Article(id=1241833155901067471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748707200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005696511, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1756224000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005696511, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005696511, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005696511, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241833154382725178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='437', pageEnd='570', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005696148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005738977, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241833334083490628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241833334087684933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=473, endPage=487, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241833157222273237, articleId=1241833155901067471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Concrete Modulus Evolution in Multiple Chemical Corrosion Processes, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Concrete structures in marine environments will be attacked by corrosive ions in seawater, including chloride ions, sulfate ions, etc. Those ions can significantly cause the degradation of the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. They can also cause problems like reinforcement corrosion, cracking, and spalling, and lead to the decrease of the service life of concrete structures and pose serious threats to structural safety. Investigating the evolution of mechanical properties of concrete under the combined action of sulfate and chloride ions is crucial for designing more durable concrete structures in marine environment. However, there is currently no consensus on the evolution of concrete modulus under such combined corrosion conditions. To address this gap, this paper presents an experimental study on the modulus evolution of concrete under the combined corrosion of sulfate and chloride ions. Concrete samples were prepared and subjected to accelerated corrosion experiments in artificial seawater. Ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) was used to measure the changes in ultrasonic wave velocity in concrete. This allowed us to track the evolution of concrete modulus under corrosion conditions. Based on the experimental results, a mechanical-chemical model was developed. The model integrates the continuous hydration of concrete, the chemical reactions of sulfate ions with concrete, the complexation reactions of chloride ions, and other chemical processes. The model helps explain the competitive mechanism between sulfate and chloride ions during the corrosion process. The results show that the elastic modulus of concrete initially increases due to the filling effect of hydration products and the formation of ettringite and Friedel's salt. However, as the corrosion continues, the excessive filling of pores by expansive products caused by sulfate ions leads to a gradual decrease in modulus. The model successfully captures these changes and fits well with the experimental data. Additionally, it was found that chloride ions react with tricalcium aluminate to form Friedel's salt. This reduces the amount of ettringite formed by sulfate ions, thereby reducing the expansion force and delaying the decline in dynamic elastic modulus. This also reduces the damage caused by the expansion force. The findings provide a theoretical basis for designing concrete structures in marine environments with stronger resistance to sulfate and chloride corrosion. This can help engineers develop more effective strategies to enhance the durability of concrete in marine environments. This, in turn, can extend the service life of marine infrastructure and reduce maintenance costs.

, correspAuthors=Jiankang Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haoming Zhu, Tianheng Hou, Jiankang Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241833171239637526, articleId=1241833155901067471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=多化学腐蚀过程的混凝土模量演化, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海水对混凝土的腐蚀具有多化学的特征,主要包括硫酸根离子、氯离子以及两者的耦合作用对混凝土的腐蚀. 目前硫酸根离子与氯离子共同腐蚀下的混凝土模量演化规律尚未形成共识. 本文制备混凝土样品开展了人工海水的加速腐蚀实验,利用无损探测技术探索了硫酸根离子和氯离子共同腐蚀下超声波在混凝土中传播速度的变化,由此得到混凝土模量在腐蚀条件下的演化规律. 以此为基础,结合材料的继续水化、硫酸根离子与混凝土的固相及液相化学反应、氯离子的络合反应等化学过程的反应方程式,以及相应的化学反应速率方程,建立了硫酸盐-氯盐耦合侵蚀下混凝土模量演化的力学-化学模型,并阐明了两种离子侵蚀的竞争机制,为设计耐久性更好的海工混凝土提供理论支持.

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**E-mail:.
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Cement and Concrete Research, 2023, 164: 107065., articleTitle=Understanding the degradation mechanisms of cement-based systems in combined chloride-sulfate attack, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241833186095862587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=144, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Yu G Y, Wei G, Yuan F, Castel A, Chen X J, Liu A, journalName=Cement and Concrete Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu G Y, Wei G, Yuan F, Castel A, Chen X J, Liu A. On the competitive antagonism effect in combined chloride-sulfate attack: A numerical exploration[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2021, 144: 106406., articleTitle=On the competitive antagonism effect in combined chloride-sulfate attack: A numerical exploration, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241833180630684393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, awardId=11832013, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重点项目(11832013), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241833180706181866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, awardId=2024Z256, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市“科技创新甬江2035”重点技术攻关计划项目(2024Z256), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241833180802650861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, awardId=2022Z209, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市科技创新2025重大专项(2022Z209), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241833171478712862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, 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caption=氯离子腐蚀下混凝土动弹性模量演化模型与实验结果, figureFileSmall=X0moHmiXv+5XiZhXrx5kFw==, figureFileBig=VUZqoE3THojYASF9JVC3xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833176801284777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Evolution model and experimental results of dynamic elastic modulus of concrete under sulfate ion-chloride ion corrosion, figureFileSmall=9Uyaw5v3Kgn8w3/NIcegFQ==, figureFileBig=sE4KOeEzqQj3868eYIwW6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833176893559467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=图8, caption=硫酸根离子-氯离子腐蚀下混凝土动弹性模量演化模型与实验结果, figureFileSmall=9Uyaw5v3Kgn8w3/NIcegFQ==, figureFileBig=sE4KOeEzqQj3868eYIwW6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833177065525933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of Portland cement (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOSO3Na2OLOSSf-CaOC3SC3A
22.354.032.7263.731.962.400.541.650.4353.456.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177145217711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

