Article(id=1241837063897677956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743264000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774006628250, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1750867200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774006628250, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774006628250, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006628250, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241837062781997926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='297', pageEnd='436', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774006627984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006677005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241837268458083311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241837268462277616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=343, endPage=355, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241837067429281927, articleId=1241837063897677956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Fatigue Analysis of Conical Electroactive Polymer Actuators, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigates the fatigue behavior of electroactive polymer (EAP) membrane actuators under coupled electromechanical loading to enhance the reliability and durability of EAP-based devices in smart applications. The motivation of this study is to address fatigue failure in EAP membranes, which are increasingly used in soft robotics, artificial muscles, and adaptive structures, yet frequently experience premature failure under dynamic loading conditions. The research employs a viscoelasticity neo-Hookean model to simulate the mechanical behavior of EAP membrane actuators. Based on the principles of crack nucleation and configurational mechanics, the three principal configurational stresses of the model are calculated. A fatigue life factor is introduced to evaluate the fatigue state of the membrane at different positions. The investigation focuses on two key factors influencing fatigue behavior: the elastic polymer network ratio and pre-stretch level. The study systematically analyzes the fatigue increment of the membrane over time under both constant and half-sine cyclic loading conditions. Simulations demonstrate that appropriate pre-stretching significantly improves fatigue resistance of EAP membrane actuators under both constant and half-sine cyclic loading conditions, identifying an optimal pre-stretch level. Additionally, the study reveals that the elastic polymer network ratio plays a crucial role in determining fatigue behavior, with higher network ratios generally leading to improved fatigue performance. These findings inform the design and application of EAP-based devices. By providing insights into fatigue mechanisms and offering strategies to mitigate fatigue failure, this study contributes to the development of more reliable and durable soft actuators. The results can be applied to optimize EAP membrane performance in various smart systems including soft robotics, wearable devices, and adaptive structures.

, correspAuthors=Guanghong Miao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guanghong Miao, Xiangyu Chu, Shun Li, Cheng Yuan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241837090145632839, articleId=1241837063897677956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=锥形电活性聚合物作动器的疲劳分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以一款电活性聚合物薄膜作动器为研究对象,应用粘弹性Neo-Hookean模型展开数值模拟研究,建立其在力电作用下随时间演进的力学模型. 研究基于裂纹成核原理,利用构型力学理论框架,对模型的三项主构型应力进行了计算,并通过疲劳寿命因子评估了薄膜各位置的疲劳状态. 针对不同载荷形式,探讨了弹性聚合物网络占比对薄膜疲劳状态的影响,分析了固定载荷与半正弦周期载荷条件下,薄膜疲劳增量随时间的演变. 此外,探讨了不同加载形式下预拉伸程度对薄膜疲劳的影响,模拟结果表明,合理的预拉伸可以显著提高在固定载荷和半正弦周期载荷下的薄膜疲劳寿命.

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锥形电活性聚合物作动器的疲劳分析
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缪广红 1, ** , 楚翔宇 2 , 李顺 1 , 袁成 2
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(3): 343-355
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(3): 343-355
锥形电活性聚合物作动器的疲劳分析
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缪广红1, ** , 楚翔宇2, 李顺1, 袁成2
作者信息
  • 1安徽理工大学力学与光电物理学院,淮南,232001
  • 2安徽理工大学土木建筑学院,淮南,232001

通讯作者:

Fatigue Analysis of Conical Electroactive Polymer Actuators
Guanghong Miao1, ** , Xiangyu Chu2, Shun Li1, Cheng Yuan2
Affiliations
  • 1Anhui University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanics and Optoelectronic Physics, Huainan, 232001
  • 2Anhui University of Science and Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Huainan, 232001
出版时间: 2025-06-26 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.007
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以一款电活性聚合物薄膜作动器为研究对象,应用粘弹性Neo-Hookean模型展开数值模拟研究,建立其在力电作用下随时间演进的力学模型. 研究基于裂纹成核原理,利用构型力学理论框架,对模型的三项主构型应力进行了计算,并通过疲劳寿命因子评估了薄膜各位置的疲劳状态. 针对不同载荷形式,探讨了弹性聚合物网络占比对薄膜疲劳状态的影响,分析了固定载荷与半正弦周期载荷条件下,薄膜疲劳增量随时间的演变. 此外,探讨了不同加载形式下预拉伸程度对薄膜疲劳的影响,模拟结果表明,合理的预拉伸可以显著提高在固定载荷和半正弦周期载荷下的薄膜疲劳寿命.

