Article(id=1241833158467977308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749916800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005697122, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1756224000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005697122, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005697122, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005697122, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241833154382725178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='437', pageEnd='570', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005696148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005738977, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241833334083490628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241833334087684933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=488, endPage=501, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241833158841270371, articleId=1241833158467977308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Study on the Discretization Characteristics of a New Stress Wave Structure from Frictional Interfaces, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The frictional interface at the moment of transition from static to dynamic state may undergo two types of disturbances: rupture-fronts and stress waves. Rupture-fronts are driven by the fracture of micro-contacts of the frictional interface, change the shape of the frictional interface, and propagate within the frictional interface under different speeds. By contrast, stress waves are driven by radiation from kinds of resources on the frictional interface, and have no effect on the shape of the frictional interface. Both rupture-fronts and stress waves imply important information of the dynamic behavior of frictional interfaces in nature. Here, stress wave structures associated with a frictional interface are studied for a finite-sized slider subjected to impact loading. First, SHPB experiments for frictional sliding of two glass sliders under shock wave loading are performed, and the fine wave structures near the frictional interface are directly measured with high-sensitivity piezoelectric sensors. The characteristics of stress waves related to the frictional interface are then simulated by finite element method for different frictional boundaries and constitutive model parameters to analyze the factors affecting stress wave propagation and profiles. Finally, the generation mechanism of the wave structures within the frictional interface is discussed based on the theory of the 1D stress wave. A new stress wave structure is first found experimentally and numerically. Unlike the traditional “rupture-fronts” phenomenon, this new wave, though generated from the overall dynamic response of the frictional interface, does not travel along the interface. Instead, it propagates perpendicularly to the interface as a plane longitudinal wave into the substrate. More interestingly, this new plane stress wave exhibits discretization enhancement in time but weaker in space. Within wave theory and simulations, it is found that the new wave does not stem from the fracture of micro-contacts on the frictional interface, but rather from the envelope of the spherical wave fronts radiated by the entire interface. This discovery reveals a new stress wave structure coming from frictional interfaces and its discretization characteristics, which is expected to provide a new stress wave structure criterion for earthquake prediction and non-destructive testing of engineering components.

, correspAuthors=Yonggui Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Keyan Li, Xiangyu Jin, Lingyan Shen, Yonggui Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241833164369363168, articleId=1241833158467977308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=摩擦界面上一种新应力波结构及其离散化特征研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

摩擦界面上存在复杂的应力波动演化图案,精细测量并准确解读这些波结构对深入理解摩擦界面的动力学行为具有至关重要的基础作用. 目前对这些波动的理解主要集中在摩擦和断裂的关联性上. 本文采用实验与有限元分析相结合的研究方法,深入探究了在撞击载荷作用下摩擦界面上的应力波动行为,揭示了一种全新的应力波动现象及其独特的波动结构. 实验结果表明,这种新发现的应力波动起源于摩擦界面的整体动态响应,并以平面纵波的形式和速度,沿着垂直于界面的方向在基体中传播. 在传播过程中,该应力波动在时间域上呈现出显著的离散化增强特征,而在空间域上则表现出逐渐衰减的特性. 通过数值模拟和初步理论分析,发现这种新型应力波结构的产生机制与摩擦界面上传统的“断裂波动”(rupture-like fronts)现象截然不同. 它并非源自摩擦界面上微接触点的局部断裂,而是源于界面整体辐射的球面波群阵面的包络线. 这一发现揭示了摩擦界面上一种全新的应力波结构及其离散化特征,有望为地震预测以及工程构件的无损检测提供一种全新的理论依据和判据.

