Article(id=1241833159445250160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749312000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005697355, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1756224000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005697355, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005697355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005697355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241833154382725178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='437', pageEnd='570', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005696148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005738977, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241833334083490628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241833334087684933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=520, endPage=532, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241833159805960317, articleId=1241833159445250160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Water Diffusion-Driven Crack Tip Deformation in Hydrogels, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Water diffusion in hydrogels significantly affects their mechanical behavior. The existing experimental studies on the fracture behavior of hydrogels affected by water diffusion mainly focused on macroscopic crack observations. The experimental characterization of crack tip deformation fields in aqueous environments remained unexplored. Furthermore, theoretical analysis of water diffusion effects on crack tip deformation lacks validation across different loading conditions. In this study, utilizing a custom-built mechano-chemical coupled tensile platform and digital image correlation (DIC) method, we investigated the effects of water diffusion on crack tip deformation in polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels under constant force and constant displacement. Experimental results revealed a non-equilibrium diffusion competition mechanism at the crack tip under different loading conditions. Finite element simulation based on the equilibrium theory coupling large deformation with water diffusion was performed to analyze the swelling ratio near crack tips under constant force. The simulation results confirmed that stress-induced chemical potential gradients drive water accumulation at crack tips. Further, comparative experiments in oil and aqueous environments were performed to compare the time scale of water diffusion within the hydrogel and the time scale of water diffusion between the hydrogel and the surroundings. It is found that the load applied to the crack tip leads to a decline of chemical potential around the crack tip. The difference of chemical potential drives the water diffusion from the surroundings to the crack tip. This experimental result validates the existing theoretical analysis. The experimental result also demonstrates that water exchange between hydrogels and their surroundings instead of the water migration within the hydrogel itself dominates the crack tip deformation evolution. The elucidated mechanism of crack-tip diffusion and environmental interaction hold significant potential for guiding the design of hydrogels with enhanced fracture resistance and tailored mechanical performance in demanding applications such as biomedical implants and soft robotics operating in aqueous settings.

, correspAuthors=Xueqi Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yudong Pan, Jiashuo Wang, Xueqi Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241833168551084392, articleId=1241833159445250160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=水扩散驱动下水凝胶裂纹尖端变形机制研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水凝胶中的水分子扩散作用对其力学行为具有显著影响. 现有的水分子扩散作用下水凝胶断裂行为的实验研究主要集中于对宏观裂纹的观测,尚未有关于水环境下水凝胶裂纹尖端场的观测实验. 而有关水分子扩散对水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场影响的研究仅停留在理论分析阶段,亟需不同工况下的实验结果对理论预测进行验证. 本文基于自主设计搭建的力化耦合拉伸平台,选取PAAm水凝胶作为研究对象,基于数字图像相关性(DIC)方法,通过实验手段研究恒定力载荷和恒定位移载荷工况下水分子扩散对水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场的影响,揭示了不同工况下裂尖水分子非平衡态扩散竞争机制. 基于水凝胶大变形与水分子扩散耦合的平衡态理论,对恒定力载荷工况下水凝胶裂尖变形场进行有限元模拟,分析裂尖水分子扩散行为的动力学机制. 通过对比油环境和水环境下的实验结果,揭示了水凝胶与外界环境之间的水分子扩散行为对裂尖变形场的影响具有主导作用.

, correspAuthors=赵雪琦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2025, 194: 105954., articleTitle=Poroelastic fracture of polyacrylamide hydrogels: Enhanced crack tip swelling driven by chain scission, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241833175471686197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, awardId=12402096, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12402096), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241833175580738104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, awardId=2024JC-YBQN-0013, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBQN-0013), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241833168781771125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241833168785965431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, companyId=1241833168781771125, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241833168794354040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, companyId=1241833168781771125, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学电气工程学院,西安,710049)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241833168882434430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241833168890823038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, companyId=1241833168882434430, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2The Institute of Xi'an Aerospace Solid Propulsion Technology, Xi'an, 710025), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241833168899211647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, companyId=1241833168882434430, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西安航天动力技术研究所,西安,710025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241833168974709124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241833168983097732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, companyId=1241833168974709124, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, 