Article(id=1241837069199283097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746547200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774006629514, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1750867200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774006629514, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774006629514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006629514, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241837062781997926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='297', pageEnd='436', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774006627984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006677005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241837268458083311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241837268462277616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=423, endPage=436, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241837069484495777, articleId=1241837069199283097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Interaction Between Dislocations and Cracks in Body-Centered Crystals Exposed to Hydrogen, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate how hydrogen atoms affect the fracture of metallic materials at the microscopic level, this paper develops a model of crack-dislocation interaction incorporating hydrogen infiltration at the crack tip across multiple grains, based on discrete dislocation theory. The model examines how hydrogen alters dislocation distribution on slip planes within grains, affects dislocation penetration through grain boundaries, and initiates wedge cracks at these boundaries. It applies to both body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) crystals. Through calculations, theimpact of varying hydrogen concentrations and infiltration ranges at the crack tip on dislocation distribution in front of the crack is analyzed. Results show that hydrogen at the crack tip promotes dislocation emission, increases the driving force for dislocation movement on slip planes, and facilitates dislocation penetration through grain boundaries. The relationship between wedge crack initiation at grain boundaries and hydrogen presence at the crack tip is explored. It is found that at large grain boundary angles, an increase in the hydrogen concentration and infiltration range at the crack tip makes it easier for wedge cracks to initiate at grain boundaries. Additionally, the model assesses how hydrogen infiltration at the crack tip influences shear stress in the dislocation-free zone in front of the main crack. It reveals that increased hydrogen concentration and infiltration range at the crack tip enlarge the dislocation-free zone in front of the crack, reducing the shielding effect of dislocations and facilitating crack propagation. This model effectively demonstratesthe influence of hydrogen atoms at crack tips on dislocations in crystals, providing a foundation for studying metal fracture in hydrogen environments.

, correspAuthors=Yue Sheng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yue Sheng, Ming Li, Jian Dang, Yanjie Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241837087419339044, articleId=1241837069199283097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=渗氢环境下体心立方晶体中位错与裂纹的相互影响, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于离散位错理论,建立了裂纹尖端渗入氢原子影响下的裂纹与位错相互作用模型,并在此模型的基础上考虑了氢原子对位错穿晶、晶界裂纹萌生以及主裂纹产生的影响. 通过计算,分析了不同裂纹尖端渗氢浓度与范围对裂纹前方位错分布产生的影响,给出了晶界裂纹萌生与裂纹尖端氢原子的关系,分析了主裂纹前方无位错区内切应力受裂纹尖端渗氢的影响.

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渗氢环境下体心立方晶体中位错与裂纹的相互影响
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生月 1, ** , 李明 1 , 党键 1 , 李衍杰 2
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(3): 423-436
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(3): 423-436
渗氢环境下体心立方晶体中位错与裂纹的相互影响
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生月1, ** , 李明1, 党键1, 李衍杰2
作者信息
  • 1中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,青岛,266109
  • 2中国铁路济南局集团有限公司,济南,250031

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**E-mail:.
Interaction Between Dislocations and Cracks in Body-Centered Crystals Exposed to Hydrogen
Yue Sheng1, ** , Ming Li1, Jian Dang1, Yanjie Li2
Affiliations
  • 1CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266109
  • 2China Railway Jinan Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250031
出版时间: 2025-06-26 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.012
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基于离散位错理论,建立了裂纹尖端渗入氢原子影响下的裂纹与位错相互作用模型,并在此模型的基础上考虑了氢原子对位错穿晶、晶界裂纹萌生以及主裂纹产生的影响. 通过计算,分析了不同裂纹尖端渗氢浓度与范围对裂纹前方位错分布产生的影响,给出了晶界裂纹萌生与裂纹尖端氢原子的关系,分析了主裂纹前方无位错区内切应力受裂纹尖端渗氢的影响.

