Article(id=1241833155213201610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005696346, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1756224000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005696346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005696346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005696346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241833154382725178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='437', pageEnd='570', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005696148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005738977, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241833334083490628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241833334087684933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241833154382725178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=502, endPage=519, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241833155490025676, articleId=1241833155213201610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Effect of Cu Segregation on Grain Boundary Shear Deformation of FeNiCrCoCu High-Entropy Alloys, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have excellent mechanical properties due to high mixing entropy, lattice distortion, sluggish diffusion, and the cocktail effect, so they are widely used in aerospace, energy, machinery manufacturing, and other fields. Experimental studies have revealed that FeNiCrCoCu HEAs exhibit Cu elemental segregation at grain boundaries (GBs); however, the mechanism of Cu segregation on shear deformation at GBs remains unclear. To address this phenomenon, this study adopted a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to investigate the effect of Cu segregation on GB deformation under shear loading, using Σ11(113) GB as a model system. Initially, the hybrid MC/MD simulation technique was used to generate the models with Cu segregation, and then the cases of random Cu distribution were considered for comparison. The stress-strain curves, dislocation density, and GB behavior under shear loading were analyzed in detail. The results showed that under shear stress, the GB without Cu segregation exhibited GB migration dominated by disconnection nucleation and extension. In contrast, as the degree of Cu segregation at the GB increased, the GB deformation gradually transformed into dislocation emission from the GB, while the required shear strength also increased. Further analysis revealed two reasons for the change in GB behavior. First, the Cu element segregation at the GB changed the chemical environment near the GB, reduced stress concentration at the GB, decreased GB energy and GB free volume, thereby hindering GB migration. Second, the high concentration of Cu elements at the GB region had a pinning effect on the GB, which further impeded GB migration. The inhibitory effect of Cu segregation on GB migration was also observed in Σ5 (210), Σ17 (410), and Σ27 (115) GBs. Overall, this study demonstrates the effect of GB segregation of Cu on the mechanical properties and GB deformation response of FeNiCrCoCu HEAs and highlights the importance of GB composition for tailoring high-strength materials. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding GB behavior of high-entropy alloys and contribute to the design and development of future high-performance alloys.

, correspAuthors=Junhua Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinchao Wang, Anping Hua, Junhua Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241833162641314117, articleId=1241833155213201610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=Cu偏析对FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金晶界剪切变形的影响, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金的硬度、强度、延展性和热稳定性等性能与其晶界处元素偏析密切相关. 本研究采用分子动力学模拟和蒙特卡洛模拟相结合的方法,系统研究了FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金的晶界元素偏析及其对力学性能的影响. 研究结果表明,晶界处的Cu元素偏析改变了晶界附近的化学环境,改善了晶界处的应力集中,降低了晶界能和晶界自由体积,稳定了晶界结构. 无Cu元素偏析的FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金晶界在剪切应力作用下表现为晶界迁移,而随着晶界处Cu元素偏析程度的增加,晶界变形逐渐转变为晶界发射位错,同时所需的剪切强度也不断增大. 本工作加深了晶界偏析对高熵合金性能影响的理解,有助于未来高性能合金的设计和开发.

, correspAuthors=赵军华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=剪切变形), Keyword(id=1241833166126780829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=分子动力学)], refs=[Reference(id=1241833171340300825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=08, pageStart=1051, pageEnd=1064, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=张海峰, 闫海乐, 方烽, 贾楠, journalName=金属学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张海峰, 闫海乐, 方烽, 贾楠. 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International Journal of Plasticity, 2025, 185: 104219., articleTitle=Multi-element segregation strengthening and doping softening of Σ5 (210) [001] symmetrically tilted grain boundary in Ni-based bicrystal, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241833162976858444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241833163006218575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, companyId=1241833162976858444, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advance Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241833163022995790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, companyId=1241833162976858444, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室,江南大学机械工程学院,无锡,214122)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241833166273581475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=EDS images of CoCrFeNiCu[27], figureFileSmall=oAnXMiq7PGc4oUw5BwTIMA==, figureFileBig=7f+7l4eoIzyMkvXtwswq8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833166378439080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CoCrFeNiCu的能量色散谱仪图像[27], figureFileSmall=oAnXMiq7PGc4oUw5BwTIMA==, figureFileBig=7f+7l4eoIzyMkvXtwswq8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833166588154287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=(a) Schematic diagram of the bicrystal model; (b) Σ11(113) grain boundary structure