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Article(id=1241833155628437710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005696446, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1756224000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005696446, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005696446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005696446, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241833154382725178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='437', pageEnd='570', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005696148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005738977, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241833334083490628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241833334087684933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=533, endPage=545, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241833157645897951, articleId=1241833155628437710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=A Geometry-Driven Investigation of the Tension-Reducing Properties of Skin Suturing Incisions, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stress exerted on skin during suturing plays a critical role in the healing process of postoperative incisions. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and patterns of skin stress in different suturing methods is therefore essential for optimizing surgical outcomes. In this study, four common surgical incision geometries were designed for investigation, including the traditional straight incision, as well as Z-shaped, S-shaped, and sawtooth-shaped incisions. All incisions were standardized by their horizontal length and incision width to ensure comparability. To address the issue of excessive specimen deformation compromising experimental data accuracy, failure load tests were performed on each suturing structure. These tests established appropriate load limits to be used in subsequent tension-reducing performance assessments. Material constitutive models derived from tensile tests on skin specimens provided the theoretical basis for analyzing the distributions of stress and strain along different incision patterns. Additionally, digital image correlation techniques were employed to capture detailed strain distributions occurring within the suture zones during the suturing process. By combining experimental data with numerical simulations, the study further elucidated tension distribution in skin at the suture line. The results demonstrate that incision geometry is fundamental to reducing skin tension during suturing. Compared with traditional straight incisions, Z-shaped, S-shaped, and sawtooth-shaped incisions exhibit longer effective incision lengths and intrinsic curvature, both of which contribute to lowering suturing tension. The tension-reducing effects are most pronounced under low to moderate external loads. Although these effects gradually diminish as external loads increase, they remain significantly superior to those observed with straight incisions. Notably, the sawtooth-shaped incision displayed the lowest principal strain at the suture line under equivalent loading conditions, indicating the most effective tension reduction among the four incision types. These findings provide valuable biomechanical insights that could inform the design of suturing techniques to enhance postoperative skin wound healing rates and improve clinical outcomes.

, correspAuthors=Xiaogang Ji, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao Jiang, Xiaogang Ji, Linlong Xu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241833162737783111, articleId=1241833155628437710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=几何构型驱动的皮肤缝合切口减张性能研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

皮肤缝合应力对术后切口愈合有较大影响，需要明确不同切口缝合过程对皮肤应力相应的机理与规律. 结合皮肤缝合常用手术切口，以水平长度和切口宽度为标准，设计传统直线形、Z形、S形和锯齿形四种切口. 考虑到试样形变过大会降低实验数据提取，开展对应缝合结构的失效载荷测试并为减张研究确定合适测试范围；基于试样拉伸试验获得的材料本构模型，从理论上分析了沿不同缝合切口的应力分布和应变分布；采用数字图像相关法，获取不同切口缝线区域内，缝合过程产生的应变分布；最后通过实验与仿真对比，从缝线处应变方面进一步探究了皮肤的张力分布效果. 结果表明，切口形状是减张的基础，相比传统直切口，Z形、S形和锯齿形切口由于实际切口更长且具有一定弧度可降低缝合张力. 低中力下的减张效果较好，随着外载荷增大，减张效果会减小，但仍能显著优于直线切口. 在相同载荷下，锯齿形切口缝合主应变最小，即减张效果最好，可为后续提高临床缝合术后皮肤创面愈合率提供相关参考.

, correspAuthors=纪小刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail：.