硅酸盐水泥化学成分(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOSO3Na2OLOSSf-CaOC3SC3A
22.354.032.7263.731.962.400.541.650.4353.456.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177233298099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance table of Portland cement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProjectRequestNational standards GB175-2007Test results
SO3(%)3.502.58
MgO(%)6.001.23
Cl-(%)0.060.04
Fineness(%)(0.08 mm)or(0.045 mm)10.00Qualified
30.00
StabilityQualified
Condensation time(min)45Qualified
600Qualified
Flexural Strength3天2.54.5
28天5.57.3
Compressive Strength3天10.017.2
28天32.537.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177342350008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

硅酸盐水泥性能表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProjectRequestNational standards GB175-2007Test results
SO3(%)3.502.58
MgO(%)6.001.23
Cl-(%)0.060.04
Fineness(%)(0.08 mm)or(0.045 mm)10.00Qualified
30.00
StabilityQualified
Condensation time(min)45Qualified
600Qualified
Flexural Strength3天2.54.5
28天5.57.3
Compressive Strength3天10.017.2
28天32.537.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177417847482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sand distribution status

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sand sieve pore size(mm)Weight(g)Divide the sieve surplus Ai(%)Cumulative sieve residue Ai(%)
4.7521.44.34.3
2.3623.74.79.0
1.1859.311.920.9
0.60127.525.546.4
0.30159.932.078.4
0.1577.215.493.8
Fineness modulus calculationMx=2.38
Fineness modulusCoarse sand 3.1-3.7Medium sand 2.3-3.0Fine sand 1.6-2.2
Sand genusMedium sand
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177514316476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

砂集配状况表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sand sieve pore size(mm)Weight(g)Divide the sieve surplus Ai(%)Cumulative sieve residue Ai(%)
4.7521.44.34.3
2.3623.74.79.0
1.1859.311.920.9
0.60127.525.546.4
0.30159.932.078.4
0.1577.215.493.8
Fineness modulus calculationMx=2.38
Fineness modulusCoarse sand 3.1-3.7Medium sand 2.3-3.0Fine sand 1.6-2.2
Sand genusMedium sand
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177598202560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sand technical performance table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Apparent density(g/cm3Porosity(%)Water content(%)Mud content(%)
240042.02.40.5
Fineness modulusGrading areaSurface condition
2.382Round granular
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177728225986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

砂技术性能表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Apparent density(g/cm3Porosity(%)Water content(%)Mud content(%)
240042.02.40.5
Fineness modulusGrading areaSurface condition
2.382Round granular
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177816306373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Technical performance table of gravel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Apparent density(g/cm32410
Porosity39.0%
Gradation5~16 mm Continuous pellets
Mud content1.0%
Water content0.3%
Needle flake particle content9.1%
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177900192456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

碎石技术性能表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Apparent density(g/cm32410
Porosity39.0%
Gradation5~16 mm Continuous pellets
Mud content1.0%
Water content0.3%
Needle flake particle content9.1%
), ArticleFig(id=1241833177979884233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Gravel grading table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Grading status(mm)Circular sieve hole size(mm)
2.55.010.016.0
Sieve residual weight(g)37.7480.0425.928.5
Cumulative sieve residue(by mass)(%)98.6994.8646.132.89
Nominal particle size(mm)5~1695~10090~10030~600~10
), ArticleFig(id=1241833179468862155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

碎石级配表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Grading status(mm)Circular sieve hole size(mm)
2.55.010.016.0
Sieve residual weight(g)37.7480.0425.928.5
Cumulative sieve residue(by mass)(%)98.6994.8646.132.89
Nominal particle size(mm)5~1695~10090~10030~600~10
), ArticleFig(id=1241833179577914060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Performance indicators of tap water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test itemsRelevant content
Sulfate(mg/L)200.00
Chloride(mg/L)250.00
Fluoride(mg/L)1.00
Nitrate nitrogen(mg/L)20.00
CCl4(ug/L)3.00
Anionic synthetic detergent(mg/L)0.30
Total dissolved solids(mg/L)1000.00
Residual chlorine(mg/L)0.48
Total hardness(CaCO3)(mg/L)450.00
pH7.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241833179699548881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

自来水性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test itemsRelevant content
Sulfate(mg/L)200.00
Chloride(mg/L)250.00
Fluoride(mg/L)1.00
Nitrate nitrogen(mg/L)20.00
CCl4(ug/L)3.00
Anionic synthetic detergent(mg/L)0.30
Total dissolved solids(mg/L)1000.00
Residual chlorine(mg/L)0.48
Total hardness(CaCO3)(mg/L)450.00
pH7.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241833179775046355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Composition of sodium chloride

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NaClGB/T1266-2006
Molecular weight58.44pH(50 g/L,25 ℃)5.0~8.0
NaCl content≥99.5%Clarity testQualified
Maximum impurity content(index in%)
Water insoluble(w/%)0.00500Bromide(w/%)0.01000
Dry burning is weightless(w/%)0.50000Iodide(w/%)0.00200
Sulfate(w/%)0.00200Total nitrogen(w/%)0.00100
Mg(w/%)0.00200K(w/%)0.02000
Ca(w/%)0.00500Fe(w/%)0.00200
As(w/%)0.00005Ba(w/%)0.00100
Phosphate(w/%)0.00100Pb(w/%)0.00050
Iron(II)hexacyanide(w/%)0.00010
), ArticleFig(id=1241833179858932437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