电活性聚合物  /  粘弹性  /  主构型应力  /  裂纹成核  /  疲劳寿命  /  预拉伸

This study investigates the fatigue behavior of electroactive polymer (EAP) membrane actuators under coupled electromechanical loading to enhance the reliability and durability of EAP-based devices in smart applications. The motivation of this study is to address fatigue failure in EAP membranes, which are increasingly used in soft robotics, artificial muscles, and adaptive structures, yet frequently experience premature failure under dynamic loading conditions. The research employs a viscoelasticity neo-Hookean model to simulate the mechanical behavior of EAP membrane actuators. Based on the principles of crack nucleation and configurational mechanics, the three principal configurational stresses of the model are calculated. A fatigue life factor is introduced to evaluate the fatigue state of the membrane at different positions. The investigation focuses on two key factors influencing fatigue behavior: the elastic polymer network ratio and pre-stretch level. The study systematically analyzes the fatigue increment of the membrane over time under both constant and half-sine cyclic loading conditions. Simulations demonstrate that appropriate pre-stretching significantly improves fatigue resistance of EAP membrane actuators under both constant and half-sine cyclic loading conditions, identifying an optimal pre-stretch level. Additionally, the study reveals that the elastic polymer network ratio plays a crucial role in determining fatigue behavior, with higher network ratios generally leading to improved fatigue performance. These findings inform the design and application of EAP-based devices. By providing insights into fatigue mechanisms and offering strategies to mitigate fatigue failure, this study contributes to the development of more reliable and durable soft actuators. The results can be applied to optimize EAP membrane performance in various smart systems including soft robotics, wearable devices, and adaptive structures.

electroactive polymer  /  viscoelasticity  /  principal configurational stress  /  crack nucleation  /  fatigue life  /  pre-stretch
缪广红, 楚翔宇, 李顺, 袁成. 锥形电活性聚合物作动器的疲劳分析. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 343 -355 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.007
Guanghong Miao, Xiangyu Chu, Shun Li, Cheng Yuan. Fatigue Analysis of Conical Electroactive Polymer Actuators[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 343 -355 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.007
近年来,随着软体机器人和智能系统需求的不断增长,软驱动技术领域受到了广泛关注并成为研究的热点[1]. 智能软材料作为软驱动装置的核心,兼具柔韧性、高度可变形性和智能响应特性[2]. 这类材料能够在外部刺激(如温度变化、电场、光照等)下发生可控的形变或功能转换,因此在软驱动应用中展现出巨大的潜力[3]. 电活性聚合物(EAP)作为智能软材料的典型代表,凭借其优异的机电耦合性能和广泛的应用前景,已成为诸多前沿领域研究和应用焦点.
介电弹性体(Dielectric Elastomer)作为一种重要的电活性聚合物材料,在智能主动驱动器制造方面展现出巨大的应用潜力. 其具有优异的机电耦合性能,以及快速响应、高能量密度、高延展性和高效率等优势. 这些特性使得介电弹性体被广泛用于各种智能设备,如传感器、换能器和柔性执行器等. 同时,它在生物医学[4]、软体机器人[5]、航空航天[6]和听触觉交互[7]等领域展现出广泛的应用前景. 介电弹性体的核心结构是表面涂覆有柔性电极的电活性聚合物薄膜,通过Maxwell应力可以引起平面方向上的形变,从而实现电能向机械能的转换,也能在拉伸-释放循环中收集机械能并转化为电能.
