定义为:
其中,分别是参考构型和当前构型中的位置矢量. 在有限变形框架下,宏观变形梯度定义为:
针对参考构型,宏观平衡问题表述为:
并满足边界条件:
其中,表示宏观第一类Piola-Kirchhoff应力张量,代表作用在边界上的拉力,并满足Neumann边界条件,表示Dirichlet边界上的给定位移. 边界满足:. 其中,表示宏观问题的总边界.
关于参考构型的细观平衡问题则为:
其中,为RVE域Ω内的体积平均算子,X为参考构型的微观位置矢量. 宏-细观能量等效由Hill-Mandel条件来保证:
基于体积平均定理,有:
其中,PF分别为细观Piola-Kirchhoff应力和细观位移梯度,在RVE中是非均匀分布的. 在不失一般性的前提下,我们选用线性位移细观边界条件,通常给出较为保守的预测,且便于数值实现[19].
在细观组分的本构建模方面,我们考虑一类Neo-Hooke型超弹性模型. 该类模型[36]由一个能量密度函数W来定义:
其中,λμ为拉梅常数,ns为空间维度,J为变形梯度的行列式. 细观Piola-Kirchhoff应力则从能量密度函数中导出:
用于Newton求解器的切线算子便为:
其中,1为二阶单位张量,表示标准的张量积,而则是修正版张量积,表示结果中的指标mn分别对应于二阶张量的两个指标,比如:.
微观问题(4)的细观边界条件由宏观变形梯度决定. 然而,的定义空间是无限的,包含所有满足的二阶张量. 由于计算资源的限制,本研究需要一种高效的采样策略来实现以下目的:
(1)生成用于第3.2节中聚类分析的数据;
(2)为第3.3节中的Karhunen-Loève算法生成快照,以识别降阶基
(3)用于验证降阶模型的有效性.
为此,采用Kunc和Fritzen提出的采样策略[34]. 由于拉伸张量的对称性,平面问题的独立分量由4个减少到3个,空间问题则由9个减少到6个. 该策略源自宏观变形梯度的极分解:
其中,分别表示宏观旋转张量和对称的宏观拉伸张量. 由于材料客观性,宏观能量密度泛函必须独立于参考系,即:
由此导出宏观Piola-Kirchhoff应力的变换公式:
这就意味着,仅需针对宏观拉伸张量建立降阶模型. 因此,采样对象为对称的宏观拉伸张量,而非宏观变形梯度. 针对宏观拉伸张量,又有如下分解:
其中,表示单位模拉伸张量,且有. 基于李群理论[37],矩阵指数能够将切空间映射到单位模对称正定矩阵集合. 因此,对于二维问题,式(13)化为:
正交基取:
其中,ζ为幅值,并均匀取Namp个采样点. 此外,α=sinφβ=cosφ取决于在φ∈[0,2π)范围内的均匀采样,共设Ndir个采样点. 此外,在范围内,行列式采样点总数为Ndet. 软复合材料基体一般采用橡胶类不可压缩材料,因而只需要考虑在=1附近取值,从而大大减小了采样空间. 体积发生较大变化的情况通常归因于温度变化[38],超出了在本文的研究范围. 综上,采样点的总数为Ns=NampNdirNdet.
数值均匀化方法一般利用FEM来直接求解细观问题的弱形式[19],被称为全阶模型(FOM). 细观RVE通常需要被离散为大量的有限单元,从而导致超高的计算复杂度. 为了提高计算效率,本章提出一种基于聚类分析的新型降阶均匀化方法(CROM). 该方法以细观变形梯度场的POD方法[34]为出发点,引入RVE聚类分析,进而建立更加高效的超降阶模型.