, correspAuthors=刘永贵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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Material parameters for calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SymbolParameterValueUnit
ρDensity1180kg/m3
EElastic modulus8.5GPa
GShear modulus2.1GPa
CPP wave speed2690m/s
CSS wave speed1340m/s
CRRayleigh speed1230m/s
fFriction coefficient0.1
ϕInternal friction angle44°
αExpansion angle0°
εfFracture strain0.0075
σsTensile strength60
CCohesion8MPa
ΛShear stress ratio0.33MPa
εpAbsolute plastic strain0
), ArticleFig(id=1241833172133020123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833158467977308, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SymbolParameterValueUnit
ρDensity1180kg/m3
EElastic modulus8.5GPa
GShear modulus2.1GPa
CPP wave speed2690m/s
CSS wave speed1340m/s
CRRayleigh speed1230m/s
fFriction coefficient0.1
ϕInternal friction angle44°
αExpansion angle0°
εfFracture strain0.0075
σsTensile strength60
CCohesion8MPa
ΛShear stress ratio0.33MPa
εpAbsolute plastic strain0
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摩擦界面上一种新应力波结构及其离散化特征研究
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李珂岩 1 , 靳翔宇 1 , 沈玲燕 1 , 刘永贵 1, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(4): 488-501
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(4): 488-501
摩擦界面上一种新应力波结构及其离散化特征研究
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李珂岩1, 靳翔宇1, 沈玲燕1, 刘永贵1, **
作者信息
  • 1河南理工大学工程力学系,焦作,454003

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Study on the Discretization Characteristics of a New Stress Wave Structure from Frictional Interfaces
Keyan Li1, Xiangyu Jin1, Lingyan Shen1, Yonggui Liu1, **
Affiliations
  • Department of Engineering Mechanics, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454003
出版时间: 2025-08-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.016
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摩擦界面上存在复杂的应力波动演化图案,精细测量并准确解读这些波结构对深入理解摩擦界面的动力学行为具有至关重要的基础作用. 目前对这些波动的理解主要集中在摩擦和断裂的关联性上. 本文采用实验与有限元分析相结合的研究方法,深入探究了在撞击载荷作用下摩擦界面上的应力波动行为,揭示了一种全新的应力波动现象及其独特的波动结构. 实验结果表明,这种新发现的应力波动起源于摩擦界面的整体动态响应,并以平面纵波的形式和速度,沿着垂直于界面的方向在基体中传播. 在传播过程中,该应力波动在时间域上呈现出显著的离散化增强特征,而在空间域上则表现出逐渐衰减的特性. 通过数值模拟和初步理论分析,发现这种新型应力波结构的产生机制与摩擦界面上传统的“断裂波动”(rupture-like fronts)现象截然不同. 它并非源自摩擦界面上微接触点的局部断裂,而是源于界面整体辐射的球面波群阵面的包络线. 这一发现揭示了摩擦界面上一种全新的应力波结构及其离散化特征,有望为地震预测以及工程构件的无损检测提供一种全新的理论依据和判据.

摩擦界面  /  离散  /  局部断裂  /  包络线  /  地震预测

The frictional interface at the moment of transition from static to dynamic state may undergo two types of disturbances: rupture-fronts and stress waves. Rupture-fronts are driven by the fracture of micro-contacts of the frictional interface, change the shape of the frictional interface, and propagate within the frictional interface under different speeds. By contrast, stress waves are driven by radiation from kinds of resources on the frictional interface, and have no effect on the shape of the frictional interface. Both rupture-fronts and stress waves imply important information of the dynamic behavior of frictional interfaces in nature. Here, stress wave structures associated with a frictional interface are studied for a finite-sized slider subjected to impact loading. First, SHPB experiments for frictional sliding of two glass sliders under shock wave loading are performed, and the fine wave structures near the frictional interface are directly measured with high-sensitivity piezoelectric sensors. The characteristics of stress waves related to the frictional interface are then simulated by finite element method for different frictional boundaries and constitutive model parameters to analyze the factors affecting stress wave propagation and profiles. Finally, the generation mechanism of the wave structures within the frictional interface is discussed based on the theory of the 1D stress wave. A new stress wave structure is first found experimentally and numerically. Unlike the traditional “rupture-fronts” phenomenon, this new wave, though generated from the overall dynamic response of the frictional interface, does not travel along the interface. Instead, it propagates perpendicularly to the interface as a plane longitudinal wave into the substrate. More interestingly, this new plane stress wave exhibits discretization enhancement in time but weaker in space. Within wave theory and simulations, it is found that the new wave does not stem from the fracture of micro-contacts on the frictional interface, but rather from the envelope of the spherical wave fronts radiated by the entire interface. This discovery reveals a new stress wave structure coming from frictional interfaces and its discretization characteristics, which is expected to provide a new stress wave structure criterion for earthquake prediction and non-destructive testing of engineering components.