裂纹  /  离散位错  /  氢环境  /  滑移面  /  晶界

To investigate how hydrogen atoms affect the fracture of metallic materials at the microscopic level, this paper develops a model of crack-dislocation interaction incorporating hydrogen infiltration at the crack tip across multiple grains, based on discrete dislocation theory. The model examines how hydrogen alters dislocation distribution on slip planes within grains, affects dislocation penetration through grain boundaries, and initiates wedge cracks at these boundaries. It applies to both body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) crystals. Through calculations, theimpact of varying hydrogen concentrations and infiltration ranges at the crack tip on dislocation distribution in front of the crack is analyzed. Results show that hydrogen at the crack tip promotes dislocation emission, increases the driving force for dislocation movement on slip planes, and facilitates dislocation penetration through grain boundaries. The relationship between wedge crack initiation at grain boundaries and hydrogen presence at the crack tip is explored. It is found that at large grain boundary angles, an increase in the hydrogen concentration and infiltration range at the crack tip makes it easier for wedge cracks to initiate at grain boundaries. Additionally, the model assesses how hydrogen infiltration at the crack tip influences shear stress in the dislocation-free zone in front of the main crack. It reveals that increased hydrogen concentration and infiltration range at the crack tip enlarge the dislocation-free zone in front of the crack, reducing the shielding effect of dislocations and facilitating crack propagation. This model effectively demonstratesthe influence of hydrogen atoms at crack tips on dislocations in crystals, providing a foundation for studying metal fracture in hydrogen environments.

crack  /  discrete dislocation  /  hydrogen environment  /  slip plane  /  grain boundary
生月, 李明, 党键, 李衍杰. 渗氢环境下体心立方晶体中位错与裂纹的相互影响. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 423 -436 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.012
Yue Sheng, Ming Li, Jian Dang, Yanjie Li. Interaction Between Dislocations and Cracks in Body-Centered Crystals Exposed to Hydrogen[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 423 -436 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.012
在材料科学中,裂纹是材料失效的主要原因之一. 当金属材料当中的裂纹长度较小时,金属晶体的结构(如,晶面方向,晶粒大小,晶界角度等)会对裂纹的扩展产生相对较大的影响[1]. 近年来随着氢能源的广泛使用,氢脆现象对晶体中裂纹的影响受到广泛的关注.
就金属材料而言,目前已提出的氢脆机理主要有:氢压理论、氢增强局部塑性、氢促进分离、氢促进位错发射、氢增强应变诱导空位等[2-9]. 从微观来看,氢脆形成的机理是氢原子渗透入晶粒内部,从而造成原子键合力降低或影响位错运动[10-17]. 在宏观层面表现为材料力学性能的下降以及断裂形式的改变,如Wu等[18]和Yonezu等[19,20]的研究表明氢含量的增加降低了裂纹扩展的应力强度因子门槛值. 为了解氢脆的作用机理目前经常使用宏观和微观实验的方法,但目前所知的宏观力学实验只能够得出氢脆对材料性能的影响,无法表征微观晶体中的氢脆行为. 对于研究氢脆的微观机理目前研究人员主要使用纳米压痕实验和微压缩和微悬臂弯曲实验. Bahr等[21]和Nibur等[22]的研究表明,氢渗入晶体中降低了材料进入塑性所需要的应力,且促进了更多滑移面的激活. Gao[23]通过对单晶铁材料进行纳米压痕实验得出,氢的渗入促进了位错的形成与发射.
在本文中,考虑了氢渗透入裂纹尖端对裂纹前方发射位错产生的影响,通过离散位错的方式对该模型进行建模,模拟裂纹尖端位错在氢渗入的影响下的运动. 研究了不同氢浓度以及氢的渗入范围对位错的影响,最终得到裂纹的扩展趋势.
一般人们认为氢在金属晶体中是以氢原子的形式存在. 对于平面应变状态下,各向同性弹性体中裂纹尖端渗入氢原子后产生的应力为[24,25]
其中:
其中,σHxxσHyyσHxy分别为渗氢造成的xy方向的正应力与xy方向的剪应力. z=x+yi为所求位置在直角坐标系上的坐标位置,zj=xj+yji为材料内渗入的氢原子在坐标系上的位置(如图1所示,该方法通过将材料内渗氢范围转换为多条膨胀线,将整个渗氢范围离散化为多个正方形格子,zj为格子中心的位置). CA为渗入氢的原子浓度. h为方格边长. V*为氢的摩尔体积,μν分别为材料的剪切模量和泊松比.