710025), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241833168991486341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, companyId=1241833168974709124, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3火箭军工程大学,西安,710025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241833172548256239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Picture of the single-edge-notched sample after speckle spraying, figureFileSmall=BcgWQWxOow7uE5MNid7P7A==, figureFileBig=9VB0v89udCk4JbHpiDljTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833172619559411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图1, caption=表面喷涂有散斑的单边裂纹试样实物图, figureFileSmall=BcgWQWxOow7uE5MNid7P7A==, figureFileBig=9VB0v89udCk4JbHpiDljTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833172841857534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematics and pictures of force loading and displacement loading platform. The schematics of (a) force loading platform and (b) displacement loading platform. The pictures of (c) force loading platform and (d) displacement loading platform, figureFileSmall=9x0vjmpOdIdCBNyDU3TdUA==, figureFileBig=7sAgeSSiOJbRgp19R3djaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833172921549317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图2, caption=力加载和位移加载平台的示意图和实物图.(a)力加载平台和(b)位移加载平台的示意图.(c)力加载平台和(d)位移加载平台的实物图, figureFileSmall=9x0vjmpOdIdCBNyDU3TdUA==, figureFileBig=7sAgeSSiOJbRgp19R3djaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173022212620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The experimental results of the force loading experiment. The distribution of speckle patterns around the crack tip (a) in the original state,(b) after 0 hour, and (c) after 24 hours. The deformation field (d) λ2 and (e) λ1 around the crack tip within 24 hours. The evolution of deformation (f) λ2 and (g)λ1 for different material points at the crack tip over time, figureFileSmall=37lhiWmohSHXwVPpXKjCZQ==, figureFileBig=vQjSvg5dv6LCtObSSxODuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173269676560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图3, caption=力加载实验结果. 裂纹尖端周围的斑点图案分布:(a)原始状态下,(b)拉伸0小时后和(c)24小时后. 24小时内裂纹尖端周围的变形场(d)λ2和(e)λ1. 裂纹尖端不同材料点的变形(f)λ2和(g)λ1随时间的演化过程, figureFileSmall=37lhiWmohSHXwVPpXKjCZQ==, figureFileBig=vQjSvg5dv6LCtObSSxODuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173370339859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Finite element simulation results, figureFileSmall=UJw03n2XPjekmxw83TqlfQ==, figureFileBig=cVJFnaxa/uZuL0eNd3BpWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173462614551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图4, caption=有限元模拟结果, figureFileSmall=UJw03n2XPjekmxw83TqlfQ==, figureFileBig=cVJFnaxa/uZuL0eNd3BpWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833173550694939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The experimental results of the displacement loading experiment. The distribution of speckle patterns around the crack tip (a) in the original state,(b) after 0 min,(c) after 25 min, and (d) after 30 min. (e) The deformation field λ2 around the crack tip within 25 minutes. (f) The evolution of deformation λ2 for the material point at the crack tip over time, figureFileSmall=yR0xhRVCCcqzJQ9nqbcDCg==, figureFileBig=nL/moIYbBujWO5Dfgk4iQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175014507038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图5, caption=位移加载实验结果. 裂纹尖端周围的散斑分布在(a)原始状态下,(b)0分钟后,(c)25分钟后以及(d)在30分钟后.(e)裂纹尖端周围25分钟内的变形场λ2.(f)裂纹尖端材料点的变形λ2随时间的演化过程, figureFileSmall=yR0xhRVCCcqzJQ9nqbcDCg==, figureFileBig=nL/moIYbBujWO5Dfgk4iQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175110976036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The evolution of the deformation λ2 for the four material points in the specimen over time. (a) The position of the four points A, B, C, and D in the specimen. (b) The evolution of the deformation λ2 at points A and B over time (c) The evolution of the deformation λ2 at points C and D over time, figureFileSmall=uQQzNxhQu8mjP24Jz/Utyw==, figureFileBig=vd9ABuOSz0QvSnYQq7j36Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175190667816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=CN, label=图6, caption=试样中四个物质点的变形λ2随时间的演化过程.(a)试样中A、B、C和D四个点的位置.(b)点A和B处变形λ2随时间的演化过程(c)点C和D处变形λ2随时间的演化过程, figureFileSmall=uQQzNxhQu8mjP24Jz/Utyw==, figureFileBig=vd9ABuOSz0QvSnYQq7j36Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175266165293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833159445250160, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The evolution of the deformation field λ2 over time in oil environment under displacement-controlled loading, figureFileSmall=ggJ8gNsoPuR0UfYlUZNmoA==, figureFileBig=8ykD6464yLo/yuJg1gbd7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833175358439985, 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水扩散驱动下水凝胶裂纹尖端变形机制研究
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潘玉东 1, 2 , 王佳硕 1 , 赵雪琦 3, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(4): 520-532
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(4): 520-532
水扩散驱动下水凝胶裂纹尖端变形机制研究
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潘玉东1, 2, 王佳硕1, 赵雪琦3, **
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学电气工程学院,西安,710049
  • 2西安航天动力技术研究所,西安,710025
  • 3火箭军工程大学,西安,710025

通讯作者:

Mechanism of Water Diffusion-Driven Crack Tip Deformation in Hydrogels
Yudong Pan1, 2, Jiashuo Wang1, Xueqi Zhao3, **
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049
  • 2The Institute of Xi'an Aerospace Solid Propulsion Technology, Xi'an, 710025
  • 3Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, 710025
出版时间: 2025-08-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.014
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水凝胶中的水分子扩散作用对其力学行为具有显著影响. 现有的水分子扩散作用下水凝胶断裂行为的实验研究主要集中于对宏观裂纹的观测,尚未有关于水环境下水凝胶裂纹尖端场的观测实验. 而有关水分子扩散对水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场影响的研究仅停留在理论分析阶段,亟需不同工况下的实验结果对理论预测进行验证. 本文基于自主设计搭建的力化耦合拉伸平台,选取PAAm水凝胶作为研究对象,基于数字图像相关性(DIC)方法,通过实验手段研究恒定力载荷和恒定位移载荷工况下水分子扩散对水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场的影响,揭示了不同工况下裂尖水分子非平衡态扩散竞争机制. 基于水凝胶大变形与水分子扩散耦合的平衡态理论,对恒定力载荷工况下水凝胶裂尖变形场进行有限元模拟,分析裂尖水分子扩散行为的动力学机制. 通过对比油环境和水环境下的实验结果,揭示了水凝胶与外界环境之间的水分子扩散行为对裂尖变形场的影响具有主导作用.

