Article(id=1241837067697717387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730476800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774006629156, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1750867200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774006629156, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774006629156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006629156, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241837062781997926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='297', pageEnd='436', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774006627984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006677005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241837268458083311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241837268462277616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=394, endPage=402, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241837067961958544, articleId=1241837067697717387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Study on the Mechanical Properties and Numerical Simulation of Anisotropic Tough Hydrogels Inspired by Muscle Training, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrogels have received increasing attention for their diverse applications in flexible wearable devices, bionic actuators, and biomedicine. However, conventional hydrogels often exhibit poor mechanical properties. Inspired by muscle training, this paper proposes a new method that combines the ice template method with mechanical training to prepare anisotropic tough hydrogels, and analyzes the effects of different training times on their mechanical properties. In the preparation process, PVA was first dispersed in deionized water, heated, and stirred to form a homogeneous solution, which was then slowly dripped into a mold and frozen with liquid nitrogen from the bottom up to form a PVA hydrogel with a fibrous structure. This hydrogel was then immersed in a glycerol-water mixture and mechanically trained using a custom cyclic tensile tester. The mechanical properties of hydrogels prepared by different methods were tested. Results showed that the anisotropic hydrogels prepared by the ice template method displayed a distinct fiber structure, albeit with significant fiber orientation dispersion. Following mechanical training, the fiber orientation of the hydrogels became highly consistent and more compact. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were significantly improved by the combination of the ice template method and the mechanical training method. In addition, an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model was proposed, taking into account variations in composition and fiber orientation. Comparison with experimental results verified that the model can effectively describe the mechanical behavior of the hydrogels. This study offers a new method for preparing anisotropic tough hydrogels and provides a theoretical basis for predicting and analyzing their mechanical responses.

, correspAuthors=Ning Hu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chenxing Xiang, Huiming Ning, Ning Hu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241837074643484983, articleId=1241837067697717387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=由肌肉训练启发的各向异性强韧水凝胶力学性能实验与数值仿真研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水凝胶在柔性可穿戴、仿生驱动器和生物医学等领域的广泛应用使其受到越来越多的关注. 然而,传统的水凝胶力学性能较差,难以应对多变的服役环境. 受肌肉训练启发,本文提出了一种冰模板法和机械训练相结合制备各向异性强韧水凝胶的新方法,并分析了不同训练次数对其力学性能的影响. 在此基础上,提出了一种考虑组分变化和纤维取向度的各向异性超弹性本构模型,并通过与实验结果对比验证了该模型的有效性.

, correspAuthors=胡宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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The anisotropic hydrogels prepared under different conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
训练环境训练应变(%)训练次数试样编号
甘油和水1000Hydrogel-1000
混合溶液1002000Hydrogel-2000
(50 wt. %)4000Hydrogel-4000
纯水1002000Hydrogel-2000-水
纯甘油1002000Hydrogel-2000-甘油
), ArticleFig(id=1241837085989077455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837067697717387, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同条件下制备的各向异性水凝胶

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
训练环境训练应变(%)训练次数试样编号
甘油和水1000Hydrogel-1000
混合溶液1002000Hydrogel-2000
(50 wt. %)4000Hydrogel-4000
纯水1002000Hydrogel-2000-水
纯甘油1002000Hydrogel-2000-甘油
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由肌肉训练启发的各向异性强韧水凝胶力学性能实验与数值仿真研究
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向晨星 1 , 宁慧铭 1 , 胡宁 1, 2, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(3): 394-402
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(3): 394-402
由肌肉训练启发的各向异性强韧水凝胶力学性能实验与数值仿真研究
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向晨星1, 宁慧铭1, 胡宁1, 2, **
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学航空航天学院,重庆,400044
  • 2河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津,300401

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Study on the Mechanical Properties and Numerical Simulation of Anisotropic Tough Hydrogels Inspired by Muscle Training
Chenxing Xiang1, Huiming Ning1, Ning Hu1, 2, **
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044
  • 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300131
出版时间: 2025-06-26 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.059
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水凝胶在柔性可穿戴、仿生驱动器和生物医学等领域的广泛应用使其受到越来越多的关注. 然而,传统的水凝胶力学性能较差,难以应对多变的服役环境. 受肌肉训练启发,本文提出了一种冰模板法和机械训练相结合制备各向异性强韧水凝胶的新方法,并分析了不同训练次数对其力学性能的影响. 在此基础上,提出了一种考虑组分变化和纤维取向度的各向异性超弹性本构模型,并通过与实验结果对比验证了该模型的有效性.