图2所示,CROM建模包括两个主要阶段:离线阶段和在线阶段,在MATLAB软件平台予以数值实现. 具体思路是,在离线阶段进行预计算,以提供在线分析所需的信息,使得在线阶段只需解决少量方程. 对于给定RVE,离线分析只需进行一次. 尽管后续章节将给出各模块的详细描述,这里先给出总体说明如下:
(1)由于材料客观性,只需建立CROM来预测由宏观拉伸张量引起的宏观应力. 对于给定的宏观变形梯度,首先进行极分解(10);然后,将宏观拉伸张量传递给CROM,后者给出对的预测;最后,通过式(12)转换到对的预测.
(2)在双尺度背景下,宏观问题的Newton求解器还需要宏观切线刚度算子. 切线算子可以通过解析方法[34]或FE2方法中常用的扰动法[17]来获得.
受均匀变换场分析[39]和自洽聚类分析[27]启发,引入聚类分析,将RVE域划分为少量的子域(簇). 每个簇内的各区域具有最相似的力学响应. 因此,进一步假设每个簇是均匀的,并由单一材料相组成. 由此,聚类RVE中的细观变形梯度场化为:
其中,表示细观变形梯度的波动部分,K为簇数. 根据式(4b),有:
其中,cI表示第I个簇的体积分数. 此外,每一个簇的力学行为与能量密度泛函W所描述的所属材料相相同.
为了得到合理的簇,必须针对给定RVE进行聚类分析. 为了节省计算成本,构建一组相同的FOM预计算,既用于聚类分析,也用于第3.3节中的降阶基识别. 利用第2章中的采样方法,生成宏观拉伸张量的样本集,其样本总数为Ns=NampNdirNdet.
每个样本定义一个FOM计算,且令,以消除旋转效应. 通过FOM计算,提取波动场. 对于平面问题,有4个独立分量. 随后,将这些场数据转换为矩阵形式(对于平面问题,每个单元的数据矩阵维度为4×Ns),用作kmeans算法的输入数据. 关于k-means算法的详细介绍,可以参考文献[40]. 最终,k-means算法给出预定数量的簇(单元集).
根据文献[34],基于本征正交分解构建对细观波动场的低阶近似如下:
其中,ξi分别表示降阶基和相应的活化系数,N则为降阶基的数量. 降阶基实际上是波动场的基函数,彼此之间正交,并具有以下性质:
上式由式(18)代入式(17)得到.
为了识别降阶基,采用Karhunen-Loève算法[41],其具体流程如下:
(1)快照提取. 调用第3.2节中聚类分析的FOM计算结果,以获取一些典型的场数据作为快照. 通过体积平均运算将有限元场化为聚类场,其中j=1,2,…,Ns. 由此,无需引入额外的FOM计算,便可得到Ns个快照场.
(2)通过下式计算协方差矩阵
(3)求解的特征值问题,得到特征值λkk=1,2,…,Ns),并将其按取值降序排列. 预设截断参数0<α<1,根据准则来筛选特征值.
(4)构建降阶基:
其中,表示第i个特征值λi所对应的特征向量的第j个分量.
在线分析的主要任务是求解降阶基的活化系数ξi. 将式(18)代入式(16),得到细观变形梯度场的近似聚类形式如下:
根据文献[34],将宏观能量密度泛函定义为:
基于最小能量原理,最优系数通过下述问题获得:
对于给定,式(24)的一阶最优系数满足:
采用Newton-Raphson求解器,从初始猜测值开始,第k次迭代更新如下:
其中,Jacobian矩阵的分量为:
针对当前问题,初始猜测取零,第4章的计算都能够在5个迭代步内收敛. 当计算因宏观变形过大而不收敛时,则可以增设子步,并使用上一子步的解作为当前子步的初始值来优化初始猜测.