水凝胶  /  水分子扩散  /  裂纹尖端变形  /  实验分析  /  数值模拟

Water diffusion in hydrogels significantly affects their mechanical behavior. The existing experimental studies on the fracture behavior of hydrogels affected by water diffusion mainly focused on macroscopic crack observations. The experimental characterization of crack tip deformation fields in aqueous environments remained unexplored. Furthermore, theoretical analysis of water diffusion effects on crack tip deformation lacks validation across different loading conditions. In this study, utilizing a custom-built mechano-chemical coupled tensile platform and digital image correlation (DIC) method, we investigated the effects of water diffusion on crack tip deformation in polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels under constant force and constant displacement. Experimental results revealed a non-equilibrium diffusion competition mechanism at the crack tip under different loading conditions. Finite element simulation based on the equilibrium theory coupling large deformation with water diffusion was performed to analyze the swelling ratio near crack tips under constant force. The simulation results confirmed that stress-induced chemical potential gradients drive water accumulation at crack tips. Further, comparative experiments in oil and aqueous environments were performed to compare the time scale of water diffusion within the hydrogel and the time scale of water diffusion between the hydrogel and the surroundings. It is found that the load applied to the crack tip leads to a decline of chemical potential around the crack tip. The difference of chemical potential drives the water diffusion from the surroundings to the crack tip. This experimental result validates the existing theoretical analysis. The experimental result also demonstrates that water exchange between hydrogels and their surroundings instead of the water migration within the hydrogel itself dominates the crack tip deformation evolution. The elucidated mechanism of crack-tip diffusion and environmental interaction hold significant potential for guiding the design of hydrogels with enhanced fracture resistance and tailored mechanical performance in demanding applications such as biomedical implants and soft robotics operating in aqueous settings.

hydrogel  /  water diffusion  /  crack tip deformation  /  experimental analysis  /  numerical simulation
潘玉东, 王佳硕, 赵雪琦. 水扩散驱动下水凝胶裂纹尖端变形机制研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 520 -532 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.014
Yudong Pan, Jiashuo Wang, Xueqi Zhao. Mechanism of Water Diffusion-Driven Crack Tip Deformation in Hydrogels[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (4) : 520 -532 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.014
水凝胶是一类由水分子和三维高分子网络构成的软材料,其断裂力学行为的研究已成为领域内的热点课题[1]. 由于高分子网络孔径(约10nm)远大于单个水分子的尺寸(0.4nm)[2],水凝胶中的水分子可以在温度[3,4]、机械载荷[5]、离子浓度[3,6]、pH[7]、电场[8]、磁场[9,10]、光照[11]等多种类型的外界刺激下在高分子网络中发生扩散,引起水凝胶吸水溶胀或者失水收缩. 水分子扩散过程会对其断裂行为产生影响,例如延迟断裂[12]. 因此,研究水分子扩散作用下的水凝胶变形、断裂、疲劳等力学行为的研究具有重要意义.
现有的关于水分子扩散作用下水凝胶断裂行为的实验研究主要集中在对宏观裂纹的观测. Tang等人研究了PAAm水凝胶在湿空气中的延迟断裂和疲劳断裂行为[13]. 他们发现在湿空气中,PAAm水凝胶发生延迟断裂的时间与能量释放率相关:能量释放率越大,发生延迟断裂的时间越短. 此外,PAAm水凝胶的疲劳断裂实验结果表明,能量释放率越大,裂纹扩展速率越快,PAAm水凝胶的疲劳门槛值约为7 J/m2. Yang等人通过PAAm水凝胶在水/油环境中的纯剪切实验研究了水分子扩散引起的水凝胶率相关断裂行为[14]. 研究表明,当对水凝胶试样施加单调载荷时,试样的断裂伸展比在水分子扩散作用下取决于加载速率,而在油环境中几乎不受加载速率的影响. 研究还发现在施加阶跃载荷的情况下,处于水分子扩散作用下的水凝胶比在油环境中水凝胶的更容易发生延迟断裂. 基于考虑水分子扩散的大变形理论,通过数值计算分析了不同液体环境下水凝胶中的水分子扩散情况,解释了实验结果. Tanaka等人将不同溶剂注入PAAm水凝胶的裂纹尖端,并开展剥离实验,观察PAAm水凝胶的断裂行为[15]. 实验结果表明,当裂纹尖端注入水时,测得的PAAm水凝胶断裂韧性小于空气中的测量值;当裂纹尖端注入乙醇时,测得的断裂韧性大于空气中的测量值. 研究认为以上实验现象可归因于不同溶剂在PAAm水凝胶中的扩散动力学存在差异. 综上所述,有关水分子扩散对水凝胶断裂行为影响的实验结果主要集中在水凝胶裂纹扩展行为,而对于水分子扩散作用下水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场的研究鲜有报道.
