Article(id=1241833159445250160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749312000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005697355, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1756224000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005697355, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005697355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005697355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241833154382725178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='437', pageEnd='570', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005696148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005738977, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241833334083490628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241833334087684933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=520, endPage=532, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241833159805960317, articleId=1241833159445250160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Water Diffusion-Driven Crack Tip Deformation in Hydrogels, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Water diffusion in hydrogels significantly affects their mechanical behavior. The existing experimental studies on the fracture behavior of hydrogels affected by water diffusion mainly focused on macroscopic crack observations. The experimental characterization of crack tip deformation fields in aqueous environments remained unexplored. Furthermore, theoretical analysis of water diffusion effects on crack tip deformation lacks validation across different loading conditions. In this study, utilizing a custom-built mechano-chemical coupled tensile platform and digital image correlation (DIC) method, we investigated the effects of water diffusion on crack tip deformation in polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels under constant force and constant displacement. Experimental results revealed a non-equilibrium diffusion competition mechanism at the crack tip under different loading conditions. Finite element simulation based on the equilibrium theory coupling large deformation with water diffusion was performed to analyze the swelling ratio near crack tips under constant force. The simulation results confirmed that stress-induced chemical potential gradients drive water accumulation at crack tips. Further, comparative experiments in oil and aqueous environments were performed to compare the time scale of water diffusion within the hydrogel and the time scale of water diffusion between the hydrogel and the surroundings. It is found that the load applied to the crack tip leads to a decline of chemical potential around the crack tip. The difference of chemical potential drives the water diffusion from the surroundings to the crack tip. This experimental result validates the existing theoretical analysis. The experimental result also demonstrates that water exchange between hydrogels and their surroundings instead of the water migration within the hydrogel itself dominates the crack tip deformation evolution. The elucidated mechanism of crack-tip diffusion and environmental interaction hold significant potential for guiding the design of hydrogels with enhanced fracture resistance and tailored mechanical performance in demanding applications such as biomedical implants and soft robotics operating in aqueous settings.
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水凝胶中的水分子扩散作用对其力学行为具有显著影响. 现有的水分子扩散作用下水凝胶断裂行为的实验研究主要集中于对宏观裂纹的观测,尚未有关于水环境下水凝胶裂纹尖端场的观测实验. 而有关水分子扩散对水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场影响的研究仅停留在理论分析阶段,亟需不同工况下的实验结果对理论预测进行验证. 本文基于自主设计搭建的力化耦合拉伸平台,选取PAAm水凝胶作为研究对象,基于数字图像相关性(DIC)方法,通过实验手段研究恒定力载荷和恒定位移载荷工况下水分子扩散对水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场的影响,揭示了不同工况下裂尖水分子非平衡态扩散竞争机制. 基于水凝胶大变形与水分子扩散耦合的平衡态理论,对恒定力载荷工况下水凝胶裂尖变形场进行有限元模拟,分析裂尖水分子扩散行为的动力学机制. 通过对比油环境和水环境下的实验结果,揭示了水凝胶与外界环境之间的水分子扩散行为对裂尖变形场的影响具有主导作用.