frictional interface  /  discretization  /  local fracture  /  envelope  /  earthquake prediction
李珂岩, 靳翔宇, 沈玲燕, 刘永贵. 摩擦界面上一种新应力波结构及其离散化特征研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 488 -501 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.016
Keyan Li, Xiangyu Jin, Lingyan Shen, Yonggui Liu. Study on the Discretization Characteristics of a New Stress Wave Structure from Frictional Interfaces[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (4) : 488 -501 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.016
摩擦界面广泛存在于各类材料与结构之中,是材料固有属性的重要体现. 摩擦界面宏观运动遵循经典摩擦定律[1-3]. 摩擦系数是体现界面微观粗糙度、宏观黏性、温度等因素综合作用的跨尺度物理量[4,5]. 静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数差异显著,反映了界面从静止到运动瞬间物理特性的变化. 然而,当前关于界面摩擦动力学行为的研究工作大多聚焦于相对较大的宏观时间尺度,涵盖整个相关物理过程[6-14],对于静/动转化瞬间摩擦界面上的波动现象和波结构关注较少,对其产生机制的理解还不够深入,缺乏系统的理论解释. 实际上,在荷载作用的瞬间,界面上会产生大量丰富的扰动信号. 深入探究这些扰动信号的结构特征及其传播规律,不仅有助于我们更深入地理解界面摩擦运动的转换机制,还能进一步拓展对界面摩擦动力学行为的认知,从而为工程领域中构件的摩擦设计提供坚实的理论支撑,同时也为自然界中同摩擦运动密切相关的灾害(如地震、山体滑坡等)的预测提供一种波动方法[15-17].
实验上,直接观察界面上的波动现象极具挑战性,目前只有少数实验成功实现了这一目标. Pyrak-Nolte等[18]首次在断裂面上观察到一类新的弹性界面波,包括快波(fast waves)和慢波(slow waves),其产生机制与界面的断裂刚度有关. Xia等[19]在有机玻璃(PMMA)动态断裂过程中,直接观测到断裂面上的超剪切波结构. Fineberg等[20-22]开展了一系列有机玻璃的准静态剪切实验,通过光学的方法精细的测量了界面微滑移过程中实际接触面几何形态的变化,结果表明,在界面由静到动的微转化瞬间,在接触界面上产生了三种不同传播速度的扰动(crack-like ruptures):快瑞利波(Fast sub-Rayleigh),超剪切波(Super-shear front)和慢波(Slow front). Ferrer等[23]实时测量了界面摩擦运动时的声辐射信号,认为这些信号幅值和数量的变化可以用来界定界面由静到动转化的时间节点. 这些直接实验观测结果揭示了一个重要事实:在摩擦界面由静到动转化的瞬时,摩擦界面的运动、变形和断裂行为是个微动态自适应调整过程,伴随显著的局部化波动现象和复杂的应力波结构.
