Article(id=1241833158946127973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753113600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005697236, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1756224000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005697236, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005697236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005697236, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241833154382725178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='437', pageEnd='570', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005696148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005738977, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241833334083490628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241833334087684933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=449, endPage=461, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241833159222952042, articleId=1241833158946127973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Numerical Analysis and Precise Control of Insertion and Extraction Forces in Contact Components of Electrical Connectors, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Electrical connectors are critical components in electronic systems, enabling the conduction of electrical current and the transmission of signals. They are extensively used in various fields such as aerospace, telecommunications, computing, and the automotive industry. The reliability and stability of an entire system often depend on the performance of these connectors. Any failure may not only disrupt normal device operation but also result in severe equipment damage. Among known failure mechanisms, contact failure caused by inadequate insertion and extraction force accounts for a significant proportion. To address this issue, a general analytical formula for calculating insertion and extraction force was derived based on a cantilever beam model. This model was used to analyze the mechanical behavior and force variation during the insertion and extraction of the pin and socket components. A comprehensive understanding of the force distribution during these processes was established through this approach. Subsequently, a finite element model was developed for a specific type of electrical connector's contact components. Simulation analyses were conducted to examine how the insertion and extraction force changes with displacement. These simulation results were then validated through controlled experimental tests. The findings indicate that the relative error between the theoretical predictions, simulation outputs, and experimental measurements remains below 8%. The strong agreement among these methods confirms the accuracy and applicability of the developed models. To fulfill practical engineering requirements and avoid excessive mechanical stress, the validated theoretical model was further applied to optimize the design parameters of the connector's contact springs, with a particular focus on their length and thickness. A qualified design range was identified, effectively distinguishing safe and failure regions. This provides clear engineering boundaries for failure-resistant design and enhanced service life. Additionally, the outcomes offer valuable guidance for the structural optimization of contact components in electrical connectors, supporting enhanced performance, stability, and durability in demanding applications.

, correspAuthors=Bingfei Liu, Liaoliang Ke, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lizhuo Zhao, Chunzheng Zhang, Ganggang Chang, Fei Shen, Bingfei Liu, Liaoliang Ke), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241833168374923616, articleId=1241833158946127973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=电连接器接触组件插拔力的数值分析及结构设计, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电连接器是电子系统中传导电流和传递信息的关键元件,广泛应用于航空航天、通讯、计算机、汽车工业等领域,其性能直接影响系统的可靠性与稳定性. 文中首先基于悬臂梁模型推导了电连接器接触组件插拔力的通用计算公式,分析了插针和插孔在插入和拔出过程中的插拔力变化规律. 进一步在建立了某型号电连接器接触组件有限元模型的基础上,进行了插拔力计算的仿真分析,研究了插拔力随位移的变化情况. 继而通过实验研究对电连接器的插拔力进行验证,结果表明:理论模型预测值、仿真分析结果与实验测量值的相对误差均小于8%,三者呈现显著一致性. 为满足工程需求,避免插拔力超限,最后使用理论模型对电连接器接触组件的弹片长度和厚度进行合理设计,确定了保证插拔力合格的设计区间,为电连接器结构设计提供了理论依据.

, correspAuthors=刘兵飞, 柯燎亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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Table of the relationship between force and deformation of socket

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F(N) y(mm) F(N) y(mm)
0.50.00764435.50.0840373
1.00.0153386.00.0918316
1.50.02301296.50.0990026
2.00.02977727.00.106720
2.50.03807157.50.114315
3.00.04536588.00.122109
3.50.05316018.50.1290803
4.00.06105449.00.137397
4.50.06854879.50.145592
5.00.0764430100.153386
), ArticleFig(id=1241836046825096160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

插孔受力与变形关系表

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F(N) y(mm) F(N) y(mm)
0.50.00764435.50.0840373
1.00.0153386.00.0918316
1.50.02301296.50.0990026
2.00.02977727.00.106720
2.50.03807157.50.114315
3.00.04536588.00.122109
3.50.05316018.50.1290803
4.00.06105449.00.137397
4.50.06854879.50.145592
5.00.0764430100.153386
), ArticleFig(id=1241836046883816417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Table of relationship between C value and structural parameters