机械训练  /  强韧水凝胶  /  超弹性本构模型

Hydrogels have received increasing attention for their diverse applications in flexible wearable devices, bionic actuators, and biomedicine. However, conventional hydrogels often exhibit poor mechanical properties. Inspired by muscle training, this paper proposes a new method that combines the ice template method with mechanical training to prepare anisotropic tough hydrogels, and analyzes the effects of different training times on their mechanical properties. In the preparation process, PVA was first dispersed in deionized water, heated, and stirred to form a homogeneous solution, which was then slowly dripped into a mold and frozen with liquid nitrogen from the bottom up to form a PVA hydrogel with a fibrous structure. This hydrogel was then immersed in a glycerol-water mixture and mechanically trained using a custom cyclic tensile tester. The mechanical properties of hydrogels prepared by different methods were tested. Results showed that the anisotropic hydrogels prepared by the ice template method displayed a distinct fiber structure, albeit with significant fiber orientation dispersion. Following mechanical training, the fiber orientation of the hydrogels became highly consistent and more compact. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were significantly improved by the combination of the ice template method and the mechanical training method. In addition, an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model was proposed, taking into account variations in composition and fiber orientation. Comparison with experimental results verified that the model can effectively describe the mechanical behavior of the hydrogels. This study offers a new method for preparing anisotropic tough hydrogels and provides a theoretical basis for predicting and analyzing their mechanical responses.

mechanical training  /  tough hydrogel  /  hyperelastic constitutive model
向晨星, 宁慧铭, 胡宁. 由肌肉训练启发的各向异性强韧水凝胶力学性能实验与数值仿真研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 394 -402 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.059
Chenxing Xiang, Huiming Ning, Ning Hu. Study on the Mechanical Properties and Numerical Simulation of Anisotropic Tough Hydrogels Inspired by Muscle Training[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 394 -402 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.059
近年来,水凝胶作为一种具有高含水量和生物相容性的柔性材料被广泛应用于柔性可穿戴设备[1]、仿生驱动器[2]和生物医学[3]等领域. 然而,传统的水凝胶力学性能较差,例如未经改性的聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)水凝胶的拉伸强度仅为401 kPa,远低于动物组织(5-30 MPa),难以应对服役过程中遇到的各种载荷作用[4]. 因此,提升水凝胶的力学性能已逐渐成为其广泛应用的关键挑战之一. 目前,将碳纳米管[5]、氧化石墨烯[6]和四氧化三铁[7]等纳米材料作为增强相分散到水凝胶中能够有效改善其力学性能. 然而,水凝胶的力学性能往往与纳米材料的添加量成正比,当添加量较少时增强效果不够明显,而添加量较多时会对水凝胶的透明度和柔韧性产生影响,因此存在一定局限性. 龚剑萍等[8]提出通过将两种交联网络复合在一起制备的双网络水凝胶具有优异的力学性能,其中两种交联网络的协同作用是改善其力学性能的关键因素. 但与动物肌腱和韧带等强韧生物组织相比,典型纳米材料复合水凝胶和双网络水凝胶的力学性能仍有待进一步提高. 研究发现,这些强韧的生物组织中独特的各向异性结构是提升其力学性能的关键因素之一[9]. 受此启发,贺曦敏等人[10]通过冰模板法和盐析工艺制备了一种各向异性强韧水凝胶,其力学性能与人体组织接近. 然而,通过冰模板法制备的水凝胶内部容易出现不同程度的树枝状分叉结构从而影响纤维取向性. 此外,Mredha等[11]通过在空气中干燥和固定拉伸变形的方式制备了一种多尺度纤维结构的各向异性水凝胶,并且内部的牺牲键能够发挥协同作用从而提升整体力学性能,但是较低的含水量使其延伸性存在一定局限性.