氯化钠成分指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NaClGB/T1266-2006
Molecular weight58.44pH(50 g/L,25 ℃)5.0~8.0
NaCl content≥99.5%Clarity testQualified
Maximum impurity content(index in%)
Water insoluble(w/%)0.00500Bromide(w/%)0.01000
Dry burning is weightless(w/%)0.50000Iodide(w/%)0.00200
Sulfate(w/%)0.00200Total nitrogen(w/%)0.00100
Mg(w/%)0.00200K(w/%)0.02000
Ca(w/%)0.00500Fe(w/%)0.00200
As(w/%)0.00005Ba(w/%)0.00100
Phosphate(w/%)0.00100Pb(w/%)0.00050
Iron(II)hexacyanide(w/%)0.00010
), ArticleFig(id=1241833179951207127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Technical indicators of sodium sulfate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Na2SO4GB/T9853-2008
Molecular formulaNa2SO4Relative molecular weight142.04
Na2SO4(w/%)≥99.0000pH(50 g/L,25 ℃)5.0-8.0
Impurity content(w%)
Clarity test/number≤3.0000Water insoluble≤0.0050
Burning weightlessness≤0.2000chloride≤0.0010
Phosphate≤0.0010Total Nitrogen≤0.0005
K≤0.0100Ca(w/%)≤0.0020
Fe≤0.0005Pb(w/%)≤0.0005
), ArticleFig(id=1241833180051870427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

硫酸钠技术指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Na2SO4GB/T9853-2008
Molecular formulaNa2SO4Relative molecular weight142.04
Na2SO4(w/%)≥99.0000pH(50 g/L,25 ℃)5.0-8.0
Impurity content(w%)
Clarity test/number≤3.0000Water insoluble≤0.0050
Burning weightlessness≤0.2000chloride≤0.0010
Phosphate≤0.0010Total Nitrogen≤0.0005
K≤0.0100Ca(w/%)≤0.0020
Fe≤0.0005Pb(w/%)≤0.0005
), ArticleFig(id=1241833180148339421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Fitting parameters under sulfate ion corrosion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration tp3(d) m η tp4(d)
3% Before injury1.00062.5695
3% After the injury1.00062.56953.49682.9999319.9339
8% Before injury1.019962.9042
8% After the injury1.019962.90421.509225.65942.3807×104
), ArticleFig(id=1241833180223836895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

硫酸根离子腐蚀下拟合参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration tp3(d) m η tp4(d)
3% Before injury1.00062.5695
3% After the injury1.00062.56953.49682.9999319.9339
8% Before injury1.019962.9042
8% After the injury1.019962.90421.509225.65942.3807×104
), ArticleFig(id=1241833180286751459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Fitting parameters under chloride corrosion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration t p2(d)
3%1.00672.0178
8%0.990229.2543
), ArticleFig(id=1241833180358054629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

氯离子腐蚀下拟合参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration t p2(d)
3%1.00672.0178
8%0.990229.2543
), ArticleFig(id=1241833180450329318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Fitting parameters under sulfate-chloride corrosion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration tp2(d) tp3(d) m η tp4(d)
3%+6%0.95540.97861.05821.1673
5%+10% Before injury0.677747.63931.531584.5184
5%+10% After the injury0.677747.63931.531584.51841.12051.40751.2359×103
), ArticleFig(id=1241833180534215399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155901067471, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

硫酸根-氯离子腐蚀下拟合参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration tp2(d) tp3(d) m η tp4(d)
3%+6%0.95540.97861.05821.1673
5%+10% Before injury0.677747.63931.531584.5184
5%+10% After the injury0.677747.63931.531584.51841.12051.40751.2359×103
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多化学腐蚀过程的混凝土模量演化
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朱浩鸣 , 侯天恒 , 陈建康 **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(4): 473-487
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(4): 473-487
多化学腐蚀过程的混凝土模量演化
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朱浩鸣, 侯天恒, 陈建康**
作者信息
  • 宁波大学压力容器与管道安全浙江省工程研究中心,宁波,315211

通讯作者:

Concrete Modulus Evolution in Multiple Chemical Corrosion Processes
Haoming Zhu, Tianheng Hou, Jiankang Chen**
Affiliations
  • Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for the Safety of Pressure Vessel and Pipeline, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211
出版时间: 2025-08-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.013
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海水对混凝土的腐蚀具有多化学的特征,主要包括硫酸根离子、氯离子以及两者的耦合作用对混凝土的腐蚀. 目前硫酸根离子与氯离子共同腐蚀下的混凝土模量演化规律尚未形成共识. 本文制备混凝土样品开展了人工海水的加速腐蚀实验,利用无损探测技术探索了硫酸根离子和氯离子共同腐蚀下超声波在混凝土中传播速度的变化,由此得到混凝土模量在腐蚀条件下的演化规律. 以此为基础,结合材料的继续水化、硫酸根离子与混凝土的固相及液相化学反应、氯离子的络合反应等化学过程的反应方程式,以及相应的化学反应速率方程,建立了硫酸盐-氯盐耦合侵蚀下混凝土模量演化的力学-化学模型,并阐明了两种离子侵蚀的竞争机制,为设计耐久性更好的海工混凝土提供理论支持.