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参数参数值 C变化率
弹片长度1.2 mm0.0089
1.35 mm0.011832.6%
1.5 mm0.015329.7%
1.65 mm0.019527.5%
1.8 mm0.024425.1%
弹片厚度0.144 mm0.0244
0.162 mm0.0199-18.4%
0.18 mm0.0153-23.1%
0.198 mm0.0127-17%
0.216 mm0.0107-15.7%
开槽宽度0.1 mm0.0153
0.11 mm0.01572.6%
0.12 mm0.01612.5%
0.13 mm0.01663.1%
0.14 mm0.01713%
收口量0.042 mm0.0152
0.049 mm0.015230.2%
0.056 mm0.015240.07%
0.063 mm0.015260.13%
0.07 mm0.01530.26%
), ArticleFig(id=1241836046967702498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

C值与结构参数关系表

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参数参数值 C变化率
弹片长度1.2 mm0.0089
1.35 mm0.011832.6%
1.5 mm0.015329.7%
1.65 mm0.019527.5%
1.8 mm0.024425.1%
弹片厚度0.144 mm0.0244
0.162 mm0.0199-18.4%
0.18 mm0.0153-23.1%
0.198 mm0.0127-17%
0.216 mm0.0107-15.7%
开槽宽度0.1 mm0.0153
0.11 mm0.01572.6%
0.12 mm0.01612.5%
0.13 mm0.01663.1%
0.14 mm0.01713%
收口量0.042 mm0.0152
0.049 mm0.015230.2%
0.056 mm0.015240.07%
0.063 mm0.015260.13%
0.07 mm0.01530.26%
), ArticleFig(id=1241836047034811363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Product size table

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尺寸(mm)/模型插孔插针
内径1.24
外径1.61.165
圆角半角0.02
倒角半径0.1
弹片长度1.5
劈槽宽度0.1
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产品尺寸表

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尺寸(mm)/模型插孔插针
内径1.24
外径1.61.165
圆角半角0.02
倒角半径0.1
弹片长度1.5
劈槽宽度0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241836047164834789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Model material parameter information

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部件弹性模量(MPa)泊松比
插孔1290000.33
插针1400000.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241836047236137958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型材料参数信息

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部件弹性模量(MPa)泊松比
插孔1290000.33
插针1400000.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241836047299052519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Low-Threshold insertion/extraction force: socket parameter design range data table

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序号弹片长度(mm)弹片厚度(mm)理论值(N)仿真值(N)误差(%)
10.80.070.409
20.90.080.402
310.09050.4090.4051
41.10.0920.423
51.20.120.4010.4512.5
61.30.1250.4180.3818.9
71.40.1390.4210.3712.1
81.50.1620.434
91.60.1650.417
101.70.170.44
111.80.180.447
121.90.1850.4040.44410
1320.20.4420.4573.4
142.10.210.445
152.20.220.432
162.30.240.425
172.40.250.418
182.50.260.4420.4563.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241836047374549992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

低阈值插拔力状态下插孔结构参数设计区间数据表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号弹片长度(mm)弹片厚度(mm)理论值(N)仿真值(N)误差(%)
10.80.070.409
20.90.080.402
310.09050.4090.4051
41.10.0920.423
51.20.120.4010.4512.5
61.30.1250.4180.3818.9
71.40.1390.4210.3712.1
81.50.1620.434
91.60.1650.417
101.70.170.44
111.80.180.447
121.90.1850.4040.44410
1320.20.4420.4573.4
142.10.210.445
152.20.220.432
162.30.240.425
172.40.250.418
182.50.260.4420.4563.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241836047450047465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

High-Threshold insertion/extraction force: socket parameter design range data table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号弹片长度(mm)弹片厚度(mm)理论值(N)仿真值(N)误差(%)
190.80.1031.4671.5062.6
200.90.1151.423
2110.131.4041.3255.6
221.10.1391.492
231.20.1451.449
241.30.161.474
251.40.1751.496
261.50.1851.432
271.60.1951.4391.4682
281.70.211.4421.4812.7
291.80.2251.465
301.90.241.481
3120.251.441
322.10.2651.476
332.20.281.4941.4791
342.30.291.4431.440.2
352.40.2951.455
362.50.311.488
), ArticleFig(id=1241836047517156330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158946127973, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