人体的肌肉组织是一种具有良好力学性能的各向异性生物组织,并且能够通过力量训练以及代谢作用提升肌肉表现[12,13]. 受此启发,我们采用冰模板法制备了具有纤维结构的水凝胶,然后将其浸渍于甘油和水的混合溶液中进行机械训练,制备了具有优异力学性能的各向异性水凝胶. 通过冰模板法制备的水凝胶,能使其内部产生纤维结构增强其力学性能,并且在甘油和水的混合溶液中进行机械训练,甘油能够及时进入水凝胶内部增强聚合物分子链之间的相互作用,类似力量训练后补充蛋白质以促进肌肉恢复和性能提升,同时反复的拉伸变形能够提升纤维取向度和致密化,从而进一步提升水凝胶的力学性能. 此外,研究表明通过超弹性本构模型能够有效预测水凝胶的力学性能. 常用的超弹性模型有Mooney-Rivlin模型[14]、Gaussian模型[15]、Yeoh模型[16]和Ogden模型[17]等,其应力和应变关系通过应变能密度函数来表达[18]. 这些模型都是基于各向同性超弹性材料提出,难以预测各向异性材料的力学响应. 彭雄奇等[19]基于纤维增强连续介质力学理论提出了一种各向异性的超弹性本构模型,当纤维取向性一致时,能够有效预测机织复合材料的力学性能. 然而,在本研究中通过冰模板法和机械训练制备的各向异性水凝胶中,组分比例和纤维取向度随着机械训练次数变化而变化,使得现有的超弹性本构模型难以预测其力学响应. 因此,我们提出了一种考虑组分变化和纤维取向度的各向异性超弹性本构模型,并通过与实验结果对比验证了该模型的有效性.
图1所示,首先将PVA(15 g)分散到去离子水(85 ml)中. 然后将其转移到恒温水浴加热磁力搅拌器中,在90 ℃下搅拌2小时得到均匀的PVA水溶液. 随后将PVA水溶液缓慢滴加到模具中密封,并竖向放置在铜板上. 在铜板周围倒入液氮,使PVA水溶液从底部向上逐渐凝固,初步形成PVA水凝胶. 再将含有PVA水凝胶的模具转移至-20 ℃的冷柜中保存12小时,然后将其取出转移至室温下保存3小时,重复3次冻融循环过程,即可得到具有纤维结构的PVA水凝胶薄膜(试样编号:Hydrogel-ice). 最后,将冰模板法制备的各向异性PVA水凝胶薄膜浸泡在甘油和水的混合溶液(50 wt. %)中,采用自制循环拉伸试验机施加不同次数的应变幅值为100%的循环拉伸载荷,加载频率为0.5 Hz,训练次数如表1所示,总训练时长可通过加载频率和训练次数的乘积得到. 此外,对照组为3次冻融循环均匀冷冻制备的各向同性水凝胶(试样编号:Hydrogel-iso).
图2图3所示,分别利用工业显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察通过不同方法制备的水凝胶表面结构和剖面结构. 与仅通过冻融循环制备的各向同性水凝胶Hydrogel-iso相比,通过冰模板法制备的各向异性水凝胶Hydrogel-ice存在明显的纤维结构,然而其纤维取向度具有明显的分散性,通过进一步机械训练制备的水凝胶Hydrogel-2000中纤维取向度发生显著变化,水凝胶中的纤维取向性高度一致且更加致密化.
室温条件下,通过单柱式电子万能试验机(EZ-L,Shimadzu,Japan)测试不同方法制备的水凝胶拉伸力学性能,水凝胶薄膜试样的长度、宽度和厚度分别为40 mm、8 mm和1 mm,拉伸速率为10 mm/min,每种测试重复5次. 典型试样的应力应变关系如图4所示,与均匀冷冻制备的各向同性水凝胶Hydrogel-iso的断裂延伸率和韧性(264±12%、0.78±0.03 MJ/m3)相比,冰模板法制备的各向异性水凝胶Hydrogel-ice的断裂延伸率和韧性分别提升了70%和21%,为450±17%、0.94±0.03 MJ/m3. 然而,Hydrogel-ice的拉伸强度仅为0.67±0.02 MPa,相较于Hydrogel-iso(0.82±0.03 MPa)下降了18%. 虽然通过冰模板法制备各向异性水凝胶能够提升其延伸性和韧性,但是会降低水凝胶的拉伸强度. 其原因为冰模板法制备过程中,温度由一端开始快速降低使水凝胶沿某一方向形成具有取向性的结晶,然而快速结晶使得整体的交联密度低于由均匀慢速冷冻制备的各向同性水凝胶. 较好的取向性使各向异性水凝胶沿该方向上的延伸性得到提升,而较低的交联密度降低了其拉伸强度. 此外,冰模板法和机械训练协同制备的Hydrogel-2000的拉伸强度、断裂延伸率和韧性分别达到了6.1±0.3 MPa、605±21%和16.3±1.1 MJ/m3,相较于各向同性水凝胶Hydrogel-iso分别提升了644%、130%和1990%. 相较于冰模板法制备的水凝胶Hydrogel-ice,Hydrogel-2000的拉伸强度、断裂延伸率和韧性分别提升了810%、34%和1634%. 在这个过程中,机械训练能够使纤维的取向性和致密性得到进一步提升. 此外,就像人体肌肉在锻炼之后需要及时补充蛋白质一样,在浸渍液中进行机械训练,甘油能够及时进入到水凝胶内部,甘油分子的三个羟基能够与不同的分子链或分子形成更多较强的氢键作用,使其交联密度得到提升,从而有效改善水凝胶的力学性能[20-22].