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Mechanical parameters of biomimetic skin materials

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系数 α1 μ1 μ2 α2 μ3 α3
数值-1.022-1.01-1.080.720.32-1.31
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仿生皮肤材料力学参数

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系数 α1 μ1 μ2 α2 μ3 α3
数值-1.022-1.01-1.080.720.32-1.31
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几何构型驱动的皮肤缝合切口减张性能研究
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江昊 1 , 纪小刚 1, 2, ** , 徐林龙 1
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(4): 533-545
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(4): 533-545
几何构型驱动的皮肤缝合切口减张性能研究
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江昊1, 纪小刚1, 2, ** , 徐林龙1
作者信息
  • 1江南大学机械工程学院，无锡，214122
  • 2江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室，无锡，214122

通讯作者:

A Geometry-Driven Investigation of the Tension-Reducing Properties of Skin Suturing Incisions
Hao Jiang1, Xiaogang Ji1, 2, ** , Linlong Xu1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122
  • 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Wuxi, 214122
出版时间: 2025-08-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.018
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皮肤缝合应力对术后切口愈合有较大影响，需要明确不同切口缝合过程对皮肤应力相应的机理与规律. 结合皮肤缝合常用手术切口，以水平长度和切口宽度为标准，设计传统直线形、Z形、S形和锯齿形四种切口. 考虑到试样形变过大会降低实验数据提取，开展对应缝合结构的失效载荷测试并为减张研究确定合适测试范围；基于试样拉伸试验获得的材料本构模型，从理论上分析了沿不同缝合切口的应力分布和应变分布；采用数字图像相关法，获取不同切口缝线区域内，缝合过程产生的应变分布；最后通过实验与仿真对比，从缝线处应变方面进一步探究了皮肤的张力分布效果. 结果表明，切口形状是减张的基础，相比传统直切口，Z形、S形和锯齿形切口由于实际切口更长且具有一定弧度可降低缝合张力. 低中力下的减张效果较好，随着外载荷增大，减张效果会减小，但仍能显著优于直线切口. 在相同载荷下，锯齿形切口缝合主应变最小，即减张效果最好，可为后续提高临床缝合术后皮肤创面愈合率提供相关参考.

皮肤切口  /  切口减张  /  界面力学  /  数字图像相关法  /  数值模拟

The stress exerted on skin during suturing plays a critical role in the healing process of postoperative incisions. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and patterns of skin stress in different suturing methods is therefore essential for optimizing surgical outcomes. In this study, four common surgical incision geometries were designed for investigation, including the traditional straight incision, as well as Z-shaped, S-shaped, and sawtooth-shaped incisions. All incisions were standardized by their horizontal length and incision width to ensure comparability. To address the issue of excessive specimen deformation compromising experimental data accuracy, failure load tests were performed on each suturing structure. These tests established appropriate load limits to be used in subsequent tension-reducing performance assessments. Material constitutive models derived from tensile tests on skin specimens provided the theoretical basis for analyzing the distributions of stress and strain along different incision patterns. Additionally, digital image correlation techniques were employed to capture detailed strain distributions occurring within the suture zones during the suturing process. By combining experimental data with numerical simulations, the study further elucidated tension distribution in skin at the suture line. The results demonstrate that incision geometry is fundamental to reducing skin tension during suturing. Compared with traditional straight incisions, Z-shaped, S-shaped, and sawtooth-shaped incisions exhibit longer effective incision lengths and intrinsic curvature, both of which contribute to lowering suturing tension. The tension-reducing effects are most pronounced under low to moderate external loads. Although these effects gradually diminish as external loads increase, they remain significantly superior to those observed with straight incisions. Notably, the sawtooth-shaped incision displayed the lowest principal strain at the suture line under equivalent loading conditions, indicating the most effective tension reduction among the four incision types. These findings provide valuable biomechanical insights that could inform the design of suturing techniques to enhance postoperative skin wound healing rates and improve clinical outcomes.

skin incision  /  incision tension reduction  /  interface mechanics  /  digital image correlation  /  numerical simulation
江昊, 纪小刚, 徐林龙. 几何构型驱动的皮肤缝合切口减张性能研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 533 -545 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.018
Hao Jiang, Xiaogang Ji, Linlong Xu. A Geometry-Driven Investigation of the Tension-Reducing Properties of Skin Suturing Incisions[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (4) : 533 -545 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.018
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0　引言
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皮肤切口的闭合质量直接影响术后愈合效果，包括疤痕形成、感染风险及局部血供状况等关键预后指标. 其中，张力控制是影响闭合质量的核心挑战[1,2]. 外科医生往往凭经验确定切口的形状，以去除皮肤缺损，同时避免缝合期间和缝合后沿伤口边缘的张力过大. 缝合线缝合作为最常用的伤口闭合技术[3]，虽然在稳定伤口边缘和帮助伤口愈合方面有着显著效果，但在一些情况下确实存在张力控制不足的问题. 缝合线附近区域和沿伤口正交轴区域容易产生较大的张力，伤口周围张力过大会使边缘的供血量显著减少，导致局部皮肤的胶原蛋白合成中断，从而影响伤口的愈合，甚至导致伤口沿着边缘坏死[4-6].