高阈值插拔力状态下插孔结构参数设计区间数据表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号弹片长度(mm)弹片厚度(mm)理论值(N)仿真值(N)误差(%)
190.80.1031.4671.5062.6
200.90.1151.423
2110.131.4041.3255.6
221.10.1391.492
231.20.1451.449
241.30.161.474
251.40.1751.496
261.50.1851.432
271.60.1951.4391.4682
281.70.211.4421.4812.7
291.80.2251.465
301.90.241.481
3120.251.441
322.10.2651.476
332.20.281.4941.4791
342.30.291.4431.440.2
352.40.2951.455
362.50.311.488
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电连接器接触组件插拔力的数值分析及结构设计
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赵立卓 1 , 张纯正 2 , 常刚刚 3 , 沈飞 2 , 刘兵飞 1, ** , 柯燎亮 2, ***
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(4): 449-461
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(4): 449-461
电连接器接触组件插拔力的数值分析及结构设计
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赵立卓1, 张纯正2, 常刚刚3, 沈飞2, 刘兵飞1, ** , 柯燎亮2, ***
作者信息
  • 1中国民航大学航空工程学院,天津,300300
  • 2天津大学机械工程学院,天津,300350
  • 3西安艾力特电子实业有限公司,西安,710114

通讯作者:

**E-mail:.
***E-mail:.
Numerical Analysis and Precise Control of Insertion and Extraction Forces in Contact Components of Electrical Connectors
Lizhuo Zhao1, Chunzheng Zhang2, Ganggang Chang3, Fei Shen2, Bingfei Liu1, ** , Liaoliang Ke2, ***
Affiliations
  • 1Aeronautical Engineering Institute, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, 300300
  • 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350
  • 3Xi'an Elite Electronic Industrial Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710114
出版时间: 2025-08-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.020
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电连接器是电子系统中传导电流和传递信息的关键元件,广泛应用于航空航天、通讯、计算机、汽车工业等领域,其性能直接影响系统的可靠性与稳定性. 文中首先基于悬臂梁模型推导了电连接器接触组件插拔力的通用计算公式,分析了插针和插孔在插入和拔出过程中的插拔力变化规律. 进一步在建立了某型号电连接器接触组件有限元模型的基础上,进行了插拔力计算的仿真分析,研究了插拔力随位移的变化情况. 继而通过实验研究对电连接器的插拔力进行验证,结果表明:理论模型预测值、仿真分析结果与实验测量值的相对误差均小于8%,三者呈现显著一致性. 为满足工程需求,避免插拔力超限,最后使用理论模型对电连接器接触组件的弹片长度和厚度进行合理设计,确定了保证插拔力合格的设计区间,为电连接器结构设计提供了理论依据.

电连接器  /  插拔力  /  理论模型  /  仿真分析  /  结构设计

Electrical connectors are critical components in electronic systems, enabling the conduction of electrical current and the transmission of signals. They are extensively used in various fields such as aerospace, telecommunications, computing, and the automotive industry. The reliability and stability of an entire system often depend on the performance of these connectors. Any failure may not only disrupt normal device operation but also result in severe equipment damage. Among known failure mechanisms, contact failure caused by inadequate insertion and extraction force accounts for a significant proportion. To address this issue, a general analytical formula for calculating insertion and extraction force was derived based on a cantilever beam model. This model was used to analyze the mechanical behavior and force variation during the insertion and extraction of the pin and socket components. A comprehensive understanding of the force distribution during these processes was established through this approach. Subsequently, a finite element model was developed for a specific type of electrical connector's contact components. Simulation analyses were conducted to examine how the insertion and extraction force changes with displacement. These simulation results were then validated through controlled experimental tests. The findings indicate that the relative error between the theoretical predictions, simulation outputs, and experimental measurements remains below 8%. The strong agreement among these methods confirms the accuracy and applicability of the developed models. To fulfill practical engineering requirements and avoid excessive mechanical stress, the validated theoretical model was further applied to optimize the design parameters of the connector's contact springs, with a particular focus on their length and thickness. A qualified design range was identified, effectively distinguishing safe and failure regions. This provides clear engineering boundaries for failure-resistant design and enhanced service life. Additionally, the outcomes offer valuable guidance for the structural optimization of contact components in electrical connectors, supporting enhanced performance, stability, and durability in demanding applications.