介电弹性体的力电响应具有高度的速率依赖性,这反应了介电弹性体有粘弹性的特征,对于小变形情况,早期学者多采用线性粘度来进行拟合. 为了更准确的描述Maxwell应力在力电耦合状态下的响应情况,Hong[8]构建了一套在力电耦合状态下,用于描述粘弹性介质本构关系及演化规律的连续介质场论,这个模型能够有效地符合大部分有限变形的本构关系和粘弹性的演化规律. 粘性介质场论的提出使得原有的超弹性模型,如Mooney-Rivlin模型、Yeoh模型、Ogden模型、Gent模型等得以改良. Zhang等[9]基于Yeoh超弹性模型,通过实验探索了杨氏模型参数与拉伸速率间的关系,描述了粘弹性介电弹性体的本构关系,Kollosche等[10]提出了粘弹性Gent模型,探讨了介电弹性体的不稳定性. 同时,介电弹性体粘性介质场论的演进也催生了一系列与实际应用相关的作动器仿真模型. 何[11]推导了粘弹性球膜的运动方程,研究了球膜的动态响应. 王与何[12]推导了顶部与底部粘结刚性圆盘的管状粘弹性介电薄膜的控制方程,研究了内部压力,电压以及管的纵横比对致动器性能的影响.
电活性聚合物在用作作动器时,通常会长时间承受循环荷载,因此需要对作动器的疲劳特性及影响疲劳因素作出评估. 若采用断裂力学对裂纹的扩展进行分析,则需要知道裂纹的初始状态与初始位置. 相对于断裂力学的分析方式,采用裂纹成核的方法可以规避单个裂纹的测算,从而较为简单的对样品整体的疲劳分布进行预测,因此在这项工作中,采用裂纹成核法来研究作动器的疲劳分布.
疲劳预测模型的种类及预测形式有很多[13],基于裂纹成核原理的常用预测变量有三种,分别为最大拉伸比[14],最大主柯西应力[15]以及应变能密度[16],然而这些经典的预测因子无法对多轴应力的情况作出讨论. 这些常见预测因子的局限性促使研究人员寻找其他可替代的解决方案. 2002年,Mars[17]提出了开裂能量密度的概念,基于材料平面上裂纹的弹性储能对材料疲劳寿命展开预测. 由于开裂能量密度的预测方式可以规避材料复杂的应变历史,从而得到了广泛的应用. 2008年,学者Verron和Andriyana[18]将裂解能理论进行进一步扩展,他们对非比例多轴疲劳问题进行推广,提出应用构型力学框架来对裂纹成核进行分析预测,并引入了一种新的预测因子——构型应力张量.
本文针对一款锥形电活性聚合物展开研究,是基于文献[11]的扩展,在原有的粘弹性模型的基础上,采用构型力学框架,以构型应力张量来分析作动器的疲劳损伤. 在建立损伤预测模型后,分析不同载荷形式下,作动器薄膜整体的疲劳损伤状况,通过调整预拉伸比例及材料粘弹性占比,观察薄膜的疲劳分布,进而给出参数优化设计方案.
图1显示了电活性聚合物在力电驱动下的形态变化. 初始状态下,材料不受力电荷载影响,尺寸为L1L2L3. 对材料施加垂直于厚度方向的外力P1P2,并在上下两面通入电压Φ(材料上下两面均匀附着碳脂),在力电耦合的作用下,材料的尺寸变为l1l2l3. 设电极表面的电荷量为Q,材料的Helmholtz自由能为G.
现实构型下,当薄膜的尺寸发生变化δl1δl2,则力所做的功为P1δl1+P2δl2. 导线中的电荷量变化为δQ,电池所做的功为ΦδQ. 热力学要求自由能的增加量不应超过所做的功,即:
设介电弹性体薄膜的名义应力为s1=P1/(L2L3),s2=P2/(L1L3),名义电位移为,名义电场强度为E=Φ/L3. 定义三个主方向的拉伸程度分别为λ1=l1/L1λ2=l2/L2λ3=l3/L3,Helmholtz自由能密度为W=G/(L1L2L3),则热力学不等式可表示为:
设材料在三个方向的非平衡态应变为ξ1ξ2ξ3,假设材料不可压缩,则有λ1λ2λ3=1,ξ1ξ2ξ3=1,则Helmholtz自由能密度函数可定义为:
自由能密度的变分可表示为:
将公式(4)代入热力学不等式(2)可得:
假设系统外力平衡且静电平衡,则状态方程可表示为:
在探讨介电弹性体(DEAs)的非线性弹性行为时,Neo-Hookean模型提供了一个极为重要的理论框架. Neo-Hookean模型是一种用来描述橡胶弹性材料的非线性弹性行为的连续介质力学模型,它是更复杂的超弹性材料模型之一,并且被广泛应用于工程学和材料科学中,尤其是对于低应变范围内的大变形分析. Neo-Hookean模型假设是基于应变能函数与应变第一不变量成正比,表达式为:
其中,μ为剪切弹性模量.