diagram, figureFileSmall=01x2MaBM1SEp/Gq2DHA09Q==, figureFileBig=XAsbTChkQ9bYJTYHYlfvMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833166676234674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a)双晶模型示意图;(b)Σ11(113)晶界结构图, figureFileSmall=01x2MaBM1SEp/Gq2DHA09Q==, figureFileBig=XAsbTChkQ9bYJTYHYlfvMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833166739149238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Hybrid MC/MD simulation flow chart, figureFileSmall=Rps5VqNm2VsHeGjVXHrBrg==, figureFileBig=H8sy8M46GahFKMBrBhwZkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833166831423929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图3, caption=混合MC/MD模拟流程图, figureFileSmall=Rps5VqNm2VsHeGjVXHrBrg==, figureFileBig=H8sy8M46GahFKMBrBhwZkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833166919504315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=(a) Atomic structure diagram of each model; (b) I and II are enlarged images of regions I and II in (a) RSS model and Seg-300K model, respectively; (c) The atomic composition of the grain boundary regions of each model, figureFileSmall=T/6lT44CLG74mhEoHdcPCQ==, figureFileBig=7cmuSwyiBfgZIbOY8+j8HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833166995001789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a)各模型的原子结构图;(b)Ⅰ、Ⅱ分别为(a)中RSS模型和Seg-300K模型中Ⅰ、Ⅱ区域放大图;(c)各模型晶界区域的原子组成, figureFileSmall=T/6lT44CLG74mhEoHdcPCQ==, figureFileBig=7cmuSwyiBfgZIbOY8+j8HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167053722047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=WCP of each models, figureFileSmall=F4BnmU7tZe0JNkO7sHUBJg==, figureFileBig=lWQEyZAFoixaPFO6+wUY2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167141802432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各模型的WCP系数, figureFileSmall=F4BnmU7tZe0JNkO7sHUBJg==, figureFileBig=lWQEyZAFoixaPFO6+wUY2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167234077123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Von Mises stress nephogram of each models, figureFileSmall=PwL5DtOqYpLbUS9PD/FhVA==, figureFileBig=6FPGuQqpWLzXfHnOQ3kzwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167334740422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各模型的Von Mises应力云图, figureFileSmall=PwL5DtOqYpLbUS9PD/FhVA==, figureFileBig=6FPGuQqpWLzXfHnOQ3kzwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167422820810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=(a) Grain boundary energy; (b) Grain boundary free volume, figureFileSmall=io0oNA10cfsUZxPOxOOfew==, figureFileBig=5Sxi43Kb+JaBqQjStrx/JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167552844236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a)晶界能;(b)晶界自由体积, figureFileSmall=io0oNA10cfsUZxPOxOOfew==, figureFileBig=5Sxi43Kb+JaBqQjStrx/JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167666090448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The atomic structure diagram of each model when the shear strain is 0.15, figureFileSmall=oTDSXE9lH5ScvcxAl2U5Ig==, figureFileBig=3on7PCuK72npOTJgvoLJeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167758365139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图8, caption=剪切应变为0.15时,各模型的原子结构图, figureFileSmall=oTDSXE9lH5ScvcxAl2U5Ig==, figureFileBig=3on7PCuK72npOTJgvoLJeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167829668311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Model of RSS. (a) Stress-strain curve; (b-d) Atomic structure diagram corresponding to points b, c, and d on (a), figureFileSmall=xvhEu9wRsUBDW6bvbQlklA==, figureFileBig=mLsoXn43lgD/3exID4VaXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167905165786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图9, caption=RSS模型.(a)应力应变曲线;(b-d)图(a)上b、c、d点对应的原子结构图, figureFileSmall=xvhEu9wRsUBDW6bvbQlklA==, figureFileBig=mLsoXn43lgD/3exID4VaXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833167997440477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Model of RSS. (a) Disconnection density curve; (b-f) Atomic structure diagrams under different shear strains, figureFileSmall=55a9v026+gj0ZGx2zRX4wQ==, figureFileBig=JnKoVwPQ85fhT/uHdFTRBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168114880993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图10, caption=RSS模型.(a)阶错密度曲线;(b-f)不同剪切应变下的原子结构图, figureFileSmall=55a9v026+gj0ZGx2zRX4wQ==, figureFileBig=JnKoVwPQ85fhT/uHdFTRBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168177795555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Atomic mechanism of disconnection nucleation, figureFileSmall=UR9GbwgmwXVxuZjodWo8sg==, figureFileBig=KqC1K+AnXNLgvJ3BO/7sjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168265875943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图11, caption=阶错形核的原子机制, figureFileSmall=UR9GbwgmwXVxuZjodWo8sg==, figureFileBig=KqC1K+AnXNLgvJ3BO/7sjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168366539242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Model of Seg-300K. (a) Stress-strain curve; (b) Dislocation density curve; (c) - (d) The atomic structure diagrams corresponding to points c and d on (a) and (b) respectively, figureFileSmall=4PDey08HAogZqJ4ZxYaLQw==, figureFileBig=TA2iMbQ+F+HWIPy+OHm1PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168442036716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图12, caption=Seg-300K模型.(a)应力应变曲线;(b)位错密度曲线;(c)-(d)分别为(a)、(b)上c、d点处对应的原子结构图, figureFileSmall=4PDey08HAogZqJ4ZxYaLQw==, figureFileBig=TA2iMbQ+F+HWIPy+OHm1PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168521728495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=(a) Nucleation mechanism of ISF and ESF; (b) Nucleation mechanism of Twin, figureFileSmall=cB2RZd9qltBEnwWQqPADyw==, figureFileBig=TK8RX6h4EhPx1g+Ih6K8rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168626586098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图13, caption=(a)ISF、ESF的成核机制;(b)Twin的成核机制, figureFileSmall=cB2RZd9qltBEnwWQqPADyw==, figureFileBig=TK8RX6h4EhPx1g+Ih6K8rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168702083573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Model of Seg-1200K. (a) Stress-strain curve; (b) - (d) The atomic structure diagrams corresponding to points b-d on (a). The blue dashed line shows the initial grain boundary position, figureFileSmall=GvUnC6j1oTol0gvtCvIH8w==, figureFileBig=rGln0TN0EbnA0Ebqas+dlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168769192438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图14, caption=Seg-1200K模型.