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Picture of the single-edge-notched sample after speckle spraying, figureFileSmall=BcgWQWxOow7uE5MNid7P7A==, figureFileBig=9VB0v89udCk4JbHpiDljTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833172619559411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
表面喷涂有散斑的单边裂纹试样实物图, figureFileSmall=BcgWQWxOow7uE5MNid7P7A==, figureFileBig=9VB0v89udCk4JbHpiDljTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833172841857534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematics and pictures of force loading and displacement loading platform. The schematics of (a) force loading platform and (b) displacement loading platform. The pictures of (c) force loading platform and (d) displacement loading platform, figureFileSmall=9x0vjmpOdIdCBNyDU3TdUA==, figureFileBig=7sAgeSSiOJbRgp19R3djaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833172921549317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
力加载和位移加载平台的示意图和实物图.(a)力加载平台和(b)位移加载平台的示意图.(c)力加载平台和(d)位移加载平台的实物图, figureFileSmall=9x0vjmpOdIdCBNyDU3TdUA==, figureFileBig=7sAgeSSiOJbRgp19R3djaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173022212620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
The experimental results of the force loading experiment. The distribution of speckle patterns around the crack tip (a) in the original state,(b) after 0 hour, and (c) after 24 hours. The deformation field (d) λ2 and (e) λ1 around the crack tip within 24 hours. The evolution of deformation (f) λ2 and (g)λ1 for different material points at the crack tip over time, figureFileSmall=37lhiWmohSHXwVPpXKjCZQ==, figureFileBig=vQjSvg5dv6LCtObSSxODuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173269676560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
力加载实验结果. 裂纹尖端周围的斑点图案分布:(a)原始状态下,(b)拉伸0小时后和(c)24小时后. 24小时内裂纹尖端周围的变形场(d)λ2和(e)λ1. 裂纹尖端不同材料点的变形(f)λ2和(g)λ1随时间的演化过程, figureFileSmall=37lhiWmohSHXwVPpXKjCZQ==, figureFileBig=vQjSvg5dv6LCtObSSxODuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173370339859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Finite element simulation results, figureFileSmall=UJw03n2XPjekmxw83TqlfQ==, figureFileBig=cVJFnaxa/uZuL0eNd3BpWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173462614551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
有限元模拟结果, figureFileSmall=UJw03n2XPjekmxw83TqlfQ==, figureFileBig=cVJFnaxa/uZuL0eNd3BpWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173550694939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
The experimental results of the displacement loading experiment. The distribution of speckle patterns around the crack tip (a) in the original state,(b) after 0 min,(c) after 25 min, and (d) after 30 min. (e) The deformation field λ2 around the crack tip within 25 minutes. (f) The evolution of deformation λ2 for the material point at the crack tip over time, figureFileSmall=yR0xhRVCCcqzJQ9nqbcDCg==, figureFileBig=nL/moIYbBujWO5Dfgk4iQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175014507038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
位移加载实验结果. 裂纹尖端周围的散斑分布在(a)原始状态下,(b)0分钟后,(c)25分钟后以及(d)在30分钟后.(e)裂纹尖端周围25分钟内的变形场λ2.(f)裂纹尖端材料点的变形λ2随时间的演化过程, figureFileSmall=yR0xhRVCCcqzJQ9nqbcDCg==, figureFileBig=nL/moIYbBujWO5Dfgk4iQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175110976036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
The evolution of the deformation λ2 for the four material points in the specimen over time. (a) The position of the four points A, B, C, and D in the specimen. (b) The evolution of the deformation λ2 at points A and B over time (c) The evolution of the deformation λ2 at points C and D over time, figureFileSmall=uQQzNxhQu8mjP24Jz/Utyw==, figureFileBig=vd9ABuOSz0QvSnYQq7j36Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175190667816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
试样中四个物质点的变形λ2随时间的演化过程.(a)试样中A、B、C和D四个点的位置.(b)点A和B处变形λ2随时间的演化过程(c)点C和D处变形λ2随时间的演化过程, figureFileSmall=uQQzNxhQu8mjP24Jz/Utyw==, figureFileBig=vd9ABuOSz0QvSnYQq7j36Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175266165293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The evolution of the deformation field λ2 over time in oil environment under displacement-controlled loading, figureFileSmall=ggJ8gNsoPuR0UfYlUZNmoA==, figureFileBig=8ykD6464yLo/yuJg1gbd7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175358439985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
位移载荷下油环境中水凝胶裂尖变形场λ2随时间的演化过程, figureFileSmall=ggJ8gNsoPuR0UfYlUZNmoA==, figureFileBig=8ykD6464yLo/yuJg1gbd7g==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1241752460218384393, delFlag=0, nameCn=固体力学学报, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0254-7805, eissn=null, cn=42-1250/O3, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=QijUwme6mcFRwEfHnJkyaw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773986457163, updatedTime=1773987385031, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, 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