electrical connector  /  insertion and extraction force  /  theoretical model  /  finite element simulation  /  structural design
赵立卓, 张纯正, 常刚刚, 沈飞, 刘兵飞, 柯燎亮. 电连接器接触组件插拔力的数值分析及结构设计. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 449 -461 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.020
Lizhuo Zhao, Chunzheng Zhang, Ganggang Chang, Fei Shen, Bingfei Liu, Liaoliang Ke. Numerical Analysis and Precise Control of Insertion and Extraction Forces in Contact Components of Electrical Connectors[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (4) : 449 -461 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.020
电连接器作为电子电气系统的关键基础元件,承担着电流传导与信号传输的核心功能[1,2],广泛应用于航空航天、通信工程及汽车工业等领域. 但因其工作环境复杂、恶劣,其已成为公认的四种较易失效的元件之一. 其中,接触组件作为电连接器的核心部件[3],其力学性能对电连接器性能具有重要影响.
在插拔过程中,接触组件间的滑动摩擦会显著影响插拔力的大小与分布[4,5]. 过大的插拔力不仅加剧摩擦磨损,还可能导致插针变形或弹片断裂,进而引发接触失效[6]. 因此,精准调控插拔力已成为提升电连接器可靠性的关键目标. 研究表明,插拔力受多种结构参数影响,包括弹片长度、厚度、开槽宽度及收口量等[7]. 目前,插拔力的研究主要基于理论建模、有限元仿真与实验测定三类方法[8-11]. 例如,闫美红[12]通过理论-仿真协同分析,分析了部分结构参数对两种不同型号绞线插针式电连接器插拔力变化曲线的影响. Beloufa等[13]通过ANSYS仿真研究了高功率电连接器的插入力,得到了双接触点设计可使插入力增大的结论. Zeng等[14]对micro-D型电连接器绞丝接触点插拔过程进行动力学模拟与实验研究,得到了最优结构参数.
插拔力的精准控制离不开对接触组件结构尺寸的合理设计. 且在加工设计中,其接触特性对电气系统可靠性具有重要影响[15],而如何在工程设计中合理定义接触组件的结构参数仍是设计的难点[16]. 当前研究主要通过参数优化策略调控电连接器插拔力. 潘骏与骆燕燕等[17,18]率先从结构参数敏感性出发,揭示了簧片缩口量、厚度及长度对插拔力的调控作用,且明确缩口量为关键敏感参数. Lv等[19]进一步聚焦槽宽的精细化控制,通过实验与仿真计算将插拔力精准约束于0.8~1.2 N的目标区间. Hsu等[20]通过引入参数化有限元方法与序列线性规划算法,优化了非对称弯曲臂几何构型,使插入力峰值降低31.7%,体现了几何协同优化的高效性. Horn等[21]则深化至局部接触界面的极限优化,通过尖锐化插头尖端曲率与优化插座入口轮廓,使插入力下降了30%. 此外,研究表明,电连接器可靠性主要取决于插入力的稳定性[22],后续涉及弹片的多参数优化可系统性提升接触组件的综合性能[23].