裂纹尖端渗氢范围与位错发射模型如图2所示,s1为位错在晶粒1中的滑移面(由式(8)计算可知,滑移面(100)上晶格摩擦力远大于(110)面故本文设置的滑移面为(110)平面),本文计算中假设θ1=0°(滑移面与裂纹面之间的夹角在实际中是随机的,本文选取θ1=0°进行计算),s2为位错穿过晶界后的滑移面,s3s4(本文计算模型处于二维平面,同一晶粒内(110)平面之间夹角为0°或90°)为残余位错发射到晶粒中可能的滑移面(残余位错发射及晶界裂纹萌生将在1.3节中介绍).
在金属晶体材料中,由于应力集中效应及晶体中原子呈点阵排列方式,材料内的裂纹往往会向前方滑移面上发射位错,且这些位错会受到裂纹的驱动力影响而在滑移面上移动.
受渗入氢原子影响下的裂纹尖端发射位错的临界应力条件为[26]
即位错在距离裂纹尖端一个位错芯半径r0处受到的合力大于零时,位错从裂纹尖端产生并发射至滑移面上为裂纹在距离裂纹尖端r0处产生的剪应力大小,裂纹产生的剪应力为[27]
其中,KK分别为裂纹的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ应力强度因子,(rθ)为所求位置的极坐标为裂纹镜像应力在距离裂纹尖端r0处的大小,镜像应力为[27]
其中,be=bx+byi,bxby分别为位错的伯氏矢量bx轴和y轴上的分量.
为材料的晶格摩擦力[3]ξ为位错的半宽度,c为原子的面间距.
是氢原子在距离裂纹尖端一个位错芯半径距离下产生的沿滑移面方向的剪应力大小,可由式(1)-(4)求解.
为位错之间的相互作用应力,可由下式求解得到[26]
其中,σxx=-Imgσyy=Reg.
其中,z=x+yi为所求位置,zj=xj+yji为位错位置.
位错从裂纹尖端发射后,在滑移面上的平衡位置可由位错所受合力为零求解得到:
由于晶界对位错运动有一定的阻碍作用,裂纹发射的位错会在晶界处产生积塞. 当靠近晶界处的位错受到的驱动力超过晶界的阻碍时,位错穿晶进入下一个晶粒. 同时,由于晶界两侧晶粒取向差的原因,穿晶位错伯氏矢量方向和滑移方向发生改变,导致晶界中留下残余位错,残余位错伯氏矢量为Δb=b1-b2b1为位错在第一个晶粒内的伯氏矢量,b2为位错在第二个晶粒内的伯氏矢量. 位错能否穿晶取决于作用在晶界上的分切剪应力大小[28]
式中τ为作用在位错上沿滑移面方向的分切剪应力,τpass是位错穿晶的剪应力条件,当作用在位错上沿滑移面方向的分切剪应力大于τpass时,位错穿晶. α是材料参数[29]ψGB是单位长度下的晶界能,晶界能量与晶粒之间的取向差密切相关[30]
其中,Δθ是第一个晶粒和第二个晶粒之间晶界夹角,kθg1θg2为材料常数.
随着穿过晶界进入下一个晶粒位错数量的增加,晶界内的残余位错的伯氏矢量逐渐长大. 当残余位错的伯氏矢量满足条件时,残余位错将从晶界发出一个完全位错. 残余位错能否发射主要取决于两个条件:一是累积在晶界的残余位错的伯氏矢量在将要发射到的滑移面上的投影大于该平面上位错的伯氏矢量. 其次是能量条件[28,31]
其中,ΔB是晶界残余位错伯氏矢量,δb是晶界中残余位错发射一个完整位错之后的伯氏矢量,δbB-b是晶粒中已存在的位错在晶界处产生的应力,n是晶粒中的位错数量,xd是晶粒中其他位错与发射出的位错之间的距离. 本文中裂纹面与晶粒1中的滑移面角度θ1取为0°,滑移面s3中不存在晶界中发射出的位错(由式(8)可知(100)平面上的晶格摩擦力远大于(110)平面上的晶格摩擦力,因此本文中位错的滑移面为(110)平面,当θ1取为0°时,滑移面s3与晶界重合),只有s4平面上存在晶界残余位错发射到晶粒中的完整位错.