接下来参照文献[8],引入如图2所示的流变模型,该模型中包含的两个弹簧代表材料内部的两种聚合物性质:一种表现为可逆的弹性变形,剪切模量为μα,而另一种则随时间发生松弛并伴随能量耗散,剪切模量为μβ.
平衡能量和非平衡能量储存在两个弹簧中,当材料发生变形时,设两种聚合物共同作用的净拉伸变形为λ1λ2,Maxwell体中弹簧的拉伸变形为,阻尼器的拉伸变形为ξ1ξ2. 假设净拉伸方向与非弹性拉伸反向一致,则有对应关系. 结合粘弹性本构关系[13]并引入Maxwell应力,将超弹性Neo-Hookean模型改写,得到对应的粘弹性Neo-Hookean模型. 为简化表达式,引入无量纲,表达式写为:
其中μ=μα+μβ表示材料的瞬时模量,χ=μα/μ表示材料平衡模量与瞬时模量的比值,反映了材料中纯弹性聚合物网络所占比例,当χ趋近于1时,材料趋向于纯弹性,当χ趋近于0时,材料趋向于粘性流体.
为了提升介电弹性体的响应速度及变形效果,在实际应用中,介电弹性体作动器通常被设计为弹簧卷式、堆叠式、折叠式以及锥形等多种构型形式,在众多介电弹性体作动器中,圆锥构型凭借其良好的紧凑性、易于制造及优越的拮抗驱动特性,在需要复杂运动控制和高灵活性的高级应用得到了广泛的应用. 而不均匀的应力分布,使得锥形构型的设计与分析较为复杂. 如图3所示,锥形介电弹性体由一块弹性体膜构成,该膜粘附在一个刚性圆环上,且其中心位置设有一个圆盘. 通过偏置机构施加突出力,使中心圆盘向外突出,形成圆锥形几何结构,可通过控制内外径比例来改变拮抗膜的结构.
作动器横截面如图4所示,参照文献[19]中的模型设置,未变形前的参考构型如图4(a)所示,设置介电弹性体薄膜的厚度为H,内径为A,外径为B,薄膜上任意一点距离圆心O的距离设置为R;变形后的现实构型如图4(b)所示,外周固定与半径为b的固定端,内周粘结一半径为a的刚性圆盘,此时,薄膜的内径由A变为a,薄膜的外径由B变为b,用a/Ab/B表示薄膜的预拉伸程度,用b/a表示薄膜中的有效材料占比,在本文研究中取为4.
对薄膜的变形过程进行分析,膜上任一点R在变形后的位置,可由坐标rR)和zR)来确定,则有约束条件rA)=ArB)=B. 薄膜的变形量可由薄膜上一点R与之临近一点R+dR确定,设dl为变形后这两点间的弧长,则有dr=dlcosθ,dz=dlsinθ,其中dr=rR+dR)-rR),dz=zR+dR)-zR)分别反映了变形后两点在水平与垂直两个方向的变化情况,角度θ为变形后薄膜任一点切线与水平方向的夹角. 设薄膜在径向上的拉伸变形量为膜在半径方向上的两临近点在拉伸前后的比值,即λ1=dl/dR,设薄膜在环向上的拉伸变形量为膜上一点以O为圆心所对应的圆周在变形前后的比值,即λ2=r/R. 用坐标rR),zR)来表示λ1,可得:
分别对变形量λ1λ2求变分,得到:
非平衡热力学不等式规定,薄膜自由能的增加量应小于外部荷载所做的功,即:
将自由能密度函数变分(4)代入状态方程(11)-(13),并将其进行分部积分,得到:
对比式(13)与式(14),考虑到δrδz均为独立变量,可以得到平衡方程:
结合式(15)与(16)得到:
改写式(10),可以得到:
名义应力与真实应力有对应关系σ1=s1λ1σ2=s2λ2,结合粘弹性材料应变能密度(9)与状态方程(5)和(6),得到名义应力,并将真实应力化为名义应力并代入式(18),并引入无量纲F*=F/2πAHμ,略去右上角的星号,得到:
构型力学关注材料在空间位移中所产生的力与应力,并考虑材料中粒子的重新排布. 采用构型力学阐述裂纹状态,引入代表性体积单元物质点如图5所示. 该物质点单元包括块状材料与缺陷两部分,当该物质点发生运动时,其内部的缺陷也会随之演变. 当荷载被移除时,缺陷将再次演变. 由此,在加卸载循环中,虽然物质点重新回到了无应力状态,然而其内部的缺陷因微观粒子的重新排布已发生变化,这是循环荷载造成疲劳损伤的微观机制. 在微观结构的重新排布中,其能量特性反映在构型应力张量∑中,因此可以用∑来表示缺陷的疲劳演变.