学者们通过水凝胶大变形与水分子扩散的理论分析发现,在载荷作用下,水凝胶裂纹尖端发生应力集中,导致裂纹尖端的水分子化学势降低,而在远离裂纹尖端的区域,水分子化学势变化相对较小. 这种水分子化学势的梯度引起水分子在水凝胶内部的扩散,即从远离裂纹尖端区域扩散至裂纹尖端区域[12,14]. Hong等人基于水分子扩散,从理论上解释了水凝胶在一定载荷作用下,先在一段时间内保持宏观样貌不变,随后发生断裂的现象,计算了含裂纹水凝胶在恒定力载荷下化学势场的分布情况[12]. 结果表明,在载荷作用下,水凝胶裂纹尖端的水分子化学势显著降低,而在远离裂纹尖端的区域,水分子化学势变化相对较小. 这种水分子化学势的梯度引起水分子在水凝胶内部的扩散,即从远离裂纹尖端区域扩散至裂纹尖端区域,从而导致水凝胶发生断裂. 由于水分子的扩散需要时间,因此水凝胶会发生延迟断裂. Bouklas等人将水扩散项引入经典J积分,提出了改进型J积分[16]. 由于具有路径无关性,该改进型J积分被用于计算水凝胶裂纹扩展中的瞬时能释放速率,并作为水分子扩散过程中水凝胶的断裂判据. 他们通过数值计算得到了水凝胶在水环境和封闭环境中改进型J积分的演化规律[17]. Hui等人分析了在阶跃载荷下多孔弹性体中静止裂纹附近区域在短时间内的瞬态应力和孔隙压力场,得到了在水分子扩散影响下水凝胶裂纹尖端场的解析解,发现在短时间内的水凝胶裂纹尖端场具有自相似性[18]. 综上所述,有关水分子扩散对水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场影响的研究仅停留在理论分析阶段,亟需不同工况下的实验结果对理论预测进行验证.
研究水分子扩散作用下的水凝胶断裂行为,可以拓展现有力学模型的应用范围,为实际应用中的理论分析和行为预测提供强有力的工具. 此外,研究水凝胶中水分子的扩散过程,有助于揭示软材料的动态行为,为软材料力学的理论建模提供新的思路和实验数据.
本文设计并搭建了力化耦合拉伸平台,开展含裂纹水凝胶试样在两种液体环境(水环境和油环境)和两种载荷(恒定力载荷和恒定位移载荷)下的裂纹尖端变形场观测实验,探究在水分子扩散作用下裂纹尖端物质点变形与时间的依赖关系,分析两种载荷下水分子扩散对裂纹尖端变形场的影响. 基于大变形与扩散耦合的水凝胶平衡态理论,对水凝胶在恒定力载荷下的裂纹尖端水分子扩散行为进行有限元模拟,分析稳态下水凝胶裂尖变形场. 通过油环境中的对照实验,揭示了外界水分子扩散作用对水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场的影响占主导地位.
实验所用的丙烯酰胺(AAm)、N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)、2-羟基-4′-(2-羟基乙氧基)-2-甲基丙烯苯酮(Irgacure 2959)均从上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司购买. 实验所用的乙醇:95%,福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司. 商用3D打印机(型号Objet350 Connex3)购买于Stratasys公司. 工业显微镜(型号GP-440H)购买于昆山高品精密仪器有限公司.
PAAm水凝胶的粘弹性很小[19,20],考虑到粘弹性会影响水凝胶试样的时间相关力学行为,为了研究水分子扩散对水凝胶裂纹尖端场的作用,实验中需要降低粘弹性的影响,因此本文选择PAAm水凝胶作为实验对象[21]. 制备步骤如下:首先,将7 g AAm单体和0.0304g MBAA交联剂溶解于43 g去离子水中. 接着,将光引发剂Irgacure 2959溶解在乙醇中,制得浓度为0.1 M的溶液. 对于每1 mL的单体和交联剂溶液,添加4.6 μL的引发剂溶液,配置得到预聚液. 将预聚液放在磁力搅拌机上搅拌,使各组分均匀分布、充分溶解. 待预聚液搅拌均匀后,将其倒入由两块平行玻璃片制成的反应容器中,两块玻璃片之间隔有5 mm厚的硅胶垫. 反应容器的内尺寸为130 mm×130 mm×5 mm. 将试样放置在波长为365 nm、光强为5.5 mW/cm2的紫外光下照射2小时. 待水凝胶固化完成后,拆卸模具,制得PAAm水凝胶.
本文实验中所采用的试样均为含单边裂纹的水凝胶试样,其高度为h=50 mm,宽度为w=30 mm,厚度为d=5 mm,边缘含有裂纹,裂纹的长度为c=5 mm,试样有效区域的形状和几何尺寸(图1). 实验所需试样均采用全新的手术刀片预置切口,以避免切口尺寸对实验结果的影响.
本文使用哑光黑色水性漆在含单边裂纹的水凝胶试样上表面喷涂一层随机散斑图案,以便于后续通过DIC方法对裂纹尖端变形场进行分析[22,23]. 喷涂过程中遵从少量、多次原则,以保证喷涂效果最佳. 仅对试样的拉伸区域进行散斑喷涂,夹持部分的试样表面无需处理. 通过以上方法获得的散斑图案的平均尺寸约为200 μm.