随着裂纹发射出的位错数量逐渐增加,位错在晶界处的积塞数量随之增加,晶界处由位错引起的应力集中增大. 可能导致晶界微裂纹萌生,如图3所示. 楔形裂纹形核如下式所示:
其中,ψ是位错的能量[29]
其中,E为材料的弹性模量,σxxσyyσxy是位错在裂纹存在的情况下的应力,可以由式(9)-(12)求解得到. ψc是萌生楔形裂纹所需要能量,可以通过下式求解:
其中,aW是萌生的楔形裂纹长度,γ是材料表面能,KWKW分别是位错积塞造成的晶界处楔形裂纹Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型应力强度因子[32]
其中,WnWs分别为楔形裂纹强度的法向和切向分量受晶界处积塞的位错数量与伯氏矢量方向影响. 为作用在楔形裂纹上的远场应力的法向和切向分量. 若晶界处积塞的位错数量为np,则有:
其中,θj是楔形裂纹所在平面与b的夹角,本文中楔形裂纹所在平面即为晶界平面.
使用与文献中相同的材料Ni[26]μ=78 GPa,ν=0.34,b=0.25 nm,τf=0与Cu[33]μ=48 GPa,ν=0.34,b=0.25 nm,τf=0,计算裂纹尖端发射的位错. 对材料施加远场拉应力载荷,假设裂纹前方只存在一个滑移面,且位错只在第一个晶粒内部移动,在裂纹发射位错的计算过程中不考虑晶格摩擦力产生的对位错运动的阻力,如图4所示. 其中横坐标为裂纹尖端至晶界的距离d,纵坐标为裂纹发射位错数量n. 分别计算纳米晶Ni与Cu中裂纹尖端发射的位错数量. 从图4中可以看出,位错发射数量随裂纹尖端至晶界距离的增加而增加,并且随着裂纹尖端到晶界的距离增加而逐渐变缓. 图4中分别给出了本文计算方法得到的裂纹尖端发射位错数量与Ovid'ko的裂纹尖端发射位错数量,两者之间差距较小.
跟据前文计算方法,对图2所示模型进行计算. 使用α-Fe材料进行计算(本文建立的模型适用于体心立方晶体与面心立方晶体的计算,对于不同的晶体类型只需在计算时确定裂纹前方的滑移面与滑移面上的晶格摩擦力即可):μ=48 GPa,ν=0.366,b=0.143 nm,τf=46.3 MPa,γ=2 J·m-2,为材料表面能,d=5 μm. 对材料施加远场剪应力,裂纹Ⅱ型应力强度因子(介于临界位错发射条件和材料断裂韧性之间). 由于氢在材料内渗入的极大值数量级约为104 appm[34],且裂尖的高应力集中会促进氢原子局部富集[34],因此本文使用氢浓度范围为0%-10%.
裂纹前方位错分布(为便于观察,将计算得到的离散位错位置转化为位错在滑移面上的分布密度)如图56所示,从图5图6中可以看出:位错由于裂纹驱动力和渗入氢原子的共同作用在晶界处产生积塞,穿晶位错会使第一个晶粒中的位错密度在晶界处呈现先减小后增长的趋势,并导致晶粒1内的位错密度起伏较大(随着位错穿晶,晶界处生成残余位错,残余位错在晶界附近产生较大的应力场,同时穿过晶界进入下一个晶粒的位错也会在晶界附近产生一定的应力,使得位错密度较大的波动). 裂纹尖端存在无位错区.