综上,现有研究虽为电连接器接触组件的参数优化奠定了基础,但多聚焦单一参数的独立影响,对弹片长度与厚度等参数的耦合作用研究不足,鲜少有研究结合工程实际建立插孔结构的合格设计区间. 为满足工程需求,避免插拔力超限并提升可靠性与性能,本文提出电连接器接触组件多参数协同优化方法,构建了理论建模-数值仿真-实验验证的技术路径:建立插拔力理论及有限元模型进行计算;结合全自动插拔实验验证模型准确性及适用性;基于插拔力安全范围,定义关于弹片长度与厚度的合格设计区间. 可为电连接器的结构优化、性能提升及可靠性增强提供参考.
构建电连接器插拔力理论模型,需先通过有限元分析获取挠度与径向力的比例系数,将其代入后续理论公式,进而完成插拔力理论模型推导.
开槽式接触件的接触压力由插孔弹片弹性变形提供,在实际工作中插孔弹片的基体端可视为固定端,另一端为自由端;插针与弹片接触时,可认为载荷作用于自由端;同时,当接触件对插后,弹片的径向变形量相对于接触件长度较小[24],在此条件下进行理论推导时,一般将弹片简化为悬臂梁结构,在此结合蔺欣欣[7]的经验:悬臂梁变形对挠度的贡献度大于过渡截面旋转产生的挠度,但单纯考虑悬臂梁变形的理论模型准确度小于二者同时考虑的准确度. 所以本文在悬臂梁变形的基础上同时考虑与弹片连接的空心环结构并将其简化为半刚性梁模型. 如图1所示. 图中F为施加在悬臂梁一端的外力,L为其长度,y为弹片变形量,δ为截面转角,M为转矩.
弹片变形y由悬臂梁变形y1与悬臂梁及空心轴的过渡截面旋转导致的附加变形y2组成.
其中y1可由悬臂梁挠度公式计算出. 将悬臂梁及空心轴间的连接看作半刚性连接[25],采用Frye-Morris函数模型计算其附加变形y2
式中δ为截面转角,M=FLK=EI为截面抗弯刚度,E为悬臂梁的杨氏模量,I为截面惯性矩,C1C2C3为拟合系数.
结合式(1)和式(2),即有:
上式中拟合系数通过有限元分析获取,因插孔接触部位呈对称结构,故在ABAQUS软件中构建仅含一个弹片的模型,如图2所示. 依次施加20个间隔0.5 N的载荷,以模拟弹片受力变形的过程. 进而求得不同力F值所对应的挠度y的数值,如表1所示.
对数据进行拟合,可得到如图3所示的拟合曲线:
上式中因系数间相差量级较大,较小数值可忽略不计,故弹片受力与变形的关系可近似为线性关系:
故挠度与径向力比例系数可取C=0.0153.
其中比例系数C随参数变化的规律如表2所示.
表2中探讨了弹片长度、弹片厚度、开槽宽度及收口量对C的影响规律,本文的分析过程基于原始尺寸进行±20%内的参数变动计算. 其中,为避免弹片挤压或重叠,开槽宽度仅考虑增大情形,收口量仅考虑减小情形,结果表明:C值随弹片长度、开槽宽度和收口量的增大而增大,但与弹片厚度呈负相关. 且弹片长度和厚度对C值影响较大,可为后续研究提供参考.
电连接器接触组件采用过盈配合设计,以维持其机械稳定性. 但过盈配合产生的较大摩擦力会造成初始插入困难. 为此,在插孔接触端面进行倒角与圆角复合处理,以减缓初始插入时的冲击力和可能引入的磨损.
(a)插入过程:
电连接器的插入过程分为插入过渡阶段和插入稳定阶段. 插入过渡阶段与稳定阶段的判断标准为:随着插针持续插入,弹片产生弹性变形. 当弹片不再产生弹性变形时,表明达到临界点,即将由过渡阶段进入稳定阶段. 其中插入过渡阶段为任一状态下的受力分析如图4所示.
在过渡阶段内,插针由初始接触位置运动到任一位置时,插孔弹片的挠度变化量为V,插针插入深度变化量为H,0≤H≤|BD|. 则有:
其中r1为插针半径,r2为圆角半径,α0为初始接触位置与水平轴的夹角,α为运动后的位置与水平轴的夹角.(α0α≤π/2)
图4可得:
其中Fi为插拔力,Ff为接触处摩擦力,Fn为法向接触压力,Ff=μFnμ为摩擦系数.
由式(5)可知,挠度等于径向力与比例系数相乘,故挠度变化量V的另一表达式如下:
将式(6)和式(9)代入(10)可得:
结合式(11)及(8),插入过渡阶段的力可表示为:
结合式(7)及(12)可得:
r1+r2=r,最终可得插入过渡阶段插拔力的理论公式为:
当接触进入稳定阶段时,在此阶段插孔弹片停止弹性变形,此时插入力仅由二者间摩擦力产生,插入力可表示为:
(b)拔出过程:
拔出过程同样可分为拔出过渡阶段和拔出稳定阶段,拔出过渡阶段任一状态下的受力分析如图5所示.
其中拔出过渡阶段与稳定阶段的判断标准为:随着插针持续拔出,当弹片再次产生弹性变形时,表明达到临界点,即将由稳定阶段进入过渡阶段.
拔出过渡阶段的受力分析如下:
结合式(6)、(7)、(9)、(16)和(17),拔出过渡阶段的插拔力理论公式为:
拔出稳定阶段,拔出力与插入力大小相同,方向相反,即:
插入过渡阶段、稳定阶段和拔出过渡阶段的插拔力如式(14)、(15)和(18)所示,计算结果表明,过渡阶段与稳定阶段临界点的插拔力绝对值相等均为0.725 N,这一边界值的一致性确保了过渡与稳定阶段插拔力理论模型在临界点的连续性.
航空电连接器实物及模型如图6所示,该图(a)展示了其外部壳体结构及接触端子分布.
在此主要研究电连接器的接触组件,图6(b)为某型号插孔与插针的实物图,可呈现内部弹片的排列特征. 为进行后续数值模拟,构建了接触组件简化模型,如图6(c)所示. 且插针和插孔的主要尺寸参数如表3所示. 在此尺寸下,弹片收口量定为0.07 mm,弹片近乎贴合,符合实际.
结合工程需要与材料性能特点,本研究将插孔材料定义为铍青铜C17300,其具有优异的导电性与高强度特性,可承受高载荷结构应力[26]. 同时,将插针材料定义为K4J29,其与玻璃材料的热膨胀系数彼此相似[27]. 插针和插孔的材料参数如表4所示[28-30].
在有限元模型网格划分中,为确保计算精度与效率的平衡,采用分区域网格划分策略. 首先对整体模型进行全局结构化网格划分,随后对插针与插孔接触摩擦关键区域及弹片根部应力集中区域实施局部网格加密处理. 主要包括:弹片圆角处布种尺寸为:0.001 mm/0.02 mm;弹片根部布种尺寸为:0.01 mm;插针半球面布种尺寸为:0.001 mm/0.05 mm;插针圆柱形基体接触部位布种尺寸为:0.001 mm/0.05 mm. 未接触部位网格布种尺寸为0.12 mm. 如图7所示. 其中,插孔结构几何规则,采用单元类型为C3D8R的六面体网格;插针头部因半球面的几何复杂性,接触区域采用单元类型为C3D4的四面体网格;其余部分沿用单元类型为C3D8R的六面体网格[31]. 该划分方法有效平衡了关键区域精度与整体计算效率.
针对电连接器插针-插孔的配合过程,基于ABAQUS/Standard模块开展静态有限元分析. 接触与边界条件设置如下.
(1)接触设置:定义插针与插孔弹片接触面为表面与表面接触. 其中插针表面为主动面,插孔弹片表面为从动面. 接触属性中,切向行为采用罚函数法模拟摩擦效应,摩擦系数为0.1[32],法向行为采用默认硬接触准则,允许接触面分离.
(2)边界条件设置:采用完全固定的边界条件约束插孔模型后端所有自由度;在插针末端施加轴向位移荷载,采用幅值中“表”的功能实现完整插拔1 mm的过程. 施加位置如图6(c)所示.
基于上述设置完成有限元求解,获得插拔力-插入深度的变化曲线及插孔弹片根部的应力/应变-时间曲线图,如图8图9所示. 插拔过程可分为两个特征阶段:插入/拔出过渡阶段ab与稳定阶段bc. 且插入过渡阶段峰值插拔力与稳定阶段插拔力的差值决定插入初始阶段的猛冲程度,差值越大,猛冲程度越大;同时,插入过渡阶段峰值插拔力反映插入时的困难程度,数值越大,插入困难程度越大.
在拔出过渡阶段,即从刚刚退出完全接触状态到完全不接触过程中,拔出力逐渐变大直至其值大于0,变为拔出过程的助力[5].
本文在仿真软件中提取的插针圆柱基体处的轴向反作用力(RF3),该力为法向接触力与摩擦力的合力. 故这一现象产生的原因为:接触件由稳定阶段转入到过渡阶段后,插针圆柱形基体脱离插孔弹片的接触区域,接触点转移至插针前端半球面,使得接触面法向方向由垂直于轴线的方向转为垂直于半球形面的方向. 同时,弹片因接触压力减小发生弹性回弹,在接触点产生法向接触力,因过渡阶段接触点法线与轴线夹角小于90°,致使出现一个指向插孔内部的轴向分力. 叠加拔出过程中阻碍相对运动的摩擦力,二者叠加形成正向合力,导致在位移—插拔力曲线上出现一段力为正值的情况[33,34].