控制恰当的张力对于促进伤口愈合、减少疤痕形成和改善外观至关重要. 不适当的张力可能导致伤口边缘不对齐、愈合不良甚至增加伤口感染的风险. Wachtel等[7]通过传统直切口、S形切口、锯齿形切口缝线放置的对比实验，发现缝合线垂直切口放置会改善锯齿形切口周围的张力分布，使锯齿形切口的失效载荷优于其它两种（相较于传统直切口提升50%提升以上）. Macpherson等[8]通过简单间断缝合、床垫缝合和交替打结式床垫缝合的实验对比，发现带有交替结的床垫缝合法具有跟W成形术类似的减张方式，可将力均匀分布在伤口上，表明该技术可用于改善伤口周围张力和促进愈合. Flynn等[9]通过建立皮肤切开、切除和闭合的有限元模型对不同切口形状的闭合应力进行了研究，发现椭圆形切口闭合最大应力比梭形、S形切口低30-40%，同时椭圆形切口闭合所需的力比梭形、S形切口低27%至66%. Aasi等[10]对Z形整形术进行了探讨，其可以帮助延长收缩疤痕并改变疤痕的方向，使伤口更好地与松弛的皮肤张力线对齐. Z形整形术可以避免张力过度集中，多用于疤痕修复和矫正皮瓣边缘变形. Rhodes等[11]通过临床整形案例和直线切口与W形切口的实验比较，证明了W形切口在美观和切口强度方面均优于直线切口，且最适用于长度和宽度都大于20 mm的伤口. 此外，已有研究表明，缝线的松紧度、缝合的方法均对伤口愈合有显著影响[12-14].
目前国内外学者对切口减张已经有了一定的研究基础，但现有研究多集中在缝合方式对失效载荷的影响、缝合线的布局对切口失效载荷的影响、不同切口形状在轻微闭合状态下应力的分布模拟等等[15-17]，对不同切口受力过程中应力相应的机理与规律还缺少研究. 因此，本研究通过改变切口的形状来分析张力的变化，从而挑选合适的形状对切口进行减张. 同时对不同切口进行拉伸方面的生物力学性能评估. 为此，我们挑选并设计了传统直切口、Z形切口、S形切口和锯齿形切口. 用仿生皮肤材料制作了相应的切口试样，对其失效载荷、应变应力分布、缝线应变分布规律进行了比较.
1　缝合切口的设计及测试范围的标定
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1.1　缝合切口的设计
皮瓣坏死是外科手术中一种常见的病发症，多年来一直得不到有效的控制，即使是有着丰富经验的外科医生也不好把握. 从理论上讲，皮瓣远端部分的存活率取决于供血血管的物理特性和灌注压力，这可以通过改变切口形状影响张力来间接控制. 为了使实验结果更加趋于理想化，根据已有的切口长宽比研究，设计出三种切口形状，即锯齿形、S形、Z形[18-19]，如图1所示. L是有效切口长度（水平方向），L1是实际切口长度，W是切口宽度，l1是Z形切口平行段宽度，l2是单齿宽度.
目前已经有了很多成功的皮瓣移植研究，研究表明为使皮瓣尽可能存活下来，长宽比需要在2∶1以上. 因此，本研究中锯齿形切口角度设计为112°的大角度，使整体长宽比达到3∶1，这会明显降低张力对切口的影响，从而提高了皮瓣远端部分的血液供应效率. S形切口可以有效降低皮瓣尖端的张力集中现象，因此选为试样切口，长宽比设计为3∶1. Z形切口在临床手术中十分常用，这里选用120°的大角度. 大角度可以有效降低皮瓣尖端的张力，同时使切口长宽比达到6∶1. 为了切口之间具有对比度，需保证有效长度一致.
1.2　试样的制备
有机硅材料因其易于使用、经济高效和良好的可重复性，且材质弹性与生物组织相似，广泛用于皮肤组织医学和生物力学的实验研究中[20]. 有研究表明，Ogden模型可以为猪皮和每个等级的硅橡胶在所有考虑的应变速率下提供了良好的拟合曲线[21]. 考虑到试验场合及制备的可能性，皮肤材料选用北京医教科技公司制作的仿人体硅胶，该人工硅胶具有良好的弹性韧性，可以较好的表征人体创面皮肤.