(a)应力应变曲线;(b)-(d)分别为(a)上b-d点处对应的原子结构图,蓝色虚线表示初始晶界位置, figureFileSmall=GvUnC6j1oTol0gvtCvIH8w==, figureFileBig=rGln0TN0EbnA0Ebqas+dlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168874050042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Atomic structure diagrams under different models. (a-b) Model of Seg-1200K; (c) Model of Seg-800K; (d) Model of Seg-300K, figureFileSmall=zWWKJoC+WkkRXM2CkTUBJA==, figureFileBig=ehDe5jlxP/LTrbYjp6qIbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833168953741820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同模型的原子结构图.(a-b)Seg-1200K模型;(c)Seg-800K模型;(d)Seg-300K模型, figureFileSmall=zWWKJoC+WkkRXM2CkTUBJA==, figureFileBig=ehDe5jlxP/LTrbYjp6qIbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833169050210814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=(a) Maximum shear strength; (b) Grain boundary migration distance, figureFileSmall=NfhPn7a2IVD5/YLBWD0Ouw==, figureFileBig=PAJ7U3NUNswq81AfCHzVDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833170748903939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图16, caption=(a)最大剪切强度;(b)晶界迁移距离, figureFileSmall=NfhPn7a2IVD5/YLBWD0Ouw==, figureFileBig=PAJ7U3NUNswq81AfCHzVDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833170874733063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Grain boundary movement patterns of different grain boundary structures under shear load, figureFileSmall=/astUlisI8ojI57gZAz4mQ==, figureFileBig=CodFboH8/kmpcFd8JDZXUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833170987979277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=图17, caption=剪切载荷作用下不同晶界结构的晶界运动方式, figureFileSmall=/astUlisI8ojI57gZAz4mQ==, figureFileBig=CodFboH8/kmpcFd8JDZXUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241833171101225490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Lattice parameter, cohesive energies, elastic constants and bulk modulus of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a0(nm) ECoh(eV) C11(GPa) C12(GPa) C44(GPa) B(GPa)
Pasianot[41]0.35554.20224.8140.8107.9169.0
本文结果0.35554.20225.4140.6108.3168.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241833171206083093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241833155213201610, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金的晶格常数、内聚能、弹性常数和体积模量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a0(nm) ECoh(eV) C11(GPa) C12(GPa) C44(GPa) B(GPa)
Pasianot[41]0.35554.20224.8140.8107.9169.0
本文结果0.35554.20225.4140.6108.3168.8
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Cu偏析对FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金晶界剪切变形的影响
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王新超 , 花安平 , 赵军华 **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(4): 502-519
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(4): 502-519
Cu偏析对FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金晶界剪切变形的影响
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王新超, 花安平, 赵军华**
作者信息
  • 江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室,江南大学机械工程学院,无锡,214122

通讯作者:

Effect of Cu Segregation on Grain Boundary Shear Deformation of FeNiCrCoCu High-Entropy Alloys
Xinchao Wang, Anping Hua, Junhua Zhao**
Affiliations
  • Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advance Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122
出版时间: 2025-08-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.005
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FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金的硬度、强度、延展性和热稳定性等性能与其晶界处元素偏析密切相关. 本研究采用分子动力学模拟和蒙特卡洛模拟相结合的方法,系统研究了FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金的晶界元素偏析及其对力学性能的影响. 研究结果表明,晶界处的Cu元素偏析改变了晶界附近的化学环境,改善了晶界处的应力集中,降低了晶界能和晶界自由体积,稳定了晶界结构. 无Cu元素偏析的FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金晶界在剪切应力作用下表现为晶界迁移,而随着晶界处Cu元素偏析程度的增加,晶界变形逐渐转变为晶界发射位错,同时所需的剪切强度也不断增大. 本工作加深了晶界偏析对高熵合金性能影响的理解,有助于未来高性能合金的设计和开发.

高熵合金  /  晶界  /  偏析  /  剪切变形  /  分子动力学

FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have excellent mechanical properties due to high mixing entropy, lattice distortion, sluggish diffusion, and the cocktail effect, so they are widely used in aerospace, energy, machinery manufacturing, and other fields. Experimental studies have revealed that FeNiCrCoCu HEAs exhibit Cu elemental segregation at grain boundaries (GBs); however, the mechanism of Cu segregation on shear deformation at GBs remains unclear. To address this phenomenon, this study adopted a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to investigate the effect of Cu segregation on GB deformation under shear loading, using Σ11(113) GB as a model system. Initially, the hybrid MC/MD simulation technique was used to generate the models with Cu segregation, and then the cases of random Cu distribution were considered for comparison. The stress-strain curves, dislocation density, and GB behavior under shear loading were analyzed in detail. The results showed that under shear stress, the GB without Cu segregation exhibited GB migration dominated by disconnection nucleation and extension. In contrast, as the degree of Cu segregation at the GB increased, the GB deformation gradually transformed into dislocation emission from the GB, while the required shear strength also increased. Further analysis revealed two reasons for the change in GB behavior. First, the Cu element segregation at the GB changed the chemical environment near the GB, reduced stress concentration at the GB, decreased GB energy and GB free volume, thereby hindering GB migration. Second, the high concentration of Cu elements at the GB region had a pinning effect on the GB, which further impeded GB migration. The inhibitory effect of Cu segregation on GB migration was also observed in Σ5 (210), Σ17 (410), and Σ27 (115) GBs. Overall, this study demonstrates the effect of GB segregation of Cu on the mechanical properties and GB deformation response of FeNiCrCoCu HEAs and highlights the importance of GB composition for tailoring high-strength materials. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding GB behavior of high-entropy alloys and contribute to the design and development of future high-performance alloys.