通过上述方法最终得到尺寸为90 mm×30 mm×5 mm水凝胶试样,其中拉伸区域50 mm×30 mm×5 mm涂有散斑图案,切口长度为c=5 mm. 该水凝胶试样的含水率为86 wt%,在水环境下将会发生溶胀.
力载荷拉伸平台由箱体、导轨、夹具、绳索、滑轮和砝码六部分构成(图2(a)). 箱体和导轨的材料为有机玻璃,有机玻璃有利于在实验过程中观察试样的变形过程. 在实验过程中,试样两端被夹具夹持,两侧夹具末端均由柔性尼龙绳索和定滑轮系统连接至砝码,用于施加恒定力载荷. 箱体侧壁和导轨对夹具具有约束作用,使得夹具只能在y方向上沿绳索运动. 其中,夹具选用丙烯酸树脂材料,并由商用3D打印机制造. 夹具通过螺栓预紧,夹具与试样的接触面粘贴有砂纸以提高接触面的摩擦系数,避免拉伸过程中试样的滑移. 在拉伸过程中,显微镜从水面上方对试样变形情况进行拍摄并记录. 拍摄角度垂直于水面,避免光线折射的影响. 显微镜下方的液面与一层有机玻璃接触,避免气流扰动液面对拍摄效果产生影响.
位移载荷拉伸平台由箱体、夹具和位移台三部分构成(图2(b)). 夹具制造工艺以及夹具材料,均与力载荷拉伸平台相同. 夹具由夹持段与连接段两部分组成. 夹持段用于夹持试样,连接段用于连接夹持段与位移台滑块. 位移台滑块的运动由驱动器DM542驱动,通过Arduino UNO单片机开发板进行通讯,由电脑软件控制. 实验过程中,试样沿y方向被拉伸,显微镜从水面上方对试样变形情况进行拍摄并记录.
对于力载荷实验,首先将箱体放置于工业显微镜下,在箱体下方放置白色平板补光灯(图2(c)). 将纯水缓慢倒入箱体中,对箱体内的小气泡进行处理,防止实验过程中因气泡的存在而影响对试样变形情况的观测. 将试样置于两个夹具之间,两侧夹具各夹住试样20 mm,并用螺栓进行预紧. 调整试样的位置以及显微镜的放大倍数,使裂纹尖端在显微镜视场中央,在绳索两端放置一定质量的砝码,开始观测试样裂纹尖端变形情况随时间的变化规律. 在实验过程中,裂纹尖端区域始终保持在显微镜的视场之中. 在力载荷实验中,本文所施加的恒定力载荷的大小为1.2 N.
对于位移载荷实验,使用的工业显微镜、补光灯、水槽及夹具材料的方式均与力载荷实验相同(图2(d)). 区别之处在于,位移载荷实验通过电脑控制位移台对试样施加位移载荷,加载速率为0.05 s-1,当加载到指定拉伸比时,保持拉伸比恒定,观测试样裂纹尖端变形情况随时间的变化规律. 所施加的恒定位移载荷大小为λ=1.2.
在上述实验过程完成后,将显微镜记录的画面进行灰度处理,并导入DIC软件VIC-2D,对不同时刻下的散斑图案进行分析,获得水环境中水凝胶在恒定力/位移载荷下的裂纹尖端变形场.
本文采用上述实验平台对含单边裂纹的水凝胶试样进行加载,原位观测水分子扩散作用下裂纹尖端变形场随时间演化的规律. 图3展示了PAAm水凝胶受1.2 N恒定力载荷下水分子扩散对裂纹尖端变形行为的影响,重点关注距离裂纹尖端10 mm以内区域的变形情况. 在初始状态下,力载荷尚未施加,裂纹为闭合状态(图3(a));在施加恒定力载荷后,水凝胶发生弹性大变形,裂纹呈现张开状态(图3(b));在水环境中保持力载荷恒定24小时后,外界水分子通过扩散作用进入水凝胶内部,试样表面的散斑分布更为分散,说明水凝胶试样发生了明显的溶胀行为,此时裂纹仍然保持张开状态(图3(c)). 图3中标明的1、2方向,分别表示两个正交方向上的拉伸比,水平方向λ1和竖直方向λ2. 拉伸比定义为变形状态下长度与初始状态下长度的比值. 裂纹尖端竖直方向变形场λ2随时间的演化规律如图3(d)所示. 对于任一时刻的裂纹尖端变形场,靠近裂尖的物质点变形更大,远离裂纹尖端的物质点变形趋近于均匀拉伸变形状态;随时间的推移,水凝胶的裂纹尖端竖直变形场λ2逐渐增大. 图3(f)展示了三个物质点的竖直变形场λ2随时间的演化规律. 这些物质点分别位于距离裂纹尖端0.028 mm、1 mm和9.3 mm的位置. 水凝胶的裂纹尖端变形场λ2随着时间的推移,增量逐渐减小,最终将趋近于一个稳定的变形场;在相同的时间间隔内,越靠近裂纹尖端的物质点竖直变形λ2增大得越多,表明越靠近裂尖区域的水分子扩散作用越明显.