测试样品规格为80 mm×40 mm×3 mm；切口形状为传统直线形、Z形、S形、锯齿形. 为了使实验更具对比性，将切口和缝合位置进行标准化，如图2所示. 缝合线的根数为7根，放置在距切口边缘2 mm处，间隔为3 mm. 样品切口长度均为24 mm（水平方向），其切口两端到样品边缘的距离为8 mm.
为保证实验的真实有效，缝合线采用0号医用缝合线，缝合针采用医用缝合角针. 所有样品进行七次标准化间断缝合，每次缝合打两个结. 为了探明切口形状对减张效果的影响，所有切口的缝线均平行于拉伸方向放置，可以有效减小缝合线放置对拉伸试样的干扰.
1.3　测试范围的标定
对上述缝合样品进行拉伸测试，将切口样品固定到具有螺旋夹具的CTM-2500（最大载重：5000 N；载荷精度：±0.01%；位移分辨率：0.03 μm）万能材料试验机上，夹具之间的距离为80 mm. 对样品施加0.5 N以下的载荷进行拉伸预处理，使松弛最小化. 将试验机的拉伸速度设置为40 mm/min，对机器进行调零处理. 调零完成后，开始施加载荷，直至缝线断裂或崩开. 本研究中所有样品的固定均可靠，无样本从夹具处脱落，如图3所示.
为减小试样误差，对5组平行试样进行单轴拉伸测试，获取各缝合切口的平均失效载荷，如图4所示. S形和锯齿形切口的失效载荷分别为50.32 N和51.28 N，比传统直切口和Z形切口略高一些. 这说明S形和锯齿形切口在抗拉方面具有一定优势，但在大多数情况下，缝合切口受到的外载荷很小且远低于失效载荷. 切口形状是减张的基础，为了进一步探究未失效情况下，切口形状对伤口张力的影响，需要对缝合切口失效前的张力分布进行研究. 尽管皮肤能够发生极端变形，但临床伤口闭合实际应变范围一般10%-20%[22]. 同时人体皮肤的平均破坏应变范围为20%-30%[23]，随着年龄的改变，平均破坏应变也会有所影响. 对切口周围5 mm内的区域取应变平均值，如图5所示. 根据DIC测量结果，本实验中试样拉伸到35 N时，切口周围的形变均达到了30%以上. 实验试样拉伸过程中会发生较大形变，考虑到后续实验的精准性，将测试范围选定在35 N以内.
2　皮肤缝合结构准静态拉伸数值模拟
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2.1　基材力学性能属性参数
为了精确获得测定皮肤与界面材料的力学性能参数，参照国家标准PLA材料打印哑铃状试样模具倒模后制作对应拉伸试样. 将试验机的拉伸速度设置为40 mm/min，对机器进行调零处理后开始施加载荷直至30 N停止. 考虑到试样的拉伸形变过大，断裂伸长率超过20%，应当将拉伸试验获得的载荷-位移曲线转化为真实应力-真实应变曲线，根据大变形后体积不变的假设得到试样的真实应力、真实应变为：
其中：F为拉伸载荷；A0为试样初始横截面积；L0为拉伸试样初始标距，L为拉伸后的标距.
实验材料选用的是由北京医教科技公司提供的邵氏硬度为15 A的仿皮肤材料，已有研究证明邵氏硬度为15 A的硅胶材料拉伸性能与人体皮肤力学性能较为接近[24]. 如图6所示，实验选用超弹性理论对该材料的本构模型进行识别和分析，分别选用了Ogden、Mooney-Rivlin、New-Hookean超弹性本构模型与实验数据拟合，发现三阶Ogden模型与实验数据是最符合的，所以实验选用三阶Ogden模型来数值模拟并建立切口模型，具体曲线参数如表1所示.
2.2　数值模型的建立
基于上述皮肤材料在准静态拉伸试验下获取的力学参数，对不同皮肤缝合界面结构进行数值仿真分析，在Abaqus中建立与样品相同尺寸的缝合模型. 材料属性定义为超弹性下各向同性的三阶Ogden本构模型.