观察图5(a)可知,在相同的氢渗入范围下,当氢浓度增大时,裂纹尖端的无位错区明显增大,位错在晶粒1中的分布变化较剧烈. 相较于无氢情况,晶粒2中位错至晶界距离更远,原因为:裂纹尖端氢原子产生的剪应力随浓度的增加而增加(由式(1)-(4)可知),氢原子对位错运动的驱动力增加,所有位错均向远离裂纹尖端方向运动.
图5(c)更直观地展示了裂纹尖端渗氢对位错运动的促进作用. 由于晶界倾斜角的增加,晶界对位错运动阻碍增大,加载过程中不存在位错穿晶,晶粒1中的位错排列更为平滑. 裂纹前方无位错区长度与滑移面上位错密度随裂纹尖端渗氢浓度的增加而增加. 同时因为氢原子的存在,裂纹在相同情况下发射出的位错更多,且氢原子渗入浓度增加会把位错向晶界处推动,使晶粒1中滑移面上的位错密度有明显增加.
图6(a)、(b)和(c)分别给出了裂纹尖端渗氢浓度为6%时不同渗氢范围h(本文使用离散化后的方格表示渗氢范围大小,由于方格数目一定,用每个方格边长h表示渗氢范围大小)影响下的滑移面上位错密度曲线. 与上述结论相似,裂纹尖端的无位错区和滑移面上的位错密度均随裂纹尖端渗入氢原子的范围增加而增加.
晶界处楔形裂纹萌生所需能量如图7所示. 其中横坐标a为晶界内楔形裂纹萌生长度,纵坐标为楔形裂纹萌生所需要的能量ψc. 能量最低时(此时整个系统最稳定),为该状态下能够萌生的裂纹长度. 图7中能量最低点为6.78×10-5 mJ,此时晶界处萌生了一个0.76 nm长的楔形裂纹(图7中曲线与晶界处位错积塞数量有关,本文中晶界宽度取值为晶粒大小的1%,在此区间内位错积塞数量为5).
位错受裂纹尖端渗氢影响下在晶界处产生的弹性能如图8910所示,其中横坐标为晶粒1中滑移面上位错数量n1,纵坐标为晶界处弹性能ψ. 对比相同裂纹尖端渗氢范围(图8(a)、(b)和(c)),当裂纹尖端渗氢浓度增加时,滑移面上的位错至晶界距离较近(2.2节),晶界处弹性能随着位错位置的接近而增大,导致渗氢浓度增加时,晶界处的弹性能增长速率较快. 但由于晶界倾斜角较小,晶界处积塞的位错数量较少. 当渗氢浓度增加时,位错穿晶更早发生,晶界内的残余位错也更早出现,且残余位错的伯氏矢量增长速率较快(位错穿晶发生更为频繁),使晶界中的残余位错更早满足再发射条件,降低了晶界处弹性能. 因此,当裂纹尖端渗氢浓度增加时,虽然晶界处的弹性能增长较快,但也更早发生弹性能的下降,使晶界处的弹性能最大值反而比氢原子渗入浓度较低时更低. 对于裂纹尖端相同的渗氢浓度来说(图8(d)),更大的渗氢范围会促进裂纹尖端位错向晶界处移动,产生了与上述氢浓度增加后相似的结论.
随着晶界倾斜角增加,晶界处位错积塞数量增加. 由图5(b)可知,在晶界倾斜角为7°时,仍有部分位错穿晶,但由于穿晶位错较少,晶界内残余位错不满足残余位错再发射条件,晶界处弹性能未得到释放,这在图9中也可以得到(图9中晶界处的弹性能并没有发生如图8中类似的下降段). 裂纹尖端渗氢浓度和范围与晶界处弹性能的关系与上文相同,晶界处弹性能随裂纹尖端渗氢浓度与范围的增加而增加. 但因为晶界倾斜角的增加,晶界对位错的阻碍作用相对于晶界倾斜角为5°时更大,晶界处位错积塞数量更多,晶界处的弹性能最大值也更大. 但由于此时依旧有位错穿晶发生,晶界处积塞的位错数量不会过高,晶界处的弹性能得到一定程度的释放,因此在晶界倾斜角为7°时,并没有晶界裂纹萌生. 同时因为位错穿晶的存在,使得在晶界倾斜角为7°时,不同裂纹尖端渗氢浓度与范围对晶界处的弹性能影响不会过大(相较于晶界倾斜角为9°),使得晶界处弹性能增长曲线之间差值很小.