裂尖水平方向变形场λ1随时间的演化规律如图3(e)所示. 随时间的推移,水凝胶的裂尖水平变形场λ1逐渐增大. 在0h时刻,此时水分子扩散尚未开始,水平变形λ1均小于零,这是由于竖直方向的拉伸引起了水平方向上的收缩. 随着时间推移(0~12 h),靠近裂纹尖端的物质点变形增量更大,远离裂纹尖端的物质点变形增量更小,这是由于裂纹尖端发生应力集中,裂尖区域物质点的应力水平高于远离裂尖区域的物质点,裂尖的高应力值降低了局部的化学势,驱动外界环境中的水分子进入裂纹尖端,使裂尖区域的溶胀程度更高. 随着时间的进一步推移(12~24 h),裂尖区域水平变形λ1增长速率放缓,裂尖区域的变形最大处不再是最靠近裂尖的物质点. 这一现象说明随着水分子扩散过程推进,水凝胶的材料性质发生了显著变化,裂尖区域受力状态与初始状态呈现出完全不同的状态. 图3(g)展示出三个物质点的水平变形场λ1随时间的演化规律. 这些物质点分别位于距离裂纹尖端0.028 mm、1 mm和9.3 mm的位置. 水凝胶的裂纹尖端变形λ1随着时间的推移,增量逐渐减小,最终将趋近于一个稳定的变形场.
随着时间的推移,力加载条件下水凝胶无限趋近于溶胀平衡态. 本文采用有限元计算手段,不考虑水分子扩散的瞬态过程,采用平衡态理论对水凝胶裂纹尖端的溶胀平衡态变形情况进行模拟[24].
将水凝胶和外界环境视为一个孤立的热力学系统,该孤立热力学系统满足质量守恒和能量守恒. 在该孤立系统中,环境对水凝胶的做功方式有两种:通过外力做功以及通过水分子的交换做功. 水凝胶与外界水环境接触,水分子可以进出水凝胶内部,改变水凝胶的体积,对水凝胶做功;环境也可以对水凝胶施加机械载荷,使水凝胶产生变形,对水凝胶做功.
取不含水分子的水凝胶干网络作为参考状态,采用拉格朗日描述法对水凝胶的变形情况进行描述. 在参考构型下,用X表示水凝胶中任意物质点的坐标. 整个系统达到平衡后,水凝胶发生变形并具有一个现时构型. 在现时构型下,物质点X移动到了坐标为xX)的空间位置,即物质点X变形后的坐标为xX). 根据连续介质力学,水凝胶中任意物质点的变形梯度张量为:
式中,FiK——变形梯度张量的分量;xi——物质点变形后坐标的分量;XK——物质点的参考坐标的分量.
水分子的名义浓度定义为水分子个数与参考构型下物质微元的体积之比. 本章采用CX)表示物质点X处的水分子名义浓度,同时采用μX)表示物质点X处水分子的化学势. 水凝胶的自由能密度W可表示为变形梯度张量FiK和水分子浓度C的函数,即:
式中,W——自由能密度函数.
当水凝胶处于化学平衡和力学平衡状态时,对于任意的位移变分δxi和浓度变分δC,根据能量守恒,有:
式中,δW——物质点的自由能密度函数变分;Ti——物质微元表面上的名义应力;dA——面积微元;dV——体积微元.
通过勒让德变换,引入一个新的自由能密度函数
式中,——新的自由能密度函数.
新的自由能密度函数是变形梯度张量FiK和化学势μ的函数,将公式(4)代入公式(3)中,可以得到:
式中,——新的自由能密度函数的变分.
自由能密度函数的变分δW可表示为变形梯度张量FiK和水分子名义浓度C的变分的组合,因此有:
式中,δFiK——变形梯度张量的变分;δC——水分子名义浓度的变分.
对于变形梯度张量的变分δFiK,根据变形梯度张量的定义,有:
式中,δxi——物质点位移的变分.
将公式(6)和公式(7)代入公式(3)中,有:
式中,NK——物质微元表面外法线单位向量的分量.
名义应力siK定义为:
公式(8)对于任意的位移变分δxi和浓度变分δC均成立,因此公式(8)中每一项均为0:
以及
式中,siK——名义应力,定义为siK=∂W/∂FiK.
对于自由能密度函数的变分δW,根据公式(6)和公式(9),有:
结合公式(4)和公式(13),可以得到:
新的自由能密度函数的变分可表示为变形梯度张量FiK和化学势μ的变分的组合,因此有:
式中,δμ——化学势的变分.
对比公式(14)和公式(15),可以得到:
以及
假设分子不可压缩,即在水凝胶变形的过程中,高分子链的体积和水分子的体积保持不变. 水凝胶变形后微元的体积等于变形前高分子网络的体积与微元内水分子的体积之和:
式中,Ω——单个水分子的体积;detF——变形梯度张量的行列式,表示微元在变形前后的体积比.
在水凝胶中,交联密度通常很低,每一根高分子链一般由上千个单体组成. 因此,本文忽略交联作用对自由能密度产生的影响,将自由能密度W写成如下两部分之和:
式中,Wstretch——高分子网络变形的自由能密度函数,Wmix——高分子网络和溶液混合的自由能密度函数.