仿真结果表明,插孔弹片根部为应力集中区域,提取单次插拔过程中应力和应变最大值处单元节点的应力和应变情况,如图9所示. 横坐标为插入指定深度所用的时间,其最大应力低于材料屈服强度,拔出后残余应力衰减至弹性恢复阈值以下,无显著塑性应变积累,表明弹片变形处于弹性主导状态.
为验证理论模型与仿真结果的可靠性,在环境温度为25.4 ℃,测试湿度为59%RH的情况下,使用全自动插拔力试验机(1220S)进行验证,实验仪器如图10所示. 该设备通过伺服驱动系统模拟插拔动作,同步采集动态力数据,可精确控制速率及循环次数,满足电连接器接触力学特性测试需求.
为保障数据可靠,实验采用标准化流程:①安装待测试件至专用夹持工装并轴向校准插针至预设深度;②打开此测试软件,设置有效保护力为45 kg;③将工装定位至荷重元测力端,降下底座,使插针、插孔处于不受力状态;④配置测试参数:运动方向为压缩方向;双向模式;荷重测试范围设置为20 N;行程范围设置为1 mm;测试速度设置为5 mm/min;⑤荷重及行程归零;⑥执行插拔过程,同步采集插拔力-位移数据. 该流程通过参数标准化控制,可确保数据可重复性与验证可靠性.
完成上述流程后,可深入分析插针-插孔接触界面的力学情况. 理论、仿真和实验的对比结果如图11所示.
鉴于插入过渡阶段峰值插拔力与稳定阶段插拔力的差值决定插入初始阶段的猛冲程度及插入过渡阶段峰值插拔力表征初始插入难度,故图11中重点对比该阶段理论、仿真与实验的峰值差异,展示了三者的插拔力-插入深度的曲线对比情况:插入过渡阶段实验平均峰值(1.524 N)较理论值(1.41 N)与仿真值(1.471 N)的误差分别为7.5%与3.5%;稳定阶段实验平均值(0.768 N)较理论值(0.725 N)与仿真值(0.759 N)的误差分别为5.6%与1.2%,误差均小于8%. 其中,图11初始阶段实验力值偏高且峰值位移提前,造成这种差异可能的原因如下:
(1)实际接触非理想性:实验中可能存在表面粗糙度差异、微量污染物、装配对中误差及几何公差(如测试件未加工圆角而预测模型引入了圆角),导致实际接触点和接触面积与理想模型不符.
(2)位移测量精度限制:实验所用仪器的位移传感器在微小位移内的精度有限,可能导致接触起始点判断偏差,即在记录约为0.525 mm时的真实插入深度已大于0.525 mm,致使记录的峰值位置相对提前.
(3)加载速度影响:实验的加载速度高于仿真设置,当以较高的速度加载时,可能导致试件真实位移滞后于记录值,使记录的峰值位置相对提前.
综上,理论预测、仿真分析与实验结果呈现良好一致性,后续可采用理论模型替代大量仿真和试验验证,显著提高研究效率.
插孔弹片的结构参数变化会显著改变插拔力特征值,多参数协同改变易致插拔力超限. 因此,需建立多参数协同优化的插拔力合格设计区间,以实现性能的可控提升.
尽管弹片参数(长度、厚度、宽度、材质等)及应用场景均会影响设计区间,但若全面考量将使研究范围过大. 鉴于弹片长度与厚度是插拔力的主要影响因素,故本研究聚焦于这两个参数进行设计区间的确定. 结合工程实际需要,所研究的电连接器插拔力安全范围为0.4~1.5 N[35],依据此插拔力阈值判定其接触性能. 其中下限为稳定阶段的插拔力,上限为插入过渡阶段的峰值插拔力.
插孔弹片长度与插拔力呈显著相关性:插孔弹片过长时正向作用力过小,影响其可靠性与稳定性;插孔弹片过短时正向作用力过大,造成插拔困难及使用寿命衰减. 标准的电连接器接触长度要求为不小于0.86 mm,且建议满足2-4 mm[36],由于本研究模型为非标准件,结合工程典型工况及提高零件精细化程度的需求,因此确定弹片长度的范围为:0.8~2.5 mm. 弹片厚度为在弹片长度已定义的情况下,为满足插拔力要求,结合工程经验进行调整的尺寸范围.