当两个晶粒之间的晶界倾斜角增加至9°时,计算结果如图10所示,由于晶界角度的增加,晶界对位错的阻碍作用较大,位错穿晶没有发生. 位错在晶界处大量积塞,使得晶界处的弹性能增长较快. 同时由于位错无法穿晶,晶界处的弹性能无法释放,晶界处弹性能较大. 当裂纹尖端渗氢浓度CA=10%,渗氢范围的离散化单元格长度h=0.4 nm,以及氢原子浓度CA=6%和CA=10%渗氢范围的离散化单元格长度h=0.5 nm时,晶界处萌生微裂纹.
裂纹尖端渗入氢原子除了会对晶界处弹性能产生影响以外,还会对主裂纹产生影响. Suresh[36]提到,在初始阶段,裂纹具有“之”字形传播路径,裂纹通过纯剪切在晶粒中沿滑移面方向扩展. Miller[37]提出了短裂纹扩展理论,认为剪切是短裂纹扩展的主要影响因素. 因此,本文使用裂纹尖端附近的剪应力来判断裂纹的扩展趋势.
主裂纹前方无位错区内剪应力大小受裂纹尖端附近渗入氢原子与裂纹尖端位错的共同影响曲线如图1112所示. 当裂纹尖端渗氢浓度增加时,主裂纹尖端无位错区内的剪应力逐渐增大. 由2.2节可知,当裂纹尖端渗氢浓度增加时,由于氢的渗入使得裂纹尖端位错整体平衡位置靠近晶界,裂纹尖端无位错区长度增加. 由于位错会对裂纹产生一定屏蔽作用,该屏蔽作用与位错数量、位置均有关. 当裂纹尖端渗氢浓度增加时,位错数量增加,但相较于位错数量的增加,因氢原子渗入而造成的位错位置变化对主裂纹尖端无位错区内的剪应力影响更大. 由式(9)-(12)可知,位错应力场在位错芯附近变化较大,因此距离裂纹越近的位错对裂纹尖端影响越大.
氢原子对位错与裂纹的影响为:靠近裂纹尖端处的位错被氢原子推离裂纹尖端,使得有更大裂纹屏蔽效应的位错(相对靠近裂纹尖端的位错)远离裂纹尖端,虽然这会导致裂纹产生更多的位错,但相较于无氢情况,这些造成晶粒中位错数量增加的位错因相对裂纹尖端距离较远,产生的屏蔽效应很弱. 因此裂纹才会在发射更多数量位错的情况下其前方的无位错区内的剪应力更小.
对于裂纹尖端不同渗氢范围,可以得到与裂纹尖端不同渗氢浓度相似的结论. 当裂纹尖端渗氢范围增大时,无位错区内的剪应力也逐渐增大.
本文建立了材料内部含有氢原子情况下的裂纹与位错模型. 分析了氢原子渗入裂纹尖端后对位错分布、晶界裂纹萌生和主裂纹扩展的影响,得到以下结论:
(1)裂纹尖端渗氢会使位错运动到更远的位置,裂纹发射的位错数量随渗氢浓度与范围的增加而增加,若晶界角度较小,相较于无氢情况,晶界处更容易发生位错穿晶.
(2)造成晶界处楔形裂纹萌生的主要因素为两晶粒间晶界倾斜角大小. 晶界倾斜角较小时,氢的存在并不会使晶界处更容易萌生楔形裂纹;晶界倾斜角增大时,裂纹尖端渗氢会增加晶界裂纹萌生的可能性.
(3)裂纹尖端渗氢浓度与范围的增加会导致位错整体远离裂纹并增大无位错区长度,减弱位错对裂纹的屏蔽效应,使裂纹前方无位错区内剪应力增大,主裂纹倾向于扩展.
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.012
  • 接收时间:2025-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-26
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    1中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,青岛,266109
    2中国铁路济南局集团有限公司,济南,250031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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