本文采用经典的Flory-Rehner模型描述PAAm水凝胶的自由能密度函数. 该模型采用Neo-Hookean本构描述高分子网络变形前后构型熵的变化,采用Flory-Huggins模型描述高分子网络与溶液混合前后的熵变和焓变. Flory-Rehner模型的数学形式如下[25]
式中,W——水凝胶的自由能密度函数;N——干网络状态下单位体积内高分子链的数量;kT——以能量为单位的温度;χ——表征混合焓的无量纲参数. 结合公式(4)、公式(18)和公式(20),将Flory-Rehner模型的自由能密度函数表示为变形梯度张量FiK和化学势μ的函数:
式中,——水凝胶的自由能密度函数.
选取化学势μ为未知变量,因此选用公式(21)作为水凝胶的自由能密度函数. 将公式(20)代入公式(16)中,可以得到水凝胶的应力与变形梯度和化学势之间的关系:
式中,HKi——变形梯度张量的逆的分量.
本文选择ABAQUS软件对水凝胶的裂纹尖端变形场进行有限元分析,将公式(21)编写至UHYPER的用户定义子程序中,建立单边裂纹模型(图4(a)),分析水凝胶溶胀比与距离裂纹尖端距离的依赖关系(图4(b)). 选取裂纹前端的一系列物质点,分析溶胀体积比J与距离裂纹尖端的距离R的关系(图4(c)). 结果表明,水凝胶试样整体均发生了溶胀(J>1),裂纹尖端附近区域的溶胀体积比高于远端区域. 这是因为含裂纹的水凝胶试样被拉伸后,水凝胶内部产生拉应力,且应力分布为非均匀分布;裂纹尖端的应力大,远离裂纹尖端区域的应力小. 非均匀的应力分布会引起非均匀的化学势分布,驱动较多的水分子扩散进入裂纹尖端区域,较少的水分子扩散进入远离裂纹尖端区域,导致整个区域的溶胀体积比发生变化. 以上有限元结果与实验结果一致.
本文采用图2(b),(d)所示的位移载荷拉伸平台,研究恒定位移载荷下水分子扩散作用对PAAm水凝胶试样的裂纹尖端变形场的影响. 初始状态下,水凝胶试样尚未被拉伸(图5(a)). 0分钟时刻,对试样施加拉伸比为λ=1.2的位移载荷,并保持该位移载荷恒定(图5(b)). 25分钟后,裂纹尖端区域的散斑变形情况如图5(c)所示. 对试样裂尖变形场进行分析,结果表明,在施加位移载荷后,水凝胶试样发生弹性大变形,裂纹呈现张开状态(图5(b));在水分子扩散作用下保持位移载荷恒定25分钟后,水凝胶试样与外界水环境发生水分子扩散,试样发生溶胀,由于两端位移约束的存在,此时裂纹呈现闭合状态(图5(c)). 在水分子扩散作用下保持位移载荷恒定30分钟后,水凝胶发生进一步溶胀,试样在两端固定位移约束的作用下发生屈曲,试样的承载状态已从一开始的受拉状态转变为受压状态(图5(d)). 此时试样表面偏离显微镜的聚焦平面,无法拍摄清晰画面. 为了保证清晰的画面质量,确保DIC分析结果的准确性,本文选用前25分钟的拍摄画面,对位移载荷条件下水凝胶裂纹尖端变形场进行分析.
裂纹尖端竖直方向变形场λ2随时间的演化规律如图5(e)所示. 实验结果表明,在位移载荷刚刚施加时(0分钟),距离裂纹尖端越远的物质点,变形λ2越小;随着施加恒定位移载荷的时间逐渐增加(2分钟~25分钟),对于某一时刻的裂纹尖端变形场,从裂纹尖端附近到远端的物质点的变形λ2先增大,后减小. 对于不同时刻的裂纹尖端变形场,随着时间的推移,裂纹尖端附近区域(0.17 mm~6 mm)的变形在0~2 min期间先增大,随后逐渐减小;而远离裂纹尖端的区域(6 mm~10 mm)的变形基本保持不变,拉伸比大小约为λ2=1.2. 图5(f)展示了裂纹尖端一点(R=0.17 mm)的变形λ2随时间的演化规律. 随着时间的推移,裂纹尖端物质点的变形λ2先增大,后减小. 变形λ2的峰值发生在2分钟前后,其大小为1.54. 在2分钟之后,变形λ2逐渐减小并最终于25分钟时降低至1.23,该值接近外界施加的位移载荷λ=1.2. 在25分钟之后,试样发生屈曲. 由于试样是未完全溶胀状态,一旦浸泡在水环境当中,试样会不断吸水溶胀,直至与外界达到溶胀平衡. 根据图5所示的实验结果,在25 min时刻,试样不再处于拉直状态,说明此时加载外力接近于零;因此,在0 min~25 min期间,加载外力逐渐减小至接近于零. 不难推测,随着时间进一步推移,试样会在水中继续溶胀,加载外力将是逐渐增大的压缩载荷.