high-entropy alloys  /  grain boundary  /  segregation  /  shear deformation  /  molecular dynamics
王新超, 花安平, 赵军华. Cu偏析对FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金晶界剪切变形的影响. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 502 -519 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.005
Xinchao Wang, Anping Hua, Junhua Zhao. Effect of Cu Segregation on Grain Boundary Shear Deformation of FeNiCrCoCu High-Entropy Alloys[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (4) : 502 -519 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.005
晶界作为多晶材料的重要组成部分,在决定金属性能方面起着至关重要的作用. 尤其是在纳米晶金属中,晶界的作用更加显著. 这是因为高密度晶界不仅可以作为位错发射源[1],还可以阻碍位错运动,使位错在晶界处塞积,从而提高材料强度[2];同时高密度的晶界特性意味着晶界介导的塑性变形机制,如晶界迁移[3-5]、晶界滑动[3,6]和晶界旋转[7]等成为影响纳米晶金属性能的重要因素. 由于晶界两侧的晶粒取向不同,晶界具有比晶粒内部更高的能量状态和局部无序[8]. 为了降低晶界能量,某些溶质或杂质原子会向晶界处偏析[9],这对材料的强度、硬度、热稳定性等性能有着极大的影响. 因此,深入了解晶界偏析效应是设计和开发新材料的必要条件.
目前,传统合金中的晶界偏析已经得到了广泛研究. 例如,Hu等[10]研究发现,Ni-Mo合金中的Mo元素偏析增强了晶界的稳定性,提高了Ni-Mo合金的硬度. Zhao等[11]研究发现,Al基晶界中的Cu元素偏析不仅降低了晶界能量,还增强了Al基晶界的内聚力. Sauvage等[12]研究发现,Al-Mg合金经过严重塑性变形后产生的晶界偏析可以提高材料强度. 事实上,除了传统合金,高熵合金(High-entropy Alloys,HEAs)中的晶界偏析也引起了广泛关注. 与传统合金不同,高熵合金通常含有五种或以上主要元素,每种主要元素含量在5%-35%之间[13],具有比传统合金更高的强度、更加良好的耐高温氧化性和耐腐蚀性等性能[14-20]. 由于其化学复杂性,高熵合金比传统合金更容易发生晶界偏析. Babicheva等[21]研究发现,CoCrFeNiAl HEAs中的Al元素偏析增强了晶界的稳定性,提高了合金的强度. Huang等[22]研究发现,随着Cu元素偏析程度的增加,AlCrFeNiTiCu HEAs的硬度和耐腐蚀性逐渐降低. 这些研究表明,高熵合金的晶界偏析对其性能具有显著影响,深入研究这一现象对开发和优化高熵合金具有重要意义.
作为最早被发现的五元高熵合金[23,24],具有简单面心立方(Face-centered Cubic,FCC)结构的FeNiCrCoCu HEAs拥有良好的塑性和高温稳定性[23-26],是目前研究最多的高熵合金体系之一. Verma等[27]通过实验制备了FeNiCrCoCu HEAs,发现随着Cu元素含量增加,晶界处的Cu析出相逐渐增多,晶界偏析程度逐渐加深,图1的元素映射结果也反映出FeNiCrCoCu HEAs的晶界区域富含Cu元素. Wang等[7]通过分子动力学(Molecular Dynamics,MD)和蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo,MC)混合模拟发现,Cu元素在晶界处的偏析强化了合金的强度和硬度,抑制了晶界的旋转,减弱了晶界介导的塑性变形. He等[28]通过MC/MD混合模拟发现,晶界处低浓度的Cu元素偏析可以抑制位错发射,从而提高合金强度;而过量的Cu元素偏析会促进晶界的开裂,弱化合金强度. 上述研究表明,FeNi-CrCoCu HEAs中的元素偏析与其力学性能密切相关. 然而,以往有关FeNiCrCoCu HEAs元素偏析对其力学性能影响的研究大多为多晶材料的拉伸和纳米压痕试验[7,28],对双晶FeNiCrCoCu HEAs剪切性能的研究较少.
为了探究晶界偏析对FeNiCrCoCu HEAs剪切性能的影响,本文采用MC/MD混合模拟方法,以Σ11(113)晶界作为研究对象,研究了不同晶界偏析程度对FeNiCrCoCu HEAs在剪切条件下的晶界结构、晶界能、晶界自由体积、晶界运动情况及力学性能的影响. 选择Σ11(113)晶界作为研究对象,因为它是面心立方金属中典型的低能晶界,其晶界能量仅高于Σ3(111)孪晶界[29],表现出非常高的结构稳定性,在实验和模拟中都得到了广泛的研究. 例如,Zhu等[30]通过原位力学实验结合分子动力学模拟系统研究了Au Σ11(113)晶界的剪切耦合迁移行为;Hua等[3]通过分子动力学模拟研究了Cu Σ11(113)晶界的剪切响应;Shi等[31]通过第一性原理的计算方法研究了溶质偏析对Ni Σ11(113)晶界热力学稳定性的影响;Zhang[32]等通过分子动力学模拟研究了静水压力对FeNiCrCoCu HEAs Σ11(113)晶界结构和迁移行为的影响以及晶界偏析对晶界平滑机制的影响.
本文的所有模拟工作均基于大规模原子/分子并行模拟器(Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator,LAMMPS)[33]完成,并使用开放可视化工具(Open Visualization Tools,OVITO)[34]对模拟结果进行可视化分析. 本文采用了Farkas等[35]开发的嵌入原子方法(Embedded Atom Method,EAM)势来描述FeNiCrCoCu HEAs中的原子间相互作用,该势函数已被证明能够有效描述FeNiCrCoCu HEAs的位错滑移[36]、塑性变形[37,38]、冲击响应[39]等行为,并已被广泛应用于研究元素偏析对FeNiCrCoCu HEAs力学性能的影响[7,28,32,40]. 为验证所使用势函数的准确性,本研究基于无缺陷单晶模型计算了FeNiCrCoCu HEAs的晶格常数、内聚能、弹性常数和体积模量,结果如表1所示. 表1中的第一行取自参考文献[41],第二行为本工作的计算结果. 对比分析表明,本工作计算得到的晶格常数a0、内聚能ECoh、弹性常数C11C12C44和体积模量B与文献相符合,从而说明了本工作所使用势函数的可靠性.