如图7所示，有限元模型建立为均质壳模型，厚度设置为3 mm，上边界自由度完全固定，下边界通过耦合到中点来施加拉伸载荷. 缝合线采用连接器和耦合受力点来模拟. 实际缝合时，缝合线具有一定的刚度，几乎不会发生形变，且在拉伸过程中线与样品的接触会逐渐趋向于一个点. 切口相对边缘间隙为0.2 mm，设置缝合线的线孔直径为0.2 mm，将受力拟合到孔边偏向于切口的一点上，缝线采用连接器中的轴向牵引器，属性为弹性模量100的非线性模型. 全局网格划分形状为三角形，大小为0.25 mm，其中切口两端、转折处以及线孔周围细化分为0.05 mm. 为了分析切口形状对锯齿形切口减张性能的影响，选择了4种缝线切口，共建立4个模型.
2.3　拉伸数值模拟分析
根据上述缝合界面数值模型的建立方法，研究不同切口形状的皮肤缝合结构界面的减张性能. 如图8所示，切口模型由缝线设置处于闭合状态，其沿切口产生局部应力峰值，峰值全都处于针孔周围和切口两端，其中线孔周围格外明显. 可以看出线孔处的应力起主要作用，将其认定为主应力.
Z形、S形、锯齿形切口由于具有一定曲线弧度，可以将竖直方向的拉力分散为竖直和横向方向的应力，同时有效长度延长可以使应力沿切口更好的扩散，这使得最大应力明显降低，如图8所示. 10 N、20 N载荷下，传统直切口和Z形切口的应力较为集中且更多集中在切口周围，而S形和锯齿形切口的应力更为分散. 当应力达到30 N时，传统直切口和Z形切口周围的应力会更多的向四周扩散，切口较远区域的应力会明显增加，而S形和锯齿形切口的应力也会更加分散. 锯齿形切口的实际长度最长同时弧度明显，应力沿切口分散效果最好，即减张效果最好. 由图中可以看出三个阶段的应力峰值都分布在线孔周围，由此发现切口的张力分布主要由缝线处的应力决定.
以各模型线孔为中心，半径0.5 mm的区域内计算平均应力，将其看作切口主应力. 主应力的数据和规律，如图9所示. 在相同拉伸载荷下，传统直切口周围的主应变最大，而S形和锯齿形切口主应力有明显的降低. S形和锯齿形切口外载荷小于25 N时，主应变与传统直切口相比减张效果明显，但25 N之后主应变差距会逐渐缩小. 其中，锯齿形切口的减张效果最好. 这表明切口弧度和实际切口长度增加对缝合切口具有一定的减张效果，外载荷的变化对几何构型的减张效果有一定的影响规律.
试样的整体应变分布与应力分布相似，应变相比应力会更分散一些，如图10所示. 传统直切口由于切口平整且较短，缝线处的应变呈现为单方向，而Z形、S形、锯齿形切口由于实际切口较长且具有一定曲线弧度，可以将单方向的应变转化为竖直和横向方向的应变. 在10 N、20 N的载荷下，S形和锯齿形切口的应变更为分散且应变极值较小，而传统直切口和Z形切口的应变较大且集中于切口周围. 当拉力增加到30 N时，四种切口应变分布相近，传统直切口和Z形切口的应变也会均匀分散在整个试样周围，但各切口的应变极值差距还是较为明显.
以各模型线孔为中心，半径0.5 mm的区域内计算平均应变，将其看作切口主应变. 主应变的数据和规律，如图11所示. 在相同载荷下，传统直切口的主应变最大，Z形切口的最大主应变略低于直切口. 而对于S形切口和锯齿形切口，外载荷小于25 N时的主应变与传统直切口相差逐渐增大，25 N之后差距会逐渐缩小. 这表明切口弧度和实际切口长度增加对缝合切口具有一定的减张效果，在载荷较小时这种减张效果较为明显，而载荷增大到一定程度减张效果就会削弱.
2.4　沿切口应变分布数据分析
从图10中可以看出，切口的应变主要集中在切口的两端和线孔周围，以两端和各线孔为结点沿路径提取相交点数据，如图12所示. 各数据表中，对称中心线代表切口的中点，中间7个大的峰值代表着7根缝线处的应变，两个小的峰值代表切口两端的应变. 其中，每个切口的缝线受力具有一定的规律，传统直切口两侧的缝线受力较大，中间5根缝线受力均匀. Z形切口两侧缝线受力最大，其次是中部3根缝线受力较大. S形切口最外侧受力最大，然后缝线处应变向内部依次递减. 锯齿形切口同样最外侧缝线受力最大，中间5根缝线呈现一高一低的状态，这表明其切口尖端处缝线受力最小.