混凝土  /  模量演化  /  多化学过程  /  氯离子腐蚀  /  硫酸根离子腐蚀  /  继续水化  /  力学-化学模型

Concrete structures in marine environments will be attacked by corrosive ions in seawater, including chloride ions, sulfate ions, etc. Those ions can significantly cause the degradation of the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. They can also cause problems like reinforcement corrosion, cracking, and spalling, and lead to the decrease of the service life of concrete structures and pose serious threats to structural safety. Investigating the evolution of mechanical properties of concrete under the combined action of sulfate and chloride ions is crucial for designing more durable concrete structures in marine environment. However, there is currently no consensus on the evolution of concrete modulus under such combined corrosion conditions. To address this gap, this paper presents an experimental study on the modulus evolution of concrete under the combined corrosion of sulfate and chloride ions. Concrete samples were prepared and subjected to accelerated corrosion experiments in artificial seawater. Ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) was used to measure the changes in ultrasonic wave velocity in concrete. This allowed us to track the evolution of concrete modulus under corrosion conditions. Based on the experimental results, a mechanical-chemical model was developed. The model integrates the continuous hydration of concrete, the chemical reactions of sulfate ions with concrete, the complexation reactions of chloride ions, and other chemical processes. The model helps explain the competitive mechanism between sulfate and chloride ions during the corrosion process. The results show that the elastic modulus of concrete initially increases due to the filling effect of hydration products and the formation of ettringite and Friedel's salt. However, as the corrosion continues, the excessive filling of pores by expansive products caused by sulfate ions leads to a gradual decrease in modulus. The model successfully captures these changes and fits well with the experimental data. Additionally, it was found that chloride ions react with tricalcium aluminate to form Friedel's salt. This reduces the amount of ettringite formed by sulfate ions, thereby reducing the expansion force and delaying the decline in dynamic elastic modulus. This also reduces the damage caused by the expansion force. The findings provide a theoretical basis for designing concrete structures in marine environments with stronger resistance to sulfate and chloride corrosion. This can help engineers develop more effective strategies to enhance the durability of concrete in marine environments. This, in turn, can extend the service life of marine infrastructure and reduce maintenance costs.