使用ATOMSK[42]构建了FeNiCrCoCu HEAs双晶模型,图2(a)为双晶模型示意图. 首先,构建两个完全相同的FCC单晶模型,然后将两个单晶模型分别绕x轴旋转α1=25.25°和α2=-25.25°,得到晶粒A和晶粒B,晶粒A的取向为z=[113],晶粒B的取向为y=[332],. 最后,将晶粒A和晶粒B沿z轴方向堆叠,为避免晶界处原子重叠,删除原子间距小于2 Å且属于晶粒A的原子,并通过随机替换原子得到初始FeNiCrCoCu HEAs双晶模型. 其中,Fe、Ni、Cr、Co、Cu 5种元素的原子百分比均为20%,模型的晶格常数为3.56 Å,尺寸为4.98×33.02×23.35 nm3,原子总数为352000个. 图2(b)是通过共近邻原子分析(Common Neighbor Analysis,CNA)[43]识别得到的Σ11(113)晶界结构图,发现Σ11(113)晶界是由一系列相同的菱形结构单元组合而成.
(1)首先对初始双晶模型进行能量最小化处理,随后在300 K温度下弛豫100 ps,得到原子随机分布的随机固溶体(Random Solid Solution,RSS)模型,记为RSS.
(2)为获得不同偏析程度的双晶模型,将RSS模型以3 K/ps的速度升温至不同温度(300 K、600 K、800 K、900 K、1000 K、1200 K、2000 K),并在各温度下弛豫100 ps. 弛豫和升温阶段,均采用三维周期性边界条件和等温等压(NPT)系综,时间步长为1 fs,温度由Nose-Hoover恒温器控制.
(3)弛豫结束后,在不同温度下采用方差约束的半巨正则系综(Variance-constrained Semi-grand-canonical,VCSGC)和NPT系综进行混合MC/MD模拟. 其中,MD时间步长为2.5 fs,采用三维周期性边界条件,1/4总原子每经过20个MD步骤进行一次MC迭代,总共进行60000次MC迭代. 采用热力学参数k来抑制SGC系综中的浓度波动,并取k=1000. 同时采用了He[28]通过迭代计算得到的化学势差:ΔμNi-Fe=-0.0426 eV,ΔμNi-Cr=-0.2193 eV,ΔμNi-Co=-0.0331 eV,ΔμNi-Cu=-0.8565 eV,模拟结束后5种元素的浓度偏差小于0.05%.
(4)最后,将所有模型以1 K/ps的速度冷却至300 K,并弛豫100 ps,最终得到具有不同偏析程度的偏析(Segregation)模型,记为Seg-nK(nK表示进行MC/MD迭代时的温度),模拟细节与升温阶段相同.
在nK温度下进行混合MC/MD模拟的流程如图3所示.
在剪切模拟前,首先对模型进行能量最小化处理,随后将晶粒A顶部0.8 nm宽和晶粒B底部0.8 nm宽的原子固定为刚性板,其余原子弛豫100 ps. 然后在晶粒A刚性板上施加沿y轴正方向1 m/s的恒定剪切速度,底层保持固定,如图2(a)所示. 剪切模拟过程采用正则(NVT)系综,温度由Nose-Hoover恒温器控制,在沿xy方向施加周期性边界条件,沿z方向施加自由边界条件,时间步长为1 fs,模拟温度为300 K,最大剪切应变为0.15.
为了评估模型中原子的分布情况,采用WCP(Warren-Cowley parameters)参数[21,44]来描述化学短程有序,其计算公式如下:
其中WCPmnm类型原子和n类型原子之间的WCP系数,Zmnm类型原子的第一近邻中所有n类型原子的个数,χn为模型中n类型原子的浓度,Zmm类型原子的第一近邻中所有原子的个数. 当WCPmn=0时,说明m-n原子对随机分布;当WCPmn>0时,说明m类型原子和n类型原子相互排斥;当WCPmn<0时,说明m类型原子和n类型原子相互吸引.
原子的Von Mises应力通过其六个独立的应力分量确定,计算公式为:
其中σij为应力分量.
晶界能通过比较含晶界的双晶模型与单晶模型的额外能量确定,计算公式为:
其中γ为晶界能,EGB为双晶模型的总能量,Egrain为与双晶模型经过完全相同的混合MC/MD模拟流程(包括温度、势函数、模拟时长及收敛判据等)且含有和双晶模型相同原子数目的单晶模型的总能量[21,45,46]S为晶界面积.
晶界自由体积通过比较含晶界的双晶模型与单晶模型的体积确定,计算公式为:
其中Ω为晶界自由体积,VGB为双晶模型的体积,Vgrain为含有和双晶模型相同原子数目的单晶模型的体积,S为晶界面积.
剪切应力的计算公式为:
其中F为模型在y方向所受的力,A为受力面积,A=lx×lzlxlz分别为模型xz方向的长度.
各模型的原子结构如图4(a)所示,白色虚线为晶界所在处. 通过观察模型的原子结构,可以看出,RSS模型的晶界和晶粒内部原子都呈随机分布,原子排列较为无序;Seg模型的晶粒内部原子与RSS模型相同,呈随机分布,而晶界处的原子分布却与RSS模型不同,在Seg模型的晶界处出现Cu原子大量聚集、其他原子减少的现象,表现出晶界处Cu元素偏析. 其中,Seg-300K模型晶界处的Cu原子占比最高,并且随着混合MC/MD模拟迭代温度的升高,Seg模型晶界处Cu原子占比逐渐降低,偏析现象逐渐减弱,Seg-2000K模型已无法明显观察到偏析现象.