3　缝合切口数字图像应变测试处理
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3.1　DIC全场应变测量系统搭建
由于传统应变计的量程无法满足大塑性应变的要求，本文采用数字图像相关法（Digital Image Correlation，DIC）辅助单轴拉伸实验进行试样应变信息测量. DIC技术是指一种非接触式应变测量方法，通过数学手段捕捉试样变形前后图像的灰度强度变化，从而对沉积在试样表面的斑点位移来进行应变测量.
搭建图13所示的全场应变测量平台，该平台包括CTM2500万能材料试验机（图13（c））、DIC应变测量系统（图13（d））. 其中，DIC应变测量系统主要由曼富图三脚架、Point Grey双目相机、一组无温单色补光灯、VIC-Snap相机采集软件、VIC-3D应变求解系统和DAQ数据同步采集盒组成.
基于上述搭建的DIC全场应变测量平台，选用规格为H95-00-5的标定板进行相机标定（图13（a）），以获取双目相机内外部参数（主要有焦距、等效像素、主点位置、畸变率和左右相机空间转换参数等）. 采用CTM2500万能试验机对皮肤试样进行单轴拉伸，施加1 N的预载荷以使松弛最小化，然后以15 mm/min的速度对缝线进行预处理，以100 mm/min的速度连续拉伸直至35 N停止. 高速相机捕捉皮肤试样拉伸过程中的斑点变化（图13（b）），然后通过VIC-3D应变求解系统对试样数据进行求解分析.
四种缝合切口的Von Mises应变分布与数值模拟一致，如图14所示. 随着载荷增加到30 N的应变分布图可以看出，切口的应变均集中在切口周围，而且远大于试样其它区域. 在10 N、20 N的外载荷拉伸下，传统直切口和Z形切口的应变相较于其它两种切口更为集中在伤口周围，离切口较远区域的应变偏小. 这是由于传统直切口和Z形切口实际长度较短，在受到外载荷作用时，切口周围的应力会更加集中，减张能力相对比较弱. 而S形切口和锯齿形切口由于实际切口较长且弯曲弧度较大，在受到外载荷作用时，可以更好的将单向拉力转化为多向应力，减缓局部应力集中. 所以10 N、20 N载荷下，S形切口和锯齿形切口应变分布图中绿色区域会更多一些，即整体应变分布会更分散一些. 但当外载荷增加到30 N时，可以明显看出传统直切口和Z形切口的绿色应变区域迅速增多，四种切口的应变均呈现一种均匀分散的状态，这时可以发现切口形状对应变的分散作用明显减低.
3.2　实际切口长度的影响分析
切口附近的平均应变可以反映整体的张力情况，考虑到应变的分布特点，将缝线处的应变看作主要应变. 数据选取以线孔为中心，半径0.5 mm的区域（如图15所示），提取14个针孔周围的应变区域计算平均值，将其看作切口主应变.
记录平行实验数据，以计算切口附近的主应变. 5组平行实验获取的缝合线处主应变随载荷变化结果如图16所示. 从主应变载荷曲线可以看出，传统直切口和Z形切口在准静态拉伸时的主应变随载荷呈现均匀的上升趋势. 而S形切口和锯齿形切口呈现为“J”型变化趋势，随着拉伸载荷增大，相应的拉升应力增大速度增加. 对比四种不同形状的切口主应变载荷曲线可以看出，随着载荷增大，四种切口的主应变相差越来越明显，但当载荷达到25 N时，应变差距会逐渐缩小.
其中，传统直切口缝线处的最大主应变一直处于最大，而S形切口和锯齿形切口张力相差不大且相对较小. 这与切口的实际长度和弧度有关，传统直切口由于实际切口较短且伤口较为平整，应力集中于单一方向，这使得相同载荷下，缝线周围更容易张紧. S形切口、锯齿形切口在间断缝合方式下的减张效果明显优于传统直切口和Z形切口，这是由于实际切口较长且切口弧度更大，在相同载荷下，会将单向应力分散为多向，避免缝线周围应力过度集中. 25 N之后最大主应变相差减小，S形切口和锯齿形切口的减张效果迅速降低. 切口单向应力转为多向应力是由于切口整体的形变导致的，实际切口长度对切口整体形变有着很大影响，但在载荷超过25N时，皮肤整体的形变过大，会使实际切口长度和弧度的影响效果明显降低.