若满足条件,迭代过程终止. 随后,通过式(18)计算各簇内的细观变形梯度. 根据细观本构关系(8),确定各簇内的细观应力. 最后,计算宏观应力:
本章研究一类代表性软复合材料. 圆形增强体为聚丙烯纤维,在细观层面上呈随机分布. 基体材料为软质聚氨酯. 聚丙烯纤维材质较为柔软,在软质聚氨酯基体中提供适当的增强效果,同时保持一定的柔性. 因而,采用第2.2节中的超弹性本构关系来描述各细观相的力学行为,材料参数见表1. 如图3所示,代表性体积单元(RVE)在FOM中包含2182个线性三角形单元. 其中,增强体所占的总体积分数为30%. 本章中的计算均在一台配有Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-13650HX 2.60 GHz和NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 GPU的计算机上进行.
首先,研究CROM相较于传统FOM在不同聚类数量下预测精度和计算效率方面的表现. 采用第2章中的采样策略来生成快照场. 行列式区间内均匀选取5个采样点. 另外,设置Namp=8个幅值,均匀分布在(0,ζmax=0.4]的区间内,并且生成32个方向Ndir=32,均匀分布在φ∈ [0,2π)区间内. 由此,通过FOM计算获得1280个细观波动场,计算总时长为10418 s. 随后,将该场数据输入k-means算法,根据给定簇数K生成单元集. 图4展示了RVE的典型聚类示例,共有100个簇,其中增强体被分为10个簇,基体则被分为90个簇.
根据RVE聚类结果,对细观波动场逐簇进行体积平均,获得480个聚类场快照,耗时12.4 s. 设置截断参数为α=99%,Karhunen-Loève算法(第3.3节)给出6个降阶基,耗时0.19 s. 离线阶段总计耗时10430.6 s. 离线计算耗时虽然较长,但要远小于多尺度耦合分析(未降阶)耗时,因而是可以接收的. 这里,提取第2个降阶基的两个分量,在图5中做示例性展示,场量在同一簇内呈均匀分布.
为了开展CROM有效性研究,采用第2章中的采样策略,额外生成了2048个新样本,其中,ζmax=0.4,Ndet=4,Namp=8和Ndir=64. 以FOM预测结果为参考,定义平均相对范数误差如下:
用以评估CROM的预测精度,其中Ntotal=2048.
图6(a)所示,CROM随着簇数K的增加,MRNE显著下降. 具体而言,当簇数K从10增加到175时,MRNE从8.79%降至3.86%,整体呈现持续下降的趋势. 对于在线阶段,如图6(b)所示,随着簇数的增加,CROM的计算相较于FOM的计算时长加速率相应降低,簇数为K=10和K=175时的加速率分别为26092和2702. 在新样本计算中,FOM计算因部分不收敛而需要增设子步,加载步数共计为10539,而CROM未出现不收敛的情况,因而总步数仅为2048. 这表明,在簇数的选择上需要权衡计算效率和预测精度,以充分满足工程需求. 对于中等数量的簇数K=100,CROM预测的MRNE为4.80%,加速率为4678,不失为一个不错的折中方案. 当簇数进一步增加到单元K=2182时,CROM变为文献[34]中提出的无聚类降阶模型(ROM). 如图6中的黑色虚线所示,ROM预测的MRNE为0.09%,在线加速率仅为151. 由此可见,本文所提出的CROM更具一般性,并在预测精度与计算效率的平衡方面提供了更大的灵活性,且低廉的在线计算成本能够为大型工程问题提供更高效的解决方案.
在聚类方法方面,图6还提供与SCA方法[27,33]的性能对比. 相应的算例程序由文献[29]所提供的配套代码适配当前问题而来. SCA方法在理论上基于Lippmann-Schwinger方程(引入参考材料)推导而来,在数值实现方面则采用基于像素的FFT方法,与本文方法有很大区别. 该方法的离线阶段主要是计算不同簇间的影响矩阵,所需的计算量很少. 如图6(a)所示,簇数从10增加至175时,SCA预测的MRNE由7.41%降至6.63%,下降速率较CROM慢. 可能的原因在于,在SCA数值实现中,采用像素(四边形)来近似RVE几何特征,因而在圆形界面的构建上存在一定误差. 由于SCA簇数超过175时,其在线计算时长接近FOM计算,故仅选择簇数在175以内的数据进行对比分析. 在离线阶段,CROM需要通过FOM计算生成完整的离线样本集(总离线时长为10430.6 s),而SCA的离线计算时长仅为16 s. 然而,于在线阶段,如图6(b)所示,CROM相比SCA展现出更显著的计算效率优势. 因此,CROM适用于多尺度模拟或多尺度参数反演分析等需要大量调用RVE在线分析的应用场景,SCA则因其低廉的离线计算成本,在细观分析次数相对较少的情况下占据优势.