鉴于仿真与试验的计算和时间成本,结合理论模型验证结果的高置信度,在所选弹片长度范围内完成了36组理论模型计算. 为验证模型可靠性,采用随机抽样法选取13组模型进行有限元仿真验证,可证明该设计区间的合理性. 数据详见表5表6.
根据所计算的36组数据,进行曲线拟合,可得到如图12所示的合格设计区间.
图中两条边界线的拟合函数如下:
式中h1h2表示弹片的厚度值l表示弹片的长度.
基于上述函数生成的插拔力合格设计区间,可知弹片厚度随长度呈非线性递增分布. 可见短弹片需降低厚度以维持有效弹性变形能力,长弹片则需增加厚度补偿结构刚度损失. 图中阴影区域表征插拔力满足工程阈值的弹片参数合格设计区间,其边界由弹片长度-厚度共同界定. 当参数位于合格设计区间外侧时,插拔力偏离阈值将诱发接触失效或机械损伤. 考虑理论模型误差、制造公差等因素,工程应用中建议规避临界边界区域. 本研究模型主要应用于航空航天行业,实际使用中应根据其实际工作环境进行调整:标准环境下可根据需求对此设计区间进行使用;在高温条件或振动条件下,会出现插拔力降低的情况,故在技术可行性与操作要求允许的情况下,构建合格设计区间时,可适当增大插拔力的上限以增强其适用性[37,38]. 但不同行业的应用环境和适配场景存在差异,本研究可为其他行业研究者提供借鉴,使其针对特定需求完成其适配的设计区间.
本研究通过理论分析、数值仿真与实验验证相结合的方法,系统揭示了电连接器插拔力力学行为演化规律,并建立参数化设计准则,主要结论如下:
(1)插拔力理论模型有效性验证:构建的插拔力理论模型与仿真和实验数据对比效果理想,最大误差为7.5%,且在36组参数组合中最大误差为12.5%,同样表现出高准确性. 多源数据的一致性验证了理论模型的适用性,证实该模型可作为插拔力快速评估的工具.
(2)插拔力约束下弹片结构参数设计区间的构建与验证:弹片长度与厚度是影响插拔力的关键结构参数. 基于插拔力安全范围及工程约束条件,通过理论计算与仿真验证的方法,在36组理论计算中随机选取了13组进行仿真对比的基础上,建立了弹片长度与厚度的二维合格设计区间,划分了安全与失效区间. 为其抗失效设计与寿命优化提供了工程指导边界.
(3)工程应用价值与展望:研究通过弹片参数优化提升插拔性能及寿命为电连接器接触组件的结构优化提供指导. 未来需探索环境因素、多周期磨损等对插拔力的影响.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12332006; 12372098)
  • 天津市教育委员会研究项目(2024ZD021)
  • 天津市自然科学基金项目(24JCZDJC00970)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.020
  • 接收时间:2025-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-22
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国家自然科学基金项目(12332006; 12372098)
天津市教育委员会研究项目(2024ZD021)
天津市自然科学基金项目(24JCZDJC00970)
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    1中国民航大学航空工程学院,天津,300300
    2天津大学机械工程学院,天津,300350
    3西安艾力特电子实业有限公司,西安,710114

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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