理论上,Braun等[24]建立了弹簧-滑块模型,采用接触刚度综合描述界面的接触特征,发现界面波动作用使界面初始未受扰动区转化为高度非均匀应力状态,进而诱发新的应力波动. 这是一个宏观唯象模型,不涉及应力波动的微细观机制. Svetlizky和Fineberg[25]在连续介质断裂力学框架下提出了线弹性断裂模型,认为界面实际的摩擦发生在有限的界面接触凸起上,应力集中将诱发微接触群的断裂,这种断裂事件作为新的波源,辐射新的应力扰动,形成实验中观察到的摩擦界面上的三波结构. 该模型从断裂的角度在微细观尺度上解释了界面上精细波结构的产生机理,但对从微细观断裂到宏观波动的多尺度过程缺乏理论描述. Kammer等[26]建立了断裂能和摩擦界面强度的关联模型,模型计算结果表明,界面上存在亚瑞利波和超声波,这两类波的产生和转化取决于两种尺度的相互作用:界面上粘性区域宽度和非均匀区特征尺度. 事实上,各种尺度的界面均是粗糙不平的,这种粗糙性在更小尺度上表现为界面的实际自然接触具有更精细的微尺度起伏性,这些起伏的结构特征和演化规律深刻影响界面的摩擦强度和动力学行为[27,28]. 综合上述理论模型分析可知,目前对摩擦界面上精细波结构产生机理的普遍看法是:局部微接触断裂的多尺度耦合过程. 然而,本文工作发现了一种新的应力波结构,打破了波动与断裂的关联性,也不符合波动的局部化特征,需要新的理论模型理解其背后的机制.
不同尺度上的数值模拟是揭示摩擦界面上波精细结构的有效方法. Bartolomeo等[29]采用二维非线性有限元的方法模拟分析了界面运动转化过程中界面上波结构特征,发现界面的局部动力学行为深刻影响界面的整体运动. 前期我们基于微接触断裂机制,建立了包含三角形微接触的二维摩擦界面模型,通过有限元模拟方法分析了界面在瞬态加载下的波动行为. 研究表明,加载应力波动和界面微接触相互作用,产生微接触断裂,进而诱发纵波、横波和界面波,在界面上形成马赫锥结构[30]. 潘帅航等[31],武鑫等[32]采用分子动力学的方法,建立了单凸起固-固接触模型,从原子尺度研究了界面摩擦的力学响应,结果表明,在多次摩擦接触间隙,微动界面之间存在连续、波动的摩擦力学响应,这种响应同界面局部凸起的断裂行为有关. 综上,无论是宏观尺度的有限元模拟还是微细观尺度的分子动力学模拟,针对界面局部微接触的研究是探究界面摩擦波动现象的几何基础.
本文发现了摩擦界面上一种新的应力波结构. 实验上,基于SHPB撞击装置,产生加载应力脉冲,实时测量摩擦界面近区域应力波结构. 然后通过有限元数值模拟仿真加以验证,并对新应力波结构的离散特征进行更一般的分析. 最后,在理论上建立点源波动模型,对此新应力波的产生机理进行初步分析探讨.
实验装置如图1所示. 实验使用了两个聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(有机玻璃,PMMA)块:上部滑块尺寸为100×60×5.5 mm,基座滑块大小为300×60×5.5 mm,分别沿着x(传播方向)、z(样品厚度)和y(法向加载)轴对齐. 利用超声波法测定材料试样中的弹性剪切波速度(CS)和纵波速度(CP)分别为2700 m/s和1300 m/s. 初始,两个滑块自然叠放,形成摩擦界面,因此,在摩擦界面上具有y方向的初始压应力作用. 滑块与基块之间的粗糙度约为1 μs. 通过传统的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)系统在上部滑块的左侧面施加撞击脉冲荷载作用.
实验过程中,摩擦界面近区域的波动信号通过超声波测量系统实时观测. 该系统包含两个传感器阵列,分别沿着摩擦界面和垂直于摩擦界面的方向放置,如图1所示. 每个阵列包含5个嵌入式的压电陶瓷换能器(PZT),其中,沿摩擦界面方向的传感器,分别标记为X1、X2、X3、X4和X5,平均间距约为3 mm米,而沿摩擦界面法线方向的传感器,分别命名为Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4和Y5,平均间距约为0.5 mm,其中,X3和Y1是同一个传感器. 每个PZT传感器直径3 mm,中心频率20 MHz,灵敏度较高,适合检测微弱的波动信号. 高速数据采集系统的采样率100 MHz,能够实时捕获完整的波形,可精确测量微弱波动信号的到时. 通过入射杆上的Gauge 1记录的加载波动信号触发压电探测器记录信号.