通过公式(1)计算了各模型晶粒内部和晶界区域原子的WCP参数,以便进一步描述RSS模型和Seg模型晶粒内部和晶界区域原子的分布情况,结果如图5所示. 可以发现,RSS模型的晶粒内部和晶界区域原子的WCP参数均趋近于0,这表明RSS模型的晶粒内部和晶界区域原子均呈随机分布. 对于Seg-300K模型,晶粒内部原子的WCP参数同样趋近于0,而晶界区域原子的WCP参数与RSS模型相比存在显著差异,尤其是Cu-Ni,Cu-Fe,Cu-Cr,Cu-Co,Cu-Cu原子对的WCP参数变化明显,其中Cu-Ni,Cu-Fe,Cu-Cr,Cu-Co的WCP参数大于0,Cu-Cu的WCP参数小于0,这表明晶界区域的Cu原子更倾向于同类聚集. Seg-300K模型WCP参数的变化说明,晶界处的Cu元素偏析改变了晶界区域的原子分布,进而影响了晶界附近的化学环境,但对晶粒内部的影响较小.
为了量化晶界偏析程度,计算了各模型晶界区域的原子占比情况,结果如图4(c)所示. 可以看出,RSS模型中的Ni、Fe、Cr、Co、Cu 5种元素在晶界处的占比都接近20%,说明RSS模型晶界处原子呈随机分布,与图4(a)原子结构图展示的结果一致. 与RSS模型相比,Seg模型晶界处的原子分布明显不同于随机分布. Seg模型晶界区域的原子组成与混合MC/MD模拟迭代温度有关,在300 K迭代温度下,晶界处Cu原子的占比为79.4%,Ni、Fe、Cr、Co原子占比不足10%. 随着迭代温度的升高,晶界处的Cu原子占比逐渐减小,其他原子占比逐渐增大,最终趋向于晶界处各类型原子等比例分布. 虽然不同Seg模型晶界区域的原子组成情况不同,但总体表现为晶界处Cu原子聚集,其他原子减少,表现出晶界偏析. 本文模拟结果与图1实验结果吻合较好,均表明FeNiCrCoCu HEAs的晶界处存在显著的Cu元素偏析现象.
为了探究晶界偏析对FeNiCrCoCu HEAs晶界结构的影响,将RSS模型和Seg-300K模型的晶界结构进行了对比分析,结果如图4(b)所示,白色虚线为晶界所在处. 可以看出,与RSS模型相比,未发现Seg-300K模型的晶界结构发生明显变化,RSS模型和Seg-300K模型的晶界都是由一系列相同的菱形结构单元(黑色实线)组合而成,其他Seg模型的晶界结构与Seg-300K模型的晶界结构相同. 偏析后模型的晶界结构没有发生明显变化,可能是因为选取的Σ11(113)晶界本身晶界能量较低,结构比较稳定.
FeNiCrCoCu HEAs的晶界偏析改变了晶界附近的原子组成与分布,进而改变了晶界附近的化学环境,为了探究晶界偏析对晶界性质的影响,本节主要从晶界附近应力分布情况、晶界能和晶界自由体积几个方面进行论述.
图6为通过公式(2)计算得到的各模型晶界附近区域的Von Mises应力云图,白色虚线为晶界所在处. 通过观察各模型的Von Mises应力云图,可以发现,在RSS模型的晶界处出现了比较严重的应力集中现象(图中白色圆圈处);而相较于RSS模型中的严重应力集中,Seg模型晶界处的应力集中现象明显减弱,且晶界偏析程度越高,晶界处应力集中减弱的越明显,这表明晶界处的元素偏析对改善应力集中具有积极作用.
晶界能和晶界自由体积可以表示晶界所处的平衡状态,一般来说,晶界能越低、晶界自由体积越小,晶界结构越稳定. 使用公式(3)和公式(4)分别计算了各模型的晶界能和晶界自由体积,结果如图7所示. 通过比较各模型的晶界能与晶界自由体积,发现与RSS模型相比,Seg模型的晶界能和晶界自由体积均有所减小,且晶界偏析程度越高,减小的越多. 其中晶界能的减小幅度较大,晶界自由体积的减小幅度较小,说明晶界偏析对晶界能的影响较大,对晶界自由体积的影响较小. 总体而言,晶界偏析可以有效降低晶界能和晶界自由体积,从而更好地稳定晶界结构.
综上所述,晶界偏析减弱了晶界附近的应力集中,降低了晶界能和晶界自由体积,稳定了晶界结构,预计这些变化将会对后续剪切过程中的晶界变形产生影响.
图8显示了由CNA识别的各模型在0.15应变下的原子结构图,其中,绿色原子为FCC原子,红色原子为密排六方(Hexagonal Close-packed,HCP)原子,白色原子为Other原子,蓝色虚线表示初始晶界位置. 根据晶界的变形情况,将这些模型分为三类:以晶界迁移为主(RSS、Seg-2000K)、以晶界发射位错为主(Seg-300K、Seg-600K)及晶界迁移和位错发射共存(Seg-800K、Seg-1200K). 下面对三类模型进行分别讨论,每类模型选择其中一个作为该类模型的代表.