作为一个典型示例,图7中展现了在变形路径(α=0.5246,β=0.8514,且ζmax=0.8下,CROM、ROM和FOM对应力分量的预测结果. 对于降阶模型CROM和ROM,分别采用两种不同最大幅值(ζmax=0.4和ζmax=0.8)的采样数据进行离线分析. 针对CROM,采用ζmax=0.8的离线计算时长为48369 s,是小幅值ζmax=0.4时的4.6倍,但不同幅值对CROM的在线计算效率几乎没有影响(主要影响因素为簇数的多少). 以FOM为基准,采用小幅值ζmax=0.4的CROM随着ζ值增大(ζ>0.4),对应力分量(特别是)的预测精度急剧下滑. 然而,采用ζmax=0.8的CROM(K=300)在整个变形过程中都能保持较高的预测精度. 因此,CROM在离线采样阶段需达到与在线预测相当的最大幅值,以确保较高的在线预测精度. 在这方面,ROM结果支持相同的结论.
另一方面,图7还展示了,CROM的预测精度随簇数K的增大而显著增加. CROM(K=300)的预测精度与ROM相近,但相较于FOM在线计算效率提升1640倍,体现了CROM在精度与在线效率间的良好折中.
(1)针对软复合材料的有限变形问题,本文将文献[34]中的模型降阶技术与RVE聚类分析结合起来,建立了一种新型聚类降阶模型(CROM),在预测精度与计算效率的平衡方面提供了更大的灵活性.
(2)同时,CROM包含了无聚类ROM[34]作为一个特例(数值实现层面上把每个单元当作一个单独的簇),因而更具一般性.
(3)CROM在离线采样阶段需达到与在线预测相当的最大幅值,以确保较高的在线预测精度. 幅值的增大会导致CROM离线计算成本的增加,对其在线计算效率则影响不大. 簇数越多,CROM的预测精度越高,而计算效率越低.
(4)当细观非均质性较强、材料相对比度较大时,为了达到高精度水平,通常需要相对较多的簇. 算例分析结果表明,在这种极端情况下,CROM仍然可以在预测精度与计算效率之间提供很好的折中方案.
(5)CROM方法虽然需要较高的离线分析成本,但对于宏-细观耦合多尺度分析或多尺度材料参数反演等需要频繁调用细观RVE预测的问题,仍然是可接受的. 但在线阶段的计算成本非常低,相比于传统有限元方法,其在线加速率可达104量级.
(6)虽然SCA方法需要很少的离线计算成本,但相较而言,CROM无需考虑参考材料的选取问题,并且在在线分析效率方面占据明显优势. 两种方法在理论和数值实现方面都存在较大区别,各有利弊. 针对聚类算法更细致的对比分析(包括VCA方法),有待深入研究.
(7)由于篇幅限制,本文仅对新模型在平面数值问题上进行了验证,为工程应用提供初步参考. 未来的研究工作将侧重于该类方法的三维数值实现问题、基于实验数据的模型参数识别以及相关的工程应用推广.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52275164; 12002309)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金项目(LMS25A020002)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-05
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国家自然科学基金项目(52275164; 12002309)
浙江省自然科学基金项目(LMS25A020002)
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    浙江工业大学机械工程学院,杭州,310023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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