图5所示,在未变形时刻,分析缺陷上的一处材料表面,设其外法向量为N. 在加载及卸载过程中,缺陷表面受到牵引力∑N,形态发生改变. 以矢量u来表示材料表面的位移. 则物质点一次加卸载周期中的能量变化为u·∑N. 考虑到介电体在任何缺陷演变过程中都会朝着能量尽可能减小的方向发展,则构型中的θN可以用最大化的θ·(-∑)N来确定. 此外,由于裂纹的开合应仅由法向牵引力控制,因此θN的方向影与最小主构型应力∑方向保持一致,根据文献[15]所采用的方法,给出如下介电体疲劳寿命预测因子.
其中,(∑ii=1,2,3代表主构型应力,其最小值若为负值,则缺陷倾向于扩展,并最终可能形成裂纹核,在循环荷载中,预测因子沿循环累积,可以表示为
*即为多轴疲劳预测变量,其值越大,材料的疲劳寿命就越短. 根据下文中的疲劳预测模型,结合上文中的介电弹性体薄膜粘弹性模型,便可以建立锥形介电弹性体的疲劳预测模型.
主构型应力的推导沿用文献[20]中粘弹性的推导部分,采用Neo-Hookean模型作为材料本构模型,在动力学设置中,将介电体代表性体积单元的的拉格朗日函数L定义为:
其中H为电焓密度,为感应电荷的标称电场.
按照Cermelli等[21]的理论,由于只有一部分构型应力有助于粘弹性材料的裂纹成核或裂纹扩展,基于中间构型的假设,将构型应力张量分解为非耗散部分和耗散部分,而只有非耗散部分会导致缺陷打开或关闭. 对于粘弹性材料,在考虑疲劳损伤时,可以只考虑中间构型的构型应力张量. 按照Cermell[21]以及Andriyana和Verron[18]的理论,可以将构型应力张量的非耗散部分表示为:
其中Hint为中间构型的电焓密度,Pint为中间构型的应力张量,它们与相应的电焓密度及构型应力张量的关系分别为.
通过对热力学势能进行Legendre变换,给出应变能密度与电焓密度之间的关系:
结合粘弹性材料应变能密度(9)与状态方程(5)和(6),得到名义应力的表达式:
其中s1=P11/μs2=P22/μ.
结合构型应力张量的耗散与粘弹性Neo-Hookean模型的应变能密度,将公式(27)和(28)代入(25),可以得到粘弹性材料的三项主构型应力(引入无量纲∑ND*=∑ND/μ):
考虑材料的加载历史,在进行整疲劳分析时,需要计算各位置沿时间演进的疲劳状况,需采用微分的形式对三项主构型应力进行表达:
将计算得到的三项主构型应力代入式(23),便可以得到介电薄膜各位置在给定时间区间内的疲劳累积.
数值模拟分为内部计算与外部循环两部分.
内部计算是在外力和电压以及非平衡态应变全部给定的条件下进行的. 结合锥形作动器固有的边界条件rA)=ArB)=B,可采用打靶法,对上述推导出的常微分方程组(19)、(20)及代数方程(21)进行平衡状态下的全局求解. 固定电压与外力为常量,可将代数方程(21)转化为λ1rR的函数关系,则常微分方程组(19)、(20)可以化为只含有待求量rR)、θR)的形式. 打靶法具体步骤为,选择边界条件rA)=A为发射点,取θ0为抛射角度,从内边界至外圆周进行试算,如果外圆周处的rB)≠ B,则重新指定一抛射角度θ0进行试算,直到外圆周处的rB)=B为止,这样便求得了各点处的rR)、θR). 在计算求取rR)与zR)之后,根据对应关系dz=-tanθdr,结合边界条件zB)=0,便可以得到各点处的zR).