图9(a)为RSS模型进行剪切模拟得到的应力应变曲线,剪切初始阶段,剪切应力随应变的增加呈线性增长,在应变ε=0.07(b点)时达到最大,最大剪切应力为4.38 GPa. 随后剪切应力在b点后发生骤降,由图9(b)的原子结构图,发现是由于部分晶界原子向下迁移导致的. 在c点处,剪切应力停止下降,通过图9(c)的原子结构图,发现晶界整体迁移结束,晶界由初始平面向下迁移至另一平面,迁移距离为两层原子的厚度. 在后续剪切过程中,晶界持续进行类似的迁移运动,在应力应变曲线上表现为剪切应力不断上升、下降. RSS模型在剪切应力的作用下,晶界不断向下迁移,d点处完成在0.15应变内的最后一次迁移,总迁移距离为5.47 nm,原子结构如图9(d)所示,蓝色虚线表示初始晶界位置.
通过图9(b-c)的原子图,我们发现晶界迁移是由于晶界区域出现了一个台阶状结构并沿晶界扩展所导致的. 实际上,这是一个同时具有位错特征和台阶特征的拓扑线缺陷,叫做阶错[47](Disconnection). 在剪切载荷作用下,阶错的形核与扩展主导了无Cu元素偏析的Σ11(113)晶界的迁移运动,为了更加准确地描述阶错与晶界迁移之间的关系,我们统计了阶错密度,结果如图10(a)所示,阶错结构在图10(b)得以呈现. 在实际的晶界迁移过程中,并非所有时间段都仅存在一个阶错,而是可能多个阶错(图10(b)黑色虚线框内,即图10(a)a点位置)同时形核与扩展,导致阶错密度不断发生变化. 为了进一步阐释阶错密度发生变化的原因,下面以图10(a)中b点到c点这一阶段为例进行说明. ε=0.076(图10(c))时,阶错对1(图中仅给出其中一个阶错)在剪切应力作用下沿y方向向两侧滑移的过程中,阶错对2在晶界处形核,阶错密度增加,随后阶错对1继续滑移,直至二者相遇后发生湮灭,阶错对1消失(图10(d)),阶错密度降低. 阶错对1消失后,阶错对2开始沿y方向向两侧滑移(图10(e)),直至二者相遇后发生湮灭(图10(f)),此时晶界完成迁移,阶错密度降为0. 后续阶错密度不断变化的原因与此类似,均是由阶错的形核、滑移和湮灭所导致.
阶错的形核与扩展主导了晶界的迁移运动,为了从原子尺度揭示阶错的起源,在图11中进一步分析了阶错形核过程中的原子运动情况,其中黑色实线表示当前晶界位置,黑色虚线表示初始晶界位置. 在晶界迁移过程中,初始晶界整齐的排列在一个平面上(图11(a)),当剪切应力达到临界应力后,阶错以偶极子的方式从晶界上形核. 有关阶错的形核过程,以图10(d)右侧阶错为例进行解释:在剪切载荷的作用下,图11(a)中的1、2号原子向左滑动,由FCC原子转化为晶界原子(图11(b));随后,图11(b)中的3、4号原子向右滑动,5、6号原子向左滑动,分别转化为FCC和晶界原子(图11(c));最后,图10(c)中的7号原子向右滑动,转化为FCC原子(图11(d)),阶错形核完成,左侧阶错的形核过程与右侧类似.
图12(a)为Seg-300K模型进行剪切模拟得到的应力应变曲线,与RSS模型类似,该模型的剪切应力也经历了线性上升与骤降过程,最大剪切应力为6.18 GPa,明显高于RSS模型,这表明晶界偏析提高了高熵合金的剪切强度. 通过位错提取分析(Dislocation Extraction Analysis,DXA)[48]识别得到c点处的原子结构图,如图12(c)所示,蓝色虚线表示初始晶界位置,为突出晶界区域的Cu元素偏析现象,将晶界区域Cu原子使用棕色表示,紫色为1/6<112>肖克利不全位错. 结果显示该模型剪切应力发生骤降的原因是晶界向晶粒内部发射位错,而不是由晶界迁移引起的,这是因为大量的Cu元素偏析显著降低了晶界能和晶界体积,使晶界结构更加稳定,阻碍了晶界的迁移运动,同时表明晶界偏析改变了FeNiCrCoCu HEAs的晶界剪切运动变形机制. 在后续剪切过程中,晶界持续向晶粒内部发射大量位错,导致位错密度迅速增加并逐渐趋于饱和. 发射后的位错在晶粒内部发生滑移,并在滑移过程中发生位错的合成、分解与湮灭,导致位错密度不断上下波动,如图12(b)所示. 图12(d)为晶界发射位错后,位错的滑移方向与滑移面. 此外,图12(d)表明,与晶界初始位置(蓝色虚线处)相比,剪切结束后的晶界未发生明显迁移,而是由于位错发射导致晶界发生断开.
晶界处的位错形核与滑移,使晶粒内部生成了大量本征堆垛层错(Intrinsic Stacking Fault,ISF)、非本征堆垛层错(Extrinsic Stacking Fault,ESF)和孪晶(Twin),如图12(d)所示. 图13揭示了它们的成核机制,其中紫色表示1/6<112>肖克利不全位错,是由DXA识别得到,黑色箭头表示位错滑移方向. 如图13(a)所示,ISF(两层HCP原子组成)是由一个1/6<112>肖克利不全位错在晶粒内部滑移形成的,ESF(两层HCP原子中间夹着一层FCC原子组成)是由另一个1/6<112>肖克利不全位错在间隔一个密排面的平行滑移面上滑移形成的. 图13(b)中,ESF形成后,一个1/6<112>肖克利不全位错在与原有ESF间隔一个密排面的平行滑移面上滑移,形成Twin(两层HCP原子中间夹着两层FCC原子组成).