一个典型的实验波形如图2所示. 图2(a)中,沿水平方向的五个PZT传感器同时记录了相似的脉冲信号. 具体而言,每个传感器都检测到了近乎完全一致的三波结构,这三个波动分别在t=0.34 μs、0.70 μs和1.00 μs时依次出现,并且振幅逐渐增大. 在起始时刻0.34 μs,撞击加载形成的平面纵波仅传播了约0.23 mm,尚未到达左侧的第一个传感器X1位置处. 因此,此时检测到的扰动信号并非直接来自加载应力波动. 此外,图2(a)中的五组检测信号具有相同的振幅和出现时刻,表明这些波动信号可能源自于摩擦界面本身.
沿y轴方向的五个传感器检测到的脉冲信号,如图2(b)所示. 自下而上,从Y1到Y5,三波结构逐渐沿着摩擦界面的法线方向在上部滑块中传播. 根据波峰的到时和位置,计算出其传播速度约为2720米/秒,这与滑块材料的纵波速度(CP=2700米/秒)基本一致,说明这些波动信号可能是平面纵波. 另外,在图2(b)中,从Y1开始的信号,在传播过程中逐渐减弱,表现出明显的空间衰减特征.
综上可知,应力波动载荷作用下,在摩擦界面近区域出现了一个新的波动现象. 该波具有如下特征:①超声波探测器记录到逐渐增强的三波结构. 通过比较和计算,发现这些波源自摩擦界面,并以平面纵波的速度向两侧基体传播;②这些波在其传播过程中表现出显著的衰减特征,提取检测信号的波动幅值,三个应力波动的衰减规律如图3所示,定量的表述及其衰减机制将在后续部分进一步探讨;③这种波动首次出现在0.34微秒的时刻,这个时间量级远低于crack-like ruptures的ms时间尺度[20,21],更重要的是在这个时间点,加载应力脉冲尚未传播到检测传感器;④自0.34微秒以后,这个应力波动又在后继的0.70和1.00微秒出现,在时间域上表现出离散化特征. 接下来,将结合有限元数值模拟和理论分析来探究这个新应力波动现象的一般规律和物理机制.
为揭示实验检测到的新应力波动的机制,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立平面摩擦滑动模型,如图4所示. 上、下基体(Part-1和Part-2)的宽度均为10 mm,高分别为40 mm和10 mm. 为表征界面的粗糙性,宏观上赋予界面摩擦系数,细观上在界面中心设计一边长为0.1 mm的等边三角形微接触凸起. 考虑到与实验结果的一致性,摩擦界面的样本材料选择有机玻璃,材料的破坏采用D-P准则来描述,相关弹性参数和断裂参数,见表1. t=0时刻在上部滑块左侧施加一瞬态荷载σ*=10 MPa,因此,将在上部滑块基体中自左至右传播一平面弹性纵波,下滑块底面为固定约束,其它边界均设置为无反射类型. 弹性应力波动荷载作用下,摩擦界面的动力学行为是一个应力波和界面相互作用问题,为充分展现波传播的细节和精细结构,在微接触近区域,单元网格进行了精细划分,界面上最小网格尺寸1 μm,如图5所示.
采用有限元显式动力方法模拟应力波传播与演化时,需要根据Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)条件计算出相应的时间步长. 这是一个基础性关键问题,其值显著影响模拟结果的物理准确性、计算结果稳定性、收敛性及计算成本. 在此,首先将摩擦界面近区域离散化均匀的线性三角形单元(见图5),根据CFL条件,临界最小时间步长的计算公式为ΔtCFL=min(le/CP),其中le是最小单元e的特征长度,CP是在平面应力条件下的纵波速度. 对于给定的力学性能和有限元尺寸,计算ΔtCFL=3.85×10-3 μs.