在机械训练过程中,不同的训练次数对水凝胶力学性能具有显著影响. 因此,在相同的拉伸应变(100%)和训练环境(甘油含量50 wt. %浸渍液)下,分别制备了训练次数为1000次、2000次和4000次的各向异性水凝胶. 如图5(a)所示,Hydrogel-1000的拉伸强度、断裂延伸率和韧性分别为2.2± 0.1 MPa、390±14%和3.31±0.21 MJ/m3,Hydrogel-4000的拉伸强度、断裂延伸率和韧性分别为7.3 ±0.2 MPa、306±13%和10.6±0.4 MJ/m3. 相较于循环次数为2000时,1000次循环下制备的水凝胶力学性能明显较差,这是由于在较少的循环次数下形成的纤维取向度有待提高,并且进入到水凝胶内部的甘油含量不足造成的. 当循环次数为4000次时,水凝胶的拉伸强度得到进一步提升,然而其断裂延伸性和韧性出现下降,这是由于随着训练次数的增加,水凝胶内部的纤维结构更加致密化从而提升了其拉伸强度,但过多的训练次数导致水凝胶含水量急剧下降同时内部出现缺陷,从而降低了水凝胶的延伸性和韧性. 此外,为进一步分析甘油的增韧作用,在相同的拉伸应变(100%)和训练次数(2000次)条件下,分别在纯水以及纯甘油中进行机械训练制备了各向异性水凝胶. 如图5(b)所示,Hydrogel-2000-水的拉伸强度、断裂延伸率和韧性分别为0.58 ±0.03 MPa、464±17%和1.14±0.06 MJ/m3,Hydrogel-2000-甘油的拉伸强度、断裂延伸率和韧性分别为14.2±0.5 MPa、292±16%和30.5±2.3 MJ/m3. 相较于在纯水中进行机械训练制备的水凝胶,在含有甘油的环境中制备的两种水凝胶拉伸强度和韧性均有显著提升,说明甘油的引入能够有效改善水凝胶的力学性能. 而相较于在甘油/水溶液(50 wt. %)中进行机械训练制备的水凝胶,在纯甘油中制备的水凝胶断裂延伸率下降了52%. 通过对比在纯甘油中进行机械训练前后的质量变化,发现其质量下降了55%,说明在纯甘油中进行机械训练时,甘油粘度过大导致其难以进入水凝胶的交联网络,同时水凝胶中的水分被挤压排出,导致水凝胶交联密度过大,从而使整体断裂延伸率出现降低.
连续介质力学假设物体是连续充满某一部分空间的连续体,对于超弹性材料,其力学行为可通过基于参考构型的应变能密度函数W表示:
式中,C为右柯西-格林应变张量. 由于C=FT·FF为变形梯度,因此应变能密度函数W还能表示为变形梯度F的函数:
当右柯西-格林应变张量的不变量为Iii=1,2,3)时,应变能密度函数W可表示为不变量Iii=1,2,3)的函数:
式中,I1=Tr(C),I3=det(C)=J2. 柯西应力张量σ可表示为:
式中,J=det(F)表示变形过程中的体积变化. 假设材料为不可压缩弹性体,则在单轴拉伸变形过程中沿载荷方向的应力σ1
式中,λ为沿载荷方向的伸长率.