图14(a)为Seg-1200K模型进行剪切模拟得到的应力应变曲线,与RSS模型类似,该模型的剪切应力也经历了线性上升与骤降过程,其最大剪切应力为4.77 GPa,同样高于RSS模型,这进一步表明晶界偏析提高了高熵合金的剪切强度. 该模型剪切应力发生骤降的原因与RSS模型一致,都是由晶界迁移引起的,如图14(b)所示. 然而,随着剪切过程的继续,Seg-1200K模型的晶界运动表现得更加复杂:不仅仅是单一的晶界迁移,还包括位错的发射,如图14(c)所示. 在后续的剪切过程中,晶界迁移与位错发射同时进行,最终晶界平均迁移距离为1.96 nm,如图14(d)所示.
上述结果表明,对于FeNiCrCoCu高熵合金,晶界处的Cu元素偏析将晶界的迁移运动转变为晶界发射位错,为了说明Cu元素在其中的作用,我们进行了深入的讨论. 通过分析模拟数据发现,Cu原子在晶界处的偏析改变了晶界区域的化学环境,显著降低了晶界能,增强了晶界稳定性,增大了晶界的迁移阻力,进而阻碍了晶界的迁移运动. Cu原子偏析还通过降低晶界自由体积,限制了晶界原子协同运动的自由度,从而抑制了晶界的整体迁移. 此外,晶界区域高浓度的Cu元素还会对晶界产生钉扎作用,阻碍晶界迁移. 例如,在Seg-1200K模型中(图15(a-b)),当剪切应变ε=0.0807时,晶界低Cu浓度区域发生阶错形核并沿y方向滑移(图15(a));然而,当其滑移路径接近高Cu浓度区域(图15(b)黑色圆圈处)时,由于Cu原子钉扎作用对晶界迁移的阻碍,阶错无法继续滑移,转为诱发位错成核来释放应力. 在Seg-800K模型中,同样出现了Cu元素对晶界的钉扎作用,如图15(c)所示. Seg-300K和Seg-600K模型晶界区域的Cu原子占比在50%以上,不存在低Cu浓度区域,导致阶错无法形核,晶界运动由晶界迁移转变为晶界发射位错,如图15(d)所示. 偏析元素对晶界钉扎作用的现象在Hu等[49]的研究中具有相同体现.
通过对三类模型的对比分析,我们发现不同模型在最大剪切强度和晶界迁移距离方面存在差异,为了直观展示这些差异,计算了每个模型的最大剪切强度和晶界迁移距离,结果如图16所示. 通过比较各模型的最大剪切强度与晶界迁移距离,发现与RSS模型相比,Seg模型具有更高的剪切强度,更小的晶界迁移距离,并且偏析程度越高,与RSS模型的差别越大. 说明晶界偏析稳定了晶界结构,提高了晶界强度.
为了与其他结构的晶界进行比较,构建了两个<110>对称倾斜晶界和两个<100>对称倾斜晶界,包括错向角为109.5°的Σ3(112)<110>晶界、错向角为31.6°的Σ27(115)<110>晶界、错向角为53.13°的Σ5(210)<100>晶界和错向角为28.07°的Σ17(410)<100>晶界,结果如图17所示(为突出晶界运动,冻结部分原子,以浅蓝色表示). 对于Σ3晶界,混合MC/MD模拟结束后,晶界处并未发生Cu元素偏析现象,因此RSS和Seg模型的晶界运动方式相同,均表现为晶界迁移. 对于Σ5晶界,RSS模型的晶界运动方式与Σ11晶界RSS模型相同,表现为晶界迁移,偏析后的Seg模型则表现为晶界滑动. 对于Σ17和Σ27晶界,RSS模型的晶界运动方式主要为晶界滑动并伴随少量的晶界迁移,偏析后的Seg模型则只表现为晶界滑动. 虽然上述晶界的运动方式不同,但都表现出了晶界处的Cu元素偏析对晶界迁移具有一定的抑制作用.
尽管晶界偏析可以抑制不同类型晶界的迁移(例如<110>和<100>对称倾斜晶界),但本文提出的结论不能代表所有类型的晶界,因为真实晶体材料中具有多种类型的晶界(例如不对称倾斜晶界和扭转晶界),晶界偏析对这些晶界的影响仍需进一步研究.
在本工作中,使用RSS模型和Seg模型研究了FeNiCrCoCu HEAs Σ11(113)晶界的结构和剪切响应;分析了所有晶界在0 K时的结构和能量,以及在300 K时的剪切变形机理. 主要结论如下:
(1)FeNiCrCoCu HEAs存在晶界偏析现象,主要表现为晶界处Cu原子大量聚集,其他类型原子数量减少.
(2)晶界偏析改变了晶界附近的化学环境,改善了晶界处的应力集中,降低了晶界能和晶界自由体积,稳定了晶界结构.
(3)FeNiCrCoCu HEAs双晶模型在剪切载荷作用下,无Cu元素偏析的模型主要表现为晶界迁移,而随着晶界处Cu元素偏析程度的增加,晶界变形逐渐转变为晶界发射位错,同时所需的剪切强度也不断增大.
对于<110>和<100>对称倾斜晶界,虽然这些晶界的运动方式不同,但都表现出了晶界处的Cu元素偏析对晶界迁移具有一定的抑制作用. 而对于Σ11(113)晶界,晶界处的Cu元素偏析可以改变晶界区域的化学环境,降低晶界能和晶界自由体积,增强晶界稳定性,限制晶界原子协同运动的自由度,进而阻碍晶界的迁移运动. 此外,高浓度的Cu元素偏析对晶界产生了显著的钉扎效应,该效应通过抑制阶错的形核与滑移,导致晶界无法进行迁移,迫使晶界运动转变为晶界发射位错,这一现象为理解高熵合金的晶界行为提供了新的视角.
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.005
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-27
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    江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室,江南大学机械工程学院,无锡,214122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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