图6(a)t=0.430 μs时刻σ22应力云图. 在上部滑块左侧面被撞击后,产生右行的平面加载纵波(P波),在其传播过程中,形成以界面微接触为中心的球面波和关于界面对称的两个新的异常平面波,从而呈现出三波共存的精细结构. 事实上,若把球面波放大观察,会发现该球面波又具有更精细的内部结构:球面纵波(P wave),球面横波(S wave)和界面波(Rayleigh wave). 为探索这两个异常平面波的起源和性质,图6(b)通过应力σ22描绘了其演化过程. 图6(b)中,在t=0.315 μs时刻,在摩擦界面近区域出现贯穿整个基体的微扰动,并且在界面微凸起位置也有明显的应力状态变化,随着时间的推移于t=0.380 μs和t=0.416 μs时刻,以微接触为中心的应力扰动形成球面波,界面近区域的微扰动与此球面波同步往上下基体中传播,说明这两个平面波的传播速度同球面前沿波阵面传播速度一致,从而表明起源于摩擦界面的异常平面波可能为平面纵波.
图6(b)所示的σ22应力演化云图表明新的异常平面波动在t=0.315 μs已从界面上开始出现,此时左端面的加载纵波传播了大约0.85 mm,这对介质内部的单元,尤其是近界面区域的,意味着波尚未传至,已产生微应力扰动. 这个扰动并没有沿界面传播,而是往上下基体材料内传播. 为进一步验证这一点,在微凸起正上方取一系列单元,其σ22扰动信号如图6(c)所示,在对灰色框中的信号放大后,可清晰观察到有一个接近材料纵波的速度的微扰动信号(约2720 m/s)自界面往上传播,显然,这个应力波动同图2所揭示的应力波动是一致的,从而证实了该平面波确实是一个平面纵波.
值得注意的是,在图6(b)中,新的应力波阵面似乎与微接触断裂产生的球面波相切. 事实上,这种相切的几何关系并不存在内在的因果联系. 图7为支持这一观点提供了直接的证据. 图7(a)是界面上不存在微接触的情况,可见即使没有微接触,仍然会生成与摩擦界面平行的新的平面应力波,如图中两条蓝色线所示. 图7(b)中摩擦界面上存在一个斜尖接触,可以清楚地观察到,此种情况下平面纵波阵面与外侧球面波阵面并没有相切,而是相交,这是因为由斜三角形尖端产生的球面波先于界面纵波产生. 综合对比图6(b)图7,可以看到,这个新的平面纵波虽然起源于摩擦界面,但同摩擦界面上微接触的局部断裂无关,这与摩擦界面上crack-like ruptures现象的断裂机制是完全不同的[25].
图2的实验结果表明,这种新平面应力纵波具有显著的离散化特征,相应的数值模拟结果如图8所示. 图8(a)描绘了沿摩擦界面方向紧挨摩擦界面的六个不同单元的应力σ22波结构. 对比这六条波动曲线,发现其波结构不管是时间还是幅值都极为一致,说明这些应力扰动都源自于摩擦界面. 从时间上来看其演化过程,从0.3 μs开始,界面纵波以固定的时间间隔依次被激活,并且这些时间间隔均匀,表现为0.3 μs的整数倍. 因此,在时间域上,这种新应力波表现出显著的离散化特征. 这一特性在图8(b)所示的位移演化中更为明显. 图8(b)中,竖直位移u2随整数离散化时间的增大呈现出阶梯状形态,显示出多个离散增强的加载平台,类似于量子霍尔效应,因此将其称为界面纵波的宏观离散化效应. 与此类似,Peng等[33]发现,长杆撞击平板时接触力历史的卸载段表现出宏观量子化的卸载平台,这些平台起到过冲的作用,以确保杆与平板之间的分离.