在完成一次内部计算后,演进时间至下一时刻,通过改进欧拉法迭代,得到下一时刻的非平衡态应变. 将计算得到的非平衡态应变与该时刻的平衡态应变代入三项主构型应力的微分计算中,通过比较得到本时刻各个点位的疲劳累积,并记录进疲劳矩阵. 完成该时段的疲劳累积计算后,将该时刻的非平衡态应变再次代入内部计算,以此迭代,从而获得给定的时间区间内,各时刻薄膜的形变情况,具体的运算流程如图6所示.
首先对固定荷载下锥形介电弹性体薄膜的疲劳分布展开分析,如图7(a),设置电压与外力为常量,分析薄膜在一段时间内的疲劳累积量,可以看到,中心圆盘周边处的疲劳累积量最大,沿半径方向薄膜的疲劳累积逐渐减小. 为进一步观察材料性质对薄膜疲劳寿命的影响,改变弹性聚合物占比χ,设置其系数分别为0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8(值越大,材料越趋近于弹性体). 可以看到,随着弹性聚合物网络占比的增加,薄膜各位置的疲劳损伤程度有所增大.
进一步观察半正弦周期荷载对薄膜疲劳的影响,如图7(b)所示,在固定电压条件下,设置无量纲外力为,计算一个周期内薄膜的疲劳累积量. 结果表明,随弹性聚合物网络占比的提高,各位置的疲劳累积量与固定荷载情况类似,均有所增加,且各点的疲劳累积量显著高于固定荷载条件下的值.
从两种加载模式来看,粘度的增加均提高了薄膜的疲劳寿命. 这是因为高粘度材料在变形过程中能够更好地耗散能量,减少内部损伤的累积,从而延长了使用寿命.
为研究一般情况并统一模拟参数,在之后的算例中,取χ=0.5.
为更清晰的反应作动器薄膜各点位的疲劳变化状况,分别绘制了在常力与半正弦周期荷载下,薄膜疲劳增量随时间的演进的三维图象.
图8(a)所示,固定无量纲电压为,固定外力为F/(2πμHA)=1.5,观察恒定荷载下各点位疲劳增量随时间的变化情况. 可以看到,沿半径方向,薄膜的疲劳增量呈递减趋势,中心圆盘周边的疲劳增量随时间的变化幅度较大,越靠近作动器外环,疲劳增量越小. 随着时间演进,薄膜各点位的疲劳增量均有所减少,在趋势上逐渐趋于平稳.
图8(b)所示,取无量纲电压为,控制外力为半正弦周期荷载,分析一个周期内薄膜疲劳增量的变化情况. 可以看到,沿半径方向,薄膜各点位的疲劳增量与常力情况类似,也呈现出递减趋势. 在无量纲时间接近于60的短暂区间内,出现了一段增量为0的情况,这是由于三项主构型应力在该时段内均为正值,在裂纹成核的疲劳测算中不进行记录. 在靠近圆盘中心的位置,疲劳增量的变化程度较为剧烈,沿时间演进呈现出先递增后递减至0,随后再次递增至极大值,再递减.
上述两种加载模式中,均可以看出,锥形电活性聚合物作动器在其中心圆盘位置的疲劳累积最大,如果可以改善中心圆盘处的损伤情况,便可以提高作动器整体的使用寿命,在接下来的算例中,通过改变预拉伸形式,观察预拉伸对于薄膜疲劳分布的影响.
首先,分析常力作用下,预拉伸程度对薄膜的疲劳分布的影响. 如图9(a)所示,固定无量纲电压为,固定外力为F/(2πμHA)=1.5,设置从λB=1至λB=1.4的5种预拉伸情况,可以看到,随着预拉伸程度的增加,中心圆盘处的疲劳损伤逐级递减. 然而对比λB=1.35与λB=1.4的情况,可以看出,虽然预拉伸减小了中心圆盘处的疲劳损伤,但提高了其他位置处的疲劳损伤. 因此在此种常力荷载的模式下,选择λB=1.35的预拉伸模式可以有效的提高作动器整体的使用寿命.