在冰模板法和机械训练制备各向异性水凝胶的过程中,训练次数对其力学性能影响显著. 不同的训练次数使水凝胶中的组分含量和纤维取向性不同,组分含量引起的力学性能变化是均匀性,而纤维取向性的变化是各向异性的,因此其应变能密度函数W可表示为:
式中,WisoWani分别为代表各向同性和各向异性的应变能密度函数. 采用Neo-Hookean[15]模型表示各向同性应变能密度函数Wiso
式中,C10为与材料性能相关的常数,单位为MPa. 对于单向纤维增强超弹性材料,其应变能函数可表示为右柯西-格林应变张量C和纤维的初始单位方向矢量a0的函数[23]. 此外,应变能密度函数W还可表示为不变量Ii的函数,假设纤维取向性完全一致且仅考虑纤维的应变能时,其应变能密度函数为仅与描述纤维变形不变量相关的函数. 考虑材料的受力特点,采用多项式形式描述应变能密度函数与不变量的函数关系[19]
式中,kii=1,2,3)为材料参数,单位为MPa,I4=(1+ε12ε1为沿纤维方向的应变). 然而,随着训练次数的变化,水凝胶内部的组分比例和纤维的取向度都会发生变化,因此C10为与训练次数n相关的变量C10n),同时各向异性应变能密度函数需要考虑纤维取向度的影响. 假设纤维的平均单位方向向量为,则沿该方向的伸长率,为统筹考虑纤维取向度的影响,引入关于不变量I1的函数(Eα)描述纤维取向性与沿方向的变形关系:
式中,Kn)∈(0,1)为与训练次数相关的材料参数,为无量纲参数. 当Kn)趋向于0时表示纤维的取向性趋于一致,而当Kn)趋向于1时表示纤维的分散性越大. 将式(9)代入式(8)中可得考虑训练次数n的各向异性应变能密度函数:
将式(7)和式(10)代入式(6)即可得到考虑训练次数影响的各向异性应变能密度函数:
假设材料为不可压缩,则由式(4)和(11)可得柯西应力张量σ
式中,b为左柯西-格林(Cauchy-Green)应变张量,I为单位张量. 由式(11)和式(12)可以得到沿纤维方向的拉伸应力σ1和不变量之间的函数关系,通过与训练次数n=1000的实验结果拟合得到C10(1000)=0.013 MPa,K(1000)=0.6,k1=0.0021 MPa,k2=0.0001 MPa和k3=0.0001 MPa. 当训练次数n=2000时,C10(2000)=0.0205 MPa,K(2000)=0.07;当训练次数n=4000时,C10(4000)=0.0359 MPa,K(4000)=3.7×10-6. 随着训练次数增加,组分相关参数C10n)和纤维取向度相关参数(1-Kn))逐渐增大,与实验过结果趋势一致,说明该方法能够描述机械训练过程中水凝胶力学性能的变化规律. 通过商业有限元分析软件ABAQUS和uanisohyper_inv用户子程序,采用拟合得到的参数模拟不同训练次数(1000,2000,4000)制备的水凝胶单轴拉伸实验,并与实验结果进行对比. 如图6所示,当拉伸应变为50%时,训练次数为1000各向异性水凝胶的有限元模拟结果与实验结果十分接近,证明该有限元模型能够有效预测水凝胶的变形趋势.
图7所示,图中FEM-1000、FEM-2000和FEM-4000分别为不同训练次数(1000、2000和4000)有限元计算结果,从图中可以看出有限元模拟的拉伸应力-应变曲线与实验结果较为吻合. 以训练次数为4000次所制备的水凝胶为例分析有限元模型的有效性,当拉伸应变为50%时,实验测得应力值为0.48 MPa,有限元模拟结果为0.47 MPa,误差为2%,由此验证了该本构模型的有效性. 而当拉伸应变增大至100%时,实验测得应力值为1.49 MPa,有限元模拟结果为1.39 MPa,误差增大至7%,表明在较大的应变下,该模型依然能够有效描述水凝胶的力学行为. 而模拟结果与实验结果的误差随变形增大而增大,是由于有限元模型中网格随着变形增大逐渐发生畸变所致.
受肌肉训练启发,本文提出了一种制备各向异性强韧水凝胶的新方法,通过冰模板法和机械训练的协同作用制备的各向异性水凝胶表现出优异的力学性能. 与传统均匀冷冻和冰模板法制备的水凝胶相比,通过协同作用制备的水凝胶拉伸强度、断裂延伸率和韧性均显著提高. 此外,构建了一种考虑组分和纤维取向度的各向异性超弹性本构模型,并通过有限元方法验证了其有效性,为预测和分析水凝胶的力学响应奠定了一定的基础.
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.059
  • 接收时间:2024-11-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-02
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    1重庆大学航空航天学院,重庆,400044
    2河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津,300401

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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