基于图8中的数据,图9(a)和(b)分别描绘了应力σ22和竖直位移u2波动的振幅随时间变化的离散关系. 可以观察到,界面纵波的振幅强度随着时间的推移逐渐增强,对这些离散数据点进行二次曲线拟合,发现应力和位移的振幅变化在数学形式上是一致的. 此外,以0.3 μs时刻的应力和位移振幅为参考标准,对图8中每个波动平台的数值进行无量纲化处理,处理后的结果见图9(c)和(d). 显然,应力和位移波动的离散模式亦完全一致,并且它们遵循一种可量化的关系:
其中,物理量F表示应力σ22或位移u2τs是特征时间(0.3 μs),即量子化的基本特征时间,n取整数,反映了新应力波结构振幅的量子化、离散化特征.
上述第一和第二节分别从实验和数值模拟的角度揭示了一种起源于摩擦界面的新应力波结构的存在,并说明了其离散化特征. 然而对其产生机理的认识,停留在同摩擦界面上微接触局部断裂无关上. 本节中我们将进一步对比分析实验和数值模拟结果,在此基础上对这个新应力波动的机理给予合理的解释.
图10对比了实验测量和数值模拟结果. 图10(a)中,实验测量和数值模拟结果都清晰地揭示了新应力波结构在时域上的离散特性及其逐渐增强的特征. 更多的细节显示起跳时间实验结果为0.34 μs,模拟结果为0.30 μs,二者基本一致. 后继波动的时刻,实验信号分别为0.70 μs和1.00 μs,而数值模拟则是0.60 μs和0.90 μs,规律性更为显著,这可能同实验测量的精度和误差有关. 图10(b)定量上对比了这些新应力波动沿界面法线方向传播时的衰减特征. 图中数值模拟数据(六个黑色方点)取自摩擦界面正上方六个单元,实验数据(红色方点)则是来自于图2(b)的第一个波形的幅值. 以第一个实验测量点和第一个单元的应力波数据作为参考,其它点的位置和振幅均可无量纲化. 可以看到,模拟结果与实验数据的衰减趋势完全一致,这种一致性说明确实存在一种新的应力波结构.
基于上述对比分析,对此新应力波动形成了一个初步的认识,即该波是平面纵波,起源于摩擦界面的整体动态响应,并且具有显著的离散化特征. 然而,一个令人困惑的现象是,这个新的应力波出现在加载应力波刚刚开始沿平行于摩擦界面的方向在基体中传播时刻,摩擦界面近区域的质点尚未受到入射加载波动的作用和直接影响. 这意味着,只要加载波开始传播,摩擦界面的整体响应几乎立即被激活,并向基体辐射平面应力波. 这一现象似乎与物理因果律相矛盾. 因此,关键问题是,这种新波的机制是什么?鉴于其起源于摩擦界面,猜测可能与摩擦界面的性质有关. 两个可能产生影响的关键因素是界面摩擦系数和界面上的微观凸起缺陷. 然而,进一步进行的模拟表明,改变界面摩擦系数和微观接触尺寸并不会影响新应力波的产生. 此外,介质的材料参数(如模量和密度)也对新应力波的存在及其特征时间没有影响. 这表明,这些新应力波背后的物理机制与界面摩擦、缺陷以及材料属性无关. 在排除了这些因素后,问题仍然存在:真正影响新应力波产生的因素是什么?这需要更深入的理论分析来揭示其背后的物理机制.
根据惠更斯原理(Huygens' Principle),一旦摩擦界面的整体响应被激发,界面上的每个质点都会作为一个点源,向周围基体中辐射球面波,遵循球面波动方程:
线源球面波系每个点源发出的球面波可以表示为
其中,rr0分别是观察点和点源位置,Ar0t)代表摩擦界面上点源r0的强度,是一个随时间变化的量. k=λ/2π是波的波数,λ是波长,ωc分别是波的频率和传播速度. 这个解表明球面波的振幅与距离r成反比,且波的传播方向与波面垂直.