本文选取试样表面的A、B、C、D四个物质点进行分析(图6(a)). 其中,A点为最接近裂纹尖端的物质点,B点为A点右侧10 mm处的物质点,D点为接近试样右侧边界的物质点,C点为D点左侧10 mm处的物质点. 如图6(b)所示,A点的变形λ2在0分钟~2分钟期间从1.45增大至1.54,随后逐渐减小至1.21;B点的变形λ2在0~2分钟期间从1.25增大至1.26,随后逐渐减小至1.20. A点变形λ2的峰值1.54大于B点变形λ2的峰值1.26. 如图6(c)所示,C点的变形λ2在0分钟~25分钟期间保持在[1.21,1.22]区间内,与外界位移载荷大小相同,说明C点所在区域物质点的状态接近均匀拉伸状态. D点的变形λ2在0~20分钟期间保持在[1.20,1.22]区间内,在20~25分钟期间逐渐下降,最终降至1.18. D点与C点的变形λ2随时间演化规律的不同源于两者的边界条件不同. D点与C点相比,与水环境的接触面更大,水分子可以从侧面扩散至D点,因此D点的溶胀过程比C点快. D点的受载状态在20分钟左右变为空载状态,随后进入受压状态,使得D点处变形λ2小于外界施加的位移载荷λ=1.2.
分析以上实验结果,A点变形λ2的增大,这是因为水凝胶裂纹被拉伸后,裂纹尖端发生应力集中,裂纹尖端区域物质点的应力水平高于远离裂纹尖端区域的物质点,裂纹尖端的高应力值降低了局部的化学势,驱动外界环境中的水分子进入裂纹尖端,使裂纹尖端区域发生溶胀. 由于B点邻近A点,其变形受到A点变形的影响,因此B点变形λ2具有与A点相同的趋势. 同时,A点变形λ2在2分钟后逐渐减小,是因为整个试样在水分子扩散作用下发生溶胀,体积增大,试样整体的受载状态逐渐从受拉状态转变为空载状态,最终转变为受压状态. 裂纹尖端区域的应力水平随着时间的推移逐渐下降,化学势逐渐上升,与外界环境的化学势差逐渐减小,水分子扩散过程减缓. 由于试样上下两端的位移约束,裂纹在试样整体的溶胀过程中逐渐闭合,裂纹尖端A点的变形λ2逐渐减小. 当水凝胶试样被拉伸并被浸入水环境时,裂纹面附近的水分子在高化学势差的驱动下快速进入裂纹尖端区域,该过程的时间尺度较短;而远离裂纹尖端区域由于与外界的化学势差较小,水分子扩散相对较慢,该过程的时间尺度较长. 因此,裂纹尖端物质点的变形λ2随时间演化的现象源于裂纹尖端水分子快速扩散与远端区域缓慢溶胀的竞争关系.
当含裂纹水凝胶试样被拉伸时,裂纹尖端非均匀变形场导致化学势的非均匀分布,水凝胶内部的水分子也有可能向裂纹尖端区域发生扩散. 为了排除外界水环境的影响,探究水凝胶内部水分子扩散对裂纹尖端断裂行为影响,本文继续分析PAAm水凝胶试样在石蜡油环境中的裂纹尖端变形行为. 在石蜡油环境中,水凝胶无法与外界环境进行水分子的交换,水分子只能在水凝胶的内部运动. 本文所采用的石蜡油为轻质石蜡油,其密度与纯水十分接近(轻质石蜡油的密度为0.98 g/cm2,纯水的密度为1.0 g/cm2). 因此,水凝胶试样在油环境中仍然能保持悬浮状态. 与水环境下的实验条件相同,本文对油环境中水凝胶试样所施加的恒定位移载荷大小仍然为λ=1.2. 试样首先在油环境中被拉伸至拉伸比λ=1.2,并保持该恒定位移载荷. 位移载荷中水分子扩散的时间范围为0到90分钟. 水凝胶在油环境中恒定位移载荷下的变形λ2随时间演化的规律如图7所示. 在90分钟之后,水凝胶裂纹尖端物质点的变形λ2仅发生了约0.001的变化. 该变化量远小于水凝胶在水分子扩散作用下25分钟的时间范围内所发生的变化量(约为0.3). 以上实验结果表明,水凝胶内部水分子扩散行为对裂纹尖端变形场的影响很小,水凝胶与外界水环境的水分子扩散行为对裂纹尖端变形场的影响具有主导作用. 该实验结果验证了先前报道的数值计算结果[14,26].
本文首次通过实验观测手段揭示了恒定力/位移载荷下水凝胶在水/油环境中裂纹尖端变形场的动态演化规律,并通过有限元方法分析了水凝胶裂尖水分子扩散行为的动力学机制,得到如下结论:
(1)在恒定力载荷下,裂纹尖端因应力梯度形成的化学势差驱动水分子快速扩散,导致局部溶胀程度显著高于其他区域,揭示了非均匀溶胀的动力学机制源于应力场与扩散场的耦合作用.
(2)在恒定位移载荷下,裂纹尖端变形场的非单调演化行为源于裂纹尖端水分子快速扩散与裂纹远端缓慢溶胀的竞争关系.
(3)油环境下的实验结果表明,相比于水凝胶内部的水分子扩散行为,水凝胶与外界环境的水分子扩散行为对裂纹尖端变形场的影响具有主导作用.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12402096)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBQN-0013)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.014
  • 接收时间:2025-06-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12402096)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBQN-0013)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学电气工程学院,西安,710049
    2西安航天动力技术研究所,西安,710025
    3火箭军工程大学,西安,710025

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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