接着分析各预拉伸程度下,半正弦周期荷载在一个周期内的疲劳累积. 如图9(b)所示,固定无量纲电压为,控制外力为半正弦周期荷载,设置从λB=1(无预拉伸)至λB=2间隔为0.1的11个预拉伸程度. 从图中可以看出,在预拉伸程度λB=1~1.4的情况下,中心圆盘处的疲劳累积量几乎没有变化,随着预拉伸程度的增加,这些曲线与无预拉伸时的疲劳累积曲线的交点逐渐向外部圆盘处趋近,中心圆盘至交点位置的疲劳寿命逐级下降. 随着预拉伸程度的进一步增加,通过分析预拉伸程度λB=1.4~1.8可以看到,中心圆盘及其周边的疲劳损伤有所下降,其他位置的疲劳程度有所上升. 而预拉伸程度的进一步增加,在预拉伸程度λB=1.8~2的情况下,可以看到预拉伸的进一步提升,促使了薄膜整体的损伤程度. 因此,在此种半周期正弦荷载的加载模式下,选择λB=1.8预拉伸的预拉伸模式可以有效提高作动器的使用寿命.
根据上述对预拉伸对薄膜疲劳影响的分析,可以得到,在不同的加载模式下,选择适当的预拉伸程度能够使薄膜的疲劳损伤分布更加均匀,从而有效地延长作动器薄膜的使用寿命.
根据文献[22]的数据,将使用材料设置为VHB4905,设置膜厚为0.05 mm,设其弹性相关的剪切模量为12.425 kPa,粘性相关的剪切模量为29.425 kPa. 取弹性聚合物网络占比为0.302.
取电压为6 kV,设中心圆盘处的固结载荷为,对内盘周边材料的疲劳寿命展开分析. 绘制单周期内,内周材料径向应力随时间的演变图象,如图10(a)所示,通过计算,得到径向拉伸应力均值为35 kPa,应力幅值为10 kPa. 继续绘制该条件下预测变量沿半径方向的演变趋势,如图10(b)所示,可以得到中心圆盘处的预测变量为78.23 kPa.
通过文献[22]对实验数据进行的Basquin型拟合,可以得到VHB4905材料的预测因子与疲劳寿命(周期)之间的经验公式如下,其中α=2984,β=-0.837:
通过计算,得到疲劳寿命为78周,这与文献[22]中,相同条件下,薄膜拉伸的实验数据(71周)基本符合,存在的误差可能是由于本章中的数值模拟没有考虑塑性项的影响.
本文基于裂纹成核原理和热力学理论,对一种锥形介电弹性体薄膜作动器的疲劳特性进行了详细分析. 通过构型力学框架,计算了薄膜在各点位置的主构型应力,并采用预测因子来评估薄膜的疲劳损伤状况. 数值模拟结果表明,在常力荷载和半周期正弦荷载两种加载模式下,粘度的增加均能显著提高薄膜的疲劳寿命. 为进一步观测薄膜疲劳累积的过程,我们对薄膜在不同时间点的疲劳增量进行了分析. 模拟结果显示,在上述两种加载模式下,薄膜中心圆盘处的疲劳增量最大,且沿半径方向逐渐递减. 随着时间的推移,中心圆盘处的疲劳累积量也随加载形式的不同而变化. 为改善薄膜的疲劳分布并提高作动器整体的使用寿命,研究还采用了预拉伸方法,观察预拉伸对薄膜疲劳分布的影响. 通过数值分析分析,分别确定了在常力荷载和半正弦荷载下能使疲劳分布更均匀的两个预拉伸值. 结果显示,在不同的加载模式下,选择适当的预拉伸程度能够使薄膜的疲劳损伤分布更加均匀,从而显著延长作动器薄膜的使用寿命. 进一步的,引入具体的材料模型,分析了锥形作动器内周的疲劳状态,并与实验数据作出比较,证明了所建立的疲劳模型的合理性.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11902003)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.007
  • 接收时间:2025-03-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-30
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国家自然科学基金项目(11902003)
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    1安徽理工大学力学与光电物理学院,淮南,232001
    2安徽理工大学土木建筑学院,淮南,232001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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