concrete  /  modulus evolution  /  multi-chemical process  /  chloride ion corrosion  /  sulfate ion corrosion  /  continuous hydration  /  mechanical-chemical model
朱浩鸣, 侯天恒, 陈建康. 多化学腐蚀过程的混凝土模量演化. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 473 -487 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.013
Haoming Zhu, Tianheng Hou, Jiankang Chen. Concrete Modulus Evolution in Multiple Chemical Corrosion Processes[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (4) : 473 -487 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.013
海水中富含氯离子和硫酸根离子,在这些离子的侵蚀下混凝土材料的力学性能发生衰变,耐久性降低. 在劣化过程中混凝土内部钢筋发生的锈蚀是由于氯离子的侵蚀[1],而硫酸根离子的侵蚀则会在混凝土孔隙中生成钙矾石[2-4]、石膏等膨胀性产物. 这些膨胀性产物受孔隙壁约束时会产生膨胀应力[5],从而引发微裂纹的萌生[6-8]. 在侵蚀性离子持续对钢筋和混凝土造成损害的作用下,海工混凝土在服役期间可能出现钢筋锈蚀、混凝土开裂、表面剥落等问题[9-11]. 这些问题最终导致混凝土服役寿命缩短,结构提前失效,严重威胁结构安全[12].
因此,针对混凝土受硫酸根离子腐蚀的规律,很多学者都展开了深入研究. 例如,Chen等[13,14]利用扫描电子显微镜研究了硫酸盐侵蚀的损伤机理,证实延迟生成的钙矾石内膨胀应力是引发微裂纹萌生的主要原因,并提出了能更好地表征混凝土在硫酸盐侵蚀下的腐蚀损伤特性的力-化学模型. Zhang等[15]人从介观孔隙结构的角度研究硫酸盐侵蚀下混凝土的劣化特性. 研究发现,在硫酸盐侵蚀的早期阶段,化学硫酸盐侵蚀(CSA)导致大多数介观孔隙被反应产物填充,而物理硫酸盐侵蚀(PSA)则使产物主要堆积在较大的孔隙中. 在中后期阶段,PSA加速了较小孔隙和孔喉的形成,而CSA则相反. 研究进一步提出了可显著提高抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的方法,即减小混凝土中较大孔隙的初始体积. 在混凝土耐久性研究中,氯离子的腐蚀作用也是重要的方向之一. Da等[16]开展了珊瑚混凝土受氯盐侵蚀下的耐久性实验并以养护龄期和侵蚀时间为变量. 实验结果显示,延长混凝土试件的养护龄期能使其抗氯离子扩散能力显著增强,从而使氯离子入侵速度减慢,结构寿命得以延长. Du等[17]研究了氯化物溶液及氯化物和硫酸盐混合溶液环境下混凝土试样的腐蚀行为. 通过定期采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线荧光光谱、化学分析等方法分析混凝土的微观形貌、氯元素和硫元素含量. 研究表明,在受混合溶液侵蚀下,混凝土试件中的氯离子相对于比硫酸根离子有更快的迁移速度,并能与混凝土中的铝酸三钙(C3A)发生化学反应,生成一种名为Friedel盐的化合物. 这种反应有效地抑制了硫酸根离子的迁移,减少了膨胀性腐蚀产物的形成,如钙矾石、石膏等,使硫酸盐对混凝土试件的侵蚀作用得到缓解.
在混凝土腐蚀损伤过程中,其强度、模量、断裂韧性和表面硬度等力学参量均发生显著变化[18,19]:在强度方面,甘磊等[20]研究了混凝土在硫酸盐侵蚀和冻融循环共同作用下的力学性能变化规律,发现混凝土试件在经过8次盐冻循环后,与单一的硫酸盐侵蚀条件相比,其抗压强度和抗拉强度降低了40%左右,这说明冻融循环会使硫酸盐腐蚀混凝土的作用加剧. Haufe等[21]也开展了硫酸盐侵蚀实验,并通过对混凝土试件的抗拉强度的测定来评价混凝土的耐久性. 研究发现,高C3A含量的普通波特兰水泥混凝土在硫酸盐侵蚀下强度损失显著,而掺入磨细粒状高炉矿渣[22,23]和硅质粉煤灰[24,25]能够显著提升其抗硫酸盐性能. 此外,Chindaprasirt等[26]探究了粉煤灰细度对砂浆试件的强度以及抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,实验结果表明,较粗粉煤灰颗粒能够与水泥基质形成更牢固的粘结,从而显著增强砂浆的抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力,而参加细粉煤灰制成的砂浆试件则有更高的强度. Zhang等[27]研究了水泥砂浆在硫酸盐侵蚀下抗折强度的演化规律,发现其侵蚀时间、硫酸盐溶液浓度、水灰比都能显著影响混凝土的抗折强度. 此外Chen等[28]对混凝土抗折叠强度在不同浓度硫酸盐作用下的演化规律进行了研究,提出强度演化可分为三个阶段:衰减、恢复和再次衰减. 其中C-S-H凝胶的不断水化使混凝土的微观结构得到改善[29],是强度产生恢复阶段的主要原因. 在模量方面,蒋敏强等[30]运用超声波技术研究了不同浓度硫酸盐侵蚀下水泥砂浆试件的动弹性模量随侵蚀时间变化的规律. 研究显示,水泥砂浆试件的动弹性模量在受硫酸盐侵蚀的情况下,会先升高至一个峰值,再快速或逐渐减小. Zhou等[31]也开展了硫酸盐腐蚀实验并对混凝土试件的损伤程度进行细致研究. 将混凝土的逐步劣化行为划分为三个区域(化学腐蚀区、膨胀应力损伤区和完整混凝土区),并建立了化学-细观损伤模型,研究发现,随着侵蚀程度加深,混凝土弹性模量显著降低. 在断裂韧性和表面硬度方面,Yao等[32]采用数字散斑技术对预制裂纹的混凝土试样进行了检测. 结果表明在硫酸盐腐蚀下材料的腐蚀损伤总是由表及里的发生,呈现出表面硬度也会发生衰变.