S形和锯齿形切口由于弧度和实际切口长度相近，主应变趋势相似且都呈现较好的减张效果. 通过数据对比，发现传统直切口的应变增长速度和数值都明显大于其它三种切口. 证明相同载荷下，传统直切口产生的高应变区域最多，周围出现皮瓣坏死的概率也是最高的. 皮瓣坏死是切口缝合中最常出现的病发症，Z形、S形和锯齿形切口可以有效减小应变集中现象，更利于切口的愈合，其中锯齿形切口效果最好.
3.3　数值模拟与DIC应变测量对比分析
将试样拉伸到35N的模拟数值与DIC图像处理的数据进行对比，可以看出数据趋势吻合较好，如图17所示. 从数值模拟和实验测量对比中可以看出，相同载荷下，Z形切口的主应变最大，锯齿形切口的主应变最小. 这说明锯齿形切口附近的张力分布极值最小，可以有效降低皮瓣坏死的发生概率. 从美观的角度来看，锯齿形切口张力分布更好，整体形变最小，可以使疤痕宽度减小[24]. 锯齿形切口由于其形状以及整体切口长度，最初可能更明显，但与其它三种切口相比，最终愈合效果会更好一些. 此外，在外载荷小于25 N时，S形和锯齿形切口减张效果较好，大于25 N时其与传统直切口的主应变差距开始缩小. 这表明在受力较小时，S形和锯齿形切口减张效果会更好，当外载荷增大到一定程度，切口形状对切口的减张效果会降低.
4　结论
收起
本研究对仿生皮肤材料进行缝合实验，初步拉伸了解四种缝合切口的失效载荷；然后确立了仿生皮肤材料准静态单轴拉伸实验下的超弹性本构关系，紧接着通过数值模拟和图像应变测试实验，获取了缝合切口在拉伸下的应变场，得到以下结论.
（1）切口缝合应变集中在切口两端和缝合线附近，且比切口缝合后整体平均应变高20%～40%，表明切口缝合产生的张力主要分布在切口两端和缝合线处. 临床切口缝合时应多注意减少切口两端和缝合线处的张力，可以有效提高伤口的愈合效果.
（2）切口形状是减张的基础，相比传统直切口，Z形、S形和锯齿形切口实际切口长度更大. 增加切口弧度和实际长度可降低缝合张力. 当S形和锯齿形切口受力小于失效载荷的48%时，切口形状具有较好的减张效果，即相比传统直切口可降低30%以上的张力. 但当受力超过失效载荷的48%时，切口形状对切口减张效果会减小，但仍能显著优于传统直切口，即相比传统直切口可降低10%以上的张力.
（3）锯齿形切口受力小于失效载荷的48%时，展现了最佳的减张效果，即相比传统直切口可降低40%以上的张力，本研究为整形外科及创伤修复中缝合切口的几何优化设计提供了方法学依据.
（4）切口的形状会影响缝线周围的张力，通过结合切口的形状特点来合理规划缝线的摆放位置，可以有效提高术后合伤口的愈合效果.
本研究中所有试样的切口、缝合位置、缝线根数和结数都已经标准化，但是用于收紧线结的力未标准化. 虽然所有切口均因仿皮肤材料损坏而失效，缝合线均未崩开，但不同的打结力仍可能影响实验的结果. 此外，由于身体存在局部曲面部位，且真实皮肤材料还表现出蠕变和应力松弛等黏弹性特性，考虑皮肤的黏弹性、各向异性，并与皮肤生物力学特性在体测量技术相结合，将可以得到更加准确的实验结果.
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52175234; 51105175)
  • 江苏省“六大人才高峰”资助项目(JXQC-006)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.018
  • 接收时间：2025-06-30
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2025-08-27
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  • 收稿日期：2025-06-30
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52175234; 51105175)
江苏省“六大人才高峰”资助项目(JXQC-006)
作者信息
    1江南大学机械工程学院，无锡，214122
    2江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室，无锡，214122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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