任何时刻t的波场urt)可以看作是该时刻摩擦界面上所有点源的球面波的叠加,
摩擦界面视为线源,位于x轴上,波的传播方向沿y轴,如图4所示,L代表线源摩擦界面的长度. 线源上每个点源发出的球面波波前方程为,
对于线源球面波系的包络线,需要考虑所有点源的波前的包络. 具体来说,对于每个点源,其波前的包络线可以通过求解以下方程组得到:
显然该方程组的解为,
方程(7)即为线源球面波系包络线的运动方程,在x-y平面内代表一条平行于x轴(摩擦界面)的水平直线,该直线的移动速度同球面波的速度一致,因此,宏观上看包络线的移动就像平面纵波的传播.
这一过程可形象的描绘在图11中. 图11(a)中,黑色实点代表摩擦界面上的质点,每个质点周围的红色实心圆则表示辐射的球面波. 在某一特定时刻,这些球面波的包络线(用红色虚线表示)在宏观上与摩擦界面平行. 随着球面波的传播,最外层的包络线将以纵波的速度向前推进. 从几何视角看,实验中观测到的源自摩擦界面的平面应力波正是这些辐射球面波的包络线. 相应的数值模拟结果,如图11(b)所示,图11(b)中以界面为中心的球面波系清晰可见,从而有力地验证了这一观点. 此外,取摩擦界面上的任一质点,如图11(c)中的黑色点j,在其受扰后会持续辐射球面波. 初始球面波波前的切线构成了第一道与摩擦界面平行的平面纵波,随后是第二道、第三道及后续的离散波动,图11(d)中数值模拟图案形象的展现了这一过程. 因此,这个新波力波动在宏观尺度上呈现出时间域上的离散化特征. 这个离散化是以特征时间0.3 μs整数倍的形式规律性的呈现.
事实上,考虑到该新平面纵波的几何本质是球面波系的包络线,而波动方程的球面波解(方程(3))是连续的,并且在传播过程中其强度是衰减的,那么新平面纵波的离散性和实验及数值模拟中发现的增强特征又当如何解释?当“平面纵波”传播至r位置处时,所引起的波场同球面波的波前一致
其中R代表观察点r到点源x0的竖直距离,即球面波的半径. 显然波场urt)在时间域上的离散性和空间域上的增强特征应当来自于点源Ax0t),即Ax0n τ0). 然而,摩擦界面上点源为什么具有周期性、增强性的特征,目前尚无准确的理论模型给予合理的解释,需要进一步的深入探索.
本文主要研究撞击载荷作用下,摩擦界面的波动响应. 采用实验测量和数值模拟的方法探索摩擦界面近区域波形结构及演化规律,发现了一种新的应力波结构. 关于该应力波,主要结论如下:
(1)该波起源于摩擦界面,但没有沿界面传播,而是以平面纵波的速度向两侧基体传播.
(2)在时间域上,该波表现出显著的离散化和量子化特征,并且其幅值随着离散化的时间逐渐增强.
(3)在空间域上,新应力波动在传播过程中呈现衰减特征.
(4)基于实验和数值模拟结果,初步理论分析表明,该波的产生同摩擦界面上微接触的局部断裂无关. 宏观上,摩擦界面的整体动态响应诱发了此新应力波动,细观上,界面上质点群的球面辐射是其形成的物理根源,辐射球面波群的包络线则是其几何表示.
同摩擦界面上的各种Rupture fronts现象相比,本文所揭示的应力波形具有显著的不同. 首先,在时间尺度上,前者是在ms量级,后者是在μs尺度. 其次,在空间上,前者是局部的断裂响应,后者源于整体的辐射响应. 最后从特性上看,前者的传播速度都较低,并且只在摩擦界面内传播,后者则具有纵波速度在基体中传播,并且后者表现出显著的离散化增强特征. 因此,我们将之称为一种新的应力波结构. 事实上,本文对此应力波结构特征及其机理的揭示是初步的,仍有很多问题亟待澄清. 如特征时间0.3 μs的控制因素,宏观离散化的物理机制等,这些问题将在后续工作中逐步开展,深入分析.
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.016
  • 接收时间:2025-06-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-15
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(12272127)
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    1河南理工大学工程力学系,焦作,454003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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