以上的研究主要是针对硫酸盐腐蚀或者氯盐腐蚀所开展的,然而对硫酸盐和氯盐共同腐蚀的研究也是不可缺少的. 如Chen等[33]研究了混凝土试样在五种腐蚀溶液(单一的硫酸盐溶液和硫酸盐-氯盐混合溶液)的膨胀位移变化规律,建立了硫酸盐腐蚀及硫酸盐-氯化物复合腐蚀条件下混凝土膨胀位移力学模型. Omikrine Metalssi等[34]通过研究氯化物和硫酸盐离子对材料的相互作用,能够更好地理解耦合现象. 并探究了水泥种类和养护时间对氯-硫酸盐侵蚀的影响. 但硫酸根离子与氯离子共同腐蚀下的混凝土模量演化规律尚未形成共识. 为此,本文制备混凝土样品开展了人工海水的加速腐蚀实验,利用无损探测技术探索了硫酸根离子和氯离子共同腐蚀下超声波在混凝土中传播速度的变化,由此得到混凝土模量在腐蚀条件下的演化规律. 以此为基础,结合材料的继续水化、硫酸根离子与混凝土的固相及液相化学反应、氯离子的络合反应等化学过程的反应方程式,以及相应的化学反应速率方程,建立了硫酸盐-氯盐耦合侵蚀下混凝土模量演化的力学-化学模型,并阐明了两种离子侵蚀的竞争机制,为设计耐久性更好的海工混凝土提供理论支持.
实验所用材料的各项性能参数如下所示:
(1)水泥
本实验采用西安秦岭水泥厂生产的代号P. C(海螺牌)、等级为32.5 MPa的普通硅酸盐水泥. 化学成分见表1,其中LOSS为灼烧损失,表示水泥在高温灼烧后质量减少的百分比,用于评估水泥中有机物和水分的含量;f-CaO为游离氧化钙,表示水泥中未与其他成分结合的氧化钙含量,游离氧化钙含量过高可能导致水泥安定性不良;硅酸三钙C3S(3CaO·SiO2)与铝酸三钙C3A(3CaO·Al2O3)都是水泥的主要矿物成分之一. 各项性能指标如表2所示.
(2)砂
选用级配良好的宁波河砂,级配区为二区,细度模数为Mx=2.38,具体级配情况和技术性能见表3表4.
(3)碎石
碎石选用宁波的“瓜子片”. 技术性能参数见表5;级配状况如表6,其中包含了筛分过程中记录的筛余重量和累积筛余百分比. 例如,通过2.5 mm筛孔后,筛余重量(粒径大小在2.5 mm与5.0 mm之间的碎石质量)的重量为37.7 g,累积筛余百分比(粒径大于2.5 mm的碎石质量占总质量的百分比)为98.69%. 数据表明,碎石的粒径分布较为均匀,主要集中在5.0 mm至16.0 mm之间,符合工程中对碎石级配的要求,能够保证混凝土的密实性和工作性能.
(4)水
实验过程中试样的制作和养护用水采用宁波江东水厂的自来水,其性能指标详见表7.
(5)实验溶液制备
实验中为模拟海水侵蚀环境,配制了以下七种腐蚀溶液:清水、3%硫酸钠溶液、8%硫酸钠溶液、3%氯化钠溶液、8%氯化钠溶液、3%硫酸钠与6%氯化钠混合溶液、5%硫酸钠与10%氯化钠混合溶液. 实验所用的氯化钠和无水硫酸钠分别由天津市博迪化工股份有限公司和永大化学试剂有限公司提供,其成分指标详见表8表9. 其中氯化钠的纯度大于99.5%,其分子量为58.44,pH值在5.0-8.0之间,表明其溶液呈中性或弱酸性. 表中还列出了多种杂质的最大含量,确保了氯化钠在实验中的纯净度和化学稳定性,适用于模拟海水环境的腐蚀实验. 硫酸钠的纯度大于99.0%. 相对分子量为142.04. 硫酸钠溶液的pH值在5.0-8.0之间,表明其溶液呈中性或弱酸性. 表中还列出了多种杂质的最大含量,如水不溶物不超过0.0050%,灼烧失重不超过0.2000%等,适用于实验中模拟海水环境的腐蚀实验.
在试样的制备过程中,采用的工程塑料模具产自于虞南建筑仪器厂,混凝土试样的尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×150 mm,水灰比为0.52,共计210个.
将搅拌好的混凝土料卸在干净的铁板上,然后注入准备好的模具中,待混凝土试块固化24小时后从模具中取出,接着对制作完成的试样进行编号,待编号完成后在试块表面覆盖工程建筑中常用的土工布室温下养护28天,通过定时浇水湿润保持湿度在80%以上,温度在15-25 ℃之间. 养护结束后,将其取出并置于配制好的七种溶液中进行腐蚀实验. 在浸泡的第一天,从每一种腐蚀性溶液中抽取混凝土试样,同种溶液中取出的三个试样编为一组,共7组. 先将试样表面的水分用干抹布擦干,再使用凡士林涂于其表面. 随后,又用型号为ZBL-U520的北京智博联科技有限公司生产的非金属类超声波检测仪测量试块的波速. 在测量过程中需待超声波波速稳定后,再进行数据的记录. 每个混凝土试块的波速值都进行九次测量并取算术平均值,再将该组三个试件的波速值取平均. 之后,在试样浸泡达到17、14、28、50、90、120、150、180、210、275、325天时,按照之前的测量步骤进行重复测量. 由于试验测量时长跨越多个季节,为了确保混凝土试验结果的准确性和可重复性,混凝土试块的腐蚀过程与测量过程都在室内进行,且确保每次测量的操作条件一致,包括测量设备的校准、试样的处理和测量方法等. 并且在腐蚀和测量过程中,尽量减少人员活动和其他干扰因素,以维持环境的稳定性. 超声波测量的过程如图1所示.
Et表示混凝土试件在受溶液侵蚀t天后的动弹性模量. 在整个腐蚀实验过程中,我们用非金属超声波检测仪对每块混凝土试块的动弹性模量E进行了不定期的无损检测,得到了动弹性模量的变化的实验结果,具体论述如下:
图2为混凝土在三种浓度的硫酸钠溶液中的动弹性模量的平均值E随时间的演化结果. 从对照组的实验结果来看,放置在清水中试样的动弹性模量值随着侵蚀时间递增. 这表明混凝土的水化产物填充了混凝土内部的孔隙,减少了孔隙率,提高了混凝土的密实度和整体性,增强其内部结构的均匀性和连续性. 此外,水化反应的进行也提高了混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度等力学性能,并且增强了混凝土的耐久性,如抗腐蚀性能. 这些因素共同作用,使得混凝土的动弹性模量得到显著提升. 而从实验组的实验结果来看,放置在腐蚀溶液中试样的动弹性模量值的变化可以分成两个阶段. 其中3%硫酸钠溶液中试块的动弹性模量值在第一阶段即210天前持续增加,在这之后进入第二阶段随着腐蚀时间的增加其动弹性模量值逐渐下降;8%硫酸钠溶液中试块的动弹性模量值也在第一阶段即180天前持续增加,并在之后进入第二阶段随着腐蚀时间的增加其动弹性模量值迅速下降,且在开始下降后30天内其值就远低于对照组. 其中第一阶段模量的递增是由于溶液中的硫酸根离子与混凝土材料中的相关化学成分发生化学反应生成钙矾石修补了材料中的缺陷以及未水化水泥颗粒的继续水化生成了新的C-S-H凝胶. 第二阶段模量的递减是由于钙矾石的的不断形成导致在混凝土孔隙内的过度填充而产生的内膨胀力,膨胀力产生的损伤在与钙矾石填充效应及继续水化效应的强化作用的竞争中逐渐占据主导作用,从而导致混凝土的劣化. 从实验组的曲线也可以看到8%硫酸钠溶液中试块的模量值在第一阶段增加的速率和第二阶段减少的速率都大于3%硫酸钠溶液. 这表明越高的硫酸钠溶液能加速钙矾石的产生不仅能增强第一阶段和第二阶段的填充效应,还使得混凝土材料的劣化提前即缩短了第一阶段的时长. 在后续建立混凝土的模量模型时这一现象是需要深入探讨的.
图3展示了浸泡在氯化钠溶液中的混凝土试件的动弹性模量平均值E的变化趋势. 实验表明,试块在清水及两种氯化钠溶液中的动弹性模量均随浸泡时间增加而提高. 其中,清水中的试块因混凝土水化产物填充孔隙,动弹性模量得到提升. 而在氯化钠溶液中的试块除了水化产物对孔隙的填充作用外,水泥中的铝酸三钙与氯离子发生化学反应生成Friedel盐也填充和修补了混凝土的缺陷.
图4为混凝土在三种浓度的硫酸钠与氯化钠混合溶液中的动弹性模量的平均值E随时间的演化结果. 从实验结果来看,放置在清水以及3%硫酸钠与6%氯化钠混合溶液中试样的动弹性模量值都随着侵蚀时间的增加而增加. 而更高浓度混合溶液中的混凝土试样所测的动弹性模量值首先在210天前迅速上升,然后在210天后减缓增加的速度以及在275天之后出现下降的趋势. 与前者相比,其模量值在经历210天的浸泡后要更高,且在275天后优先产生了劣化现象. 这表明高浓度的硫酸钠与氯化钠混合溶液会加速硫酸根离子和氯离子的扩散速度,使得反应速率更快. 这导致钙矾石和Friedel盐的生成速率增加. 而更多的钙矾石等膨胀性产物的生成,不仅会在试验中期加剧对孔隙填充,还会在试验后期更早得产生膨胀力,从而更快地导致混凝土的损伤和模量下降.
动弹性模量演化模型的具体推导如下:混凝土受氯离子和硫酸根离子的腐蚀是由多化学过程所决定的. 主要包括以下三个化学过程.
(1)继续水化过程:水泥中的未水化的硅酸三钙颗粒与水继续发生反应生水化硅酸钙,即C-S-H凝胶,增强混凝土的力学性能,其化学反应方程如下:
与其相应的化学反应速率方程可用浓度的形式表示为:
式中CCS为未水化硅酸三钙的浓度,k为反应速率常数.
(2)硫酸根离子固化反应过程:这一过程通常分两步进行,一是硫酸根离子与氢氧化钙发生化学反应生成二水石膏;二水石膏与水泥中的铝酸三钙发生化学反应生成钙矾石. 钙矾石的生长既能在腐蚀填充混凝土孔隙增强混凝土的力学性能,又能在孔隙中产生膨胀力导致混凝土损伤而弱化混凝土的力学性能. 这一过程的化学反应方程式如下:
为书写简便,在(3)式中用了这样的:q=3γ1+3γ2+ 2γ3. CH为氢氧化钙;为石膏;CA为铝酸盐相;表示水合物硫铝酸钙(DE);C3A、C4AH13分别表示铝酸三钙、四铝酸钙和单硫酸盐;q为硫酸盐相的化学计量重量系数;γii=1-3)表示每个铝酸盐相与总铝酸盐含量的比值.
与其相应的化学反应速率方程可表示为:
式中CCACsul,分别表示铝酸三钙和硫酸根离子的浓度,k1为该化学过程的反应速率常数.
(3)氯离子侵蚀反应过程:对于素混凝土,氯离子与混凝土中的氯酸盐发生反应生成Friedel盐. 如果侵蚀时间不够长,这一过程基本不弱化混凝土的模量,而且Friedel盐可以起到填充混凝土孔隙的作用,其化学反应方程式为:
与其相应的化学反应速率方程可表示为:
式中CclCCACFriedel分别表示氯离子、铝酸三钙和Friedel盐的浓度;k2是这一化学过程的反应速率系数.
很显然,在氯盐和硫酸盐腐蚀环境下混凝土的动弹性模量演化应该与这三个化学过程的反应速率相关. 且因此,混凝土的动弹性模量可以表示为:
式中ϕt)为腐蚀环境影响函数. 很显然它与上述的三个化学过程相关.
如果我们假定用ϕht),ϕclt),ϕsult)分别表示继续水化、氯离子固化和硫酸根离子固化的影响,则ϕt)可表示为:
很显然在t=0时刻模量不发生变化,所以:
继续水化影响函数ϕht)的确定:ϕht)的函数形式应该与继续水化过程相关. 通常继续水化生成的C-S-H凝胶越多,混凝土的模量就提高得越多. 因此,应该是C-S-H凝胶含量的单调递增函数. 即:
我们将ϕhmC-S-H)展开为泰勒级数:
如果取其线性部分,则ϕhmC-S-H)可以简洁地表示为:
对上式微分得到:
根据水化方程(1)式,可知C-S-H凝胶的增加量正比于硅酸三钙的消耗量,即:
将(13)式代入(14)式可以得到:
将(14)和(15)式代入化学反应速率方程(2)式,得到关于水化影响函数的微分方程:
解此微分方程得到:
式中a4a5为待定参数.
氯离子腐蚀影响函数ϕclt)的确定:ϕclt)与氯离子和铝酸三钙发生化学反应生成Friedel盐的化学过程相关. 我们的实验表明Friedel盐可以起到填充混凝土孔隙的作用,因而可以增强混凝土. 事实上混凝土中的铝酸盐的浓度可以分为两部分,一部分与氯离子反应生成Friedel盐,另一部分与硫酸根离子反应生成钙矾石. 因此在dt时间内铝酸盐浓度的变化量dCCA为两部分,即:
式中分别为dt时间内与氯离子和硫酸根离子发生反应的铝酸盐浓度变化量.
假定在dt时间内ϕcl的变化量dϕcl正比于Friedel盐的生成量,它与铝酸盐的减小量相关. 根据化学反应方程式(5)可以得到:
所以:
式中λ2为比例系数.
对上式两边积分得到:
式中为无量纲待定参数.
把式(20)和式(21)代入化学反应速率方程式(6)得到:
式中δ为待定参数.
对上式两边同时积分得到:
上式可以化简为:
可以看出ϕcl为指数增长函数.
硫酸根离子腐蚀影响函数ϕsult)的确定:ϕsult)与硫酸根离子和铝酸三钙发生化学反应生成钙矾石的化学过程相关. 应该注意,ϕsult)包含两个部分,既有钙矾石填充混凝土孔隙增强混凝土的效应,又有钙矾石的膨胀力造成混凝土损伤,弱化混凝土. 因此:
式中ϕ(sul)rt)为硫酸根离子增强效应的影响函数,Dt)为硫酸根离子腐蚀产生的损伤.
同样地,假定在dt时间内ϕ(sul)r的变化量dϕ(sul)r正比于钙矾石的生成量,它与铝酸盐的减小量相关. 根据化学反应方程式(3)可以得到:
式中λ3为比例系数.
对上式两边积分得到:
式中为无量纲待定参数.
把式(26)和式(27)代入化学反应速率方程式(4)得到:
式中δ1为待定参数.
很显然(28)式与(22)式具有相同的形式,因此ϕ(sul)rϕcl也具有相同的形式,即:
可以看出ϕ(sul)r为指数增长函数.
在硫酸盐侵蚀下,石膏等膨胀性产物填充孔隙,产生了拉应力从而使混凝土产生损伤. Chen等[28]结合化学反应和反应速率方程,推导出控制膨胀应力演化的微分方程. 并假设损伤变化服从威布尔分布函数,提出了一种新的损伤演化模型,可以较好地描述硫酸盐侵蚀下混凝土腐蚀损伤的特征. 具体方程如下:
式中ηm为无量纲待定参数,tp4为待定的特征时间,tcr为损伤演化的初始时刻由实验结果直接决定.
模型结果与实验数据:混凝土动弹性模量演化模型由相关公式代入式(7-8)确定. 根据该方程,利用MATLAB对实验测得的各组动弹性模量数据进行拟合. 图6图7图8分别给出了根据实验结果所得到的理论拟合结果.
其中水化系数a4a5分别为0.0015和0.0019. 拟合的实验参数如表10表11表12所示.
表10-12可知,式(25)可以有效描述硫酸盐、氯盐及硫酸盐-氯盐耦合腐蚀作用下混凝土动弹性模量的演化特征.
本文通过对放在不同腐蚀溶液中的混凝土试块经过325天的实验研究,探索了具有多化学过程的氯盐、硫酸盐及硫酸盐-氯盐混合溶液腐蚀下混凝土的动弹性模量演化规律,得出了以下新的结果:
(1)在腐蚀试验过程中,混凝土试件一直处于继续水化状态. 水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶和氢氧化钙等水化产物逐渐填充混凝土内部的孔隙,使混凝土的微观结构变得更加致密,从而提高其强度和动弹性模量. 且水化作用会随着时间推移逐渐减弱.
(2)在含有氯离子的腐蚀实验中,氯离子会与水泥中的铝酸盐发生反应,生成Friedel盐. 该产物可以填充混凝土结构中的孔隙,从而在一定程度上提高混凝土的动弹性模量.
(3)放置在硫酸盐溶液中腐蚀的试样在测量后期出现动弹性模量下降的时间要远早于硫酸盐-氯盐腐蚀溶液中的试件,且其下降趋势也比硫酸盐-氯盐腐蚀溶液中的试件更加明显. 这是因为氯离子可与铝酸三钙反应生成Friedel盐,根据质量守恒定律,试样中铝酸盐的初始含量是一定的,这导致硫酸根离子与铝酸盐反应生成钙矾石的减少,引起膨胀力也就相应减小,延缓了混凝土动弹性模量的下降趋势的同时也减少了由于膨胀力产生的损伤.
(4)提出了一个能够反应多化学过程特征的硫酸盐-氯盐耦合侵蚀下混凝土模量演化的力学-化学模型,该模型能够很好的表征在硫酸盐-氯盐侵蚀环境下混凝土模量演化特性.
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(11832013)
  • 宁波市“科技创新甬江2035”重点技术攻关计划项目(2024Z256)
  • 宁波市科技创新2025重大专项(2022Z209)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.013
  • 接收时间:2025-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-01
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(11832013)
宁波市“科技创新甬江2035”重点技术攻关计划项目(2024Z256)
宁波市科技创新2025重大专项(2022Z209)
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    宁波大学压力容器与管道安全浙江省工程研究中心,宁波,315211

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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