Article(id=1241831205503566096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005231500, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1761494400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005231500, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005231500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005231500, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241831200843699167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='571', pageEnd='706', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005230388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005316875, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241831563734881184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241831563739075489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=681, endPage=692, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241831205772001555, articleId=1241831205503566096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Study on the Engineering Model of Penetration Depth of Metal-Based Energetic Jet Acting on Steel Targets, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the limitations of existing engineering models for penetration depth that inadequately account for the coupling between the impact-induced energy release reaction of metal-based energetic jets and penetration behavior, a novel engineering model for penetration depth was developed. The model was based on a detailed analysis of the physical process of energetic jet penetration into steel targets, combined with the dynamic features of the impact-induced energy release. The model aimed to improve prediction accuracy for steel targets under impact conditions encountered in shaped charge applications. The quasi-steady theory of ideal incompressible fluid mechanics was adopted to describe fluid-like jet behavior. A jet transient reaction time was introduced as a key parameter to capture the timescale of chemical energy release relative to the penetration event. The model systematically incorporated the staged effects of peak overpressure arrival time and the evolving strength of both jet and target materials. Analytical expressions were derived to link penetration depth with jet properties, jet transient reaction time, and target resistance, providing a quantitative framework for performance prediction. Model parameters were calibrated using experimental measurements. Based on this framework, the influence of jet transient reaction time on penetration depth was investigated. Results show that penetration depth first increases and then decreases as reaction time extends. This nonlinear trend indicates that neither very short nor excessively long reaction time is favorable for maximizing penetration. Experimental validation was performed; results show that model predictions deviate by less than 10% from measured penetration depths under multiple test conditions, confirming the model's accuracy. The proposed model provides new theoretical insight into the coupling between penetration mechanics and impact-induced energy release of metal-based energetic jets. It also offers practical guidance for the structural optimization of shaped charges and supports the quantitative assessment of damage to armored targets, showing potential value for both defense applications and engineering design.

, correspAuthors=Qiang Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian Wang, Qiang Li, Zaicheng Wang, Peihan Wang, Qiyun Wang, Hao An), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241831216878518811, articleId=1241831205503566096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=金属含能射流作用钢靶的侵彻深度工程模型研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对现有的侵彻深度工程模型未能充分考虑金属含能射流冲击释能反应与侵彻深度的耦合作用效果,通过分析金属含能射流侵彻钢靶的物理过程和射流冲击释能反应特性,结合准定常理想不可压缩流体力学理论,引入射流瞬态反应作用时间,分阶段考虑冲击释能反应超压峰值到达时机和弹靶强度效应对侵彻深度的影响,建立了金属含能射流弹靶耦合作用侵彻深度工程模型,基于工程模型研究了侵彻深度随射流瞬态反应作用时间的变化规律. 试验验证工程模型预测值与试验实测值误差在10%以内,模型对聚能装药结构设计及装甲目标的破坏效果评估具有一定的指导作用.

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**E-mail:.
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Penetration depth predictions and their deviations across models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号药型罩材料类型药型罩密度(g/cm3静态屈服强度(GPa)Le(mm)Model 1Model 2
Lp1(mm)δ1(%)Lp2(mm)δ2(%)
1Zr6.830.9355.5267.624.73207.841.55
210%W/Zr8.071.60401.3245.838.75176.456.04
315%W/Zr8.691.69418.9264.936.76194.953.47
), ArticleFig(id=1241831225300681392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831205503566096, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各模型预测的侵彻深度及误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号药型罩材料类型药型罩密度(g/cm3静态屈服强度(GPa)Le(mm)Model 1Model 2
Lp1(mm)δ1(%)Lp2(mm)δ2(%)
1Zr6.830.9355.5267.624.73207.841.55
210%W/Zr8.071.60401.3245.838.75176.456.04
315%W/Zr8.691.69418.9264.936.76194.953.47
), ArticleFig(id=1241831225418121905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831205503566096, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculated and measured rise time in jet impact energy-release test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药型罩W含量vr(m/s)τe(ms)τr(ms)δr(%)
0%268524.6125.674.31
10%299016.2117.286.60
15%277122.1722.963.56
平均误差4.82
), ArticleFig(id=1241831225518785203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831205503566096, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

射流冲击释能试验升压段时间计算与对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药型罩W含量vr(m/s)τe(ms)τr(ms)δr(%)
0%268524.6125.674.31
10%299016.2117.286.60
15%277122.1722.963.56
平均误差4.82
), ArticleFig(id=1241831225632031413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831205503566096, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Initial parameters required for model validation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号vj0(m/s)vr(m/s)t0(μs)a(mm)σ(GPa)te(ms)
166372677-2.05-13.630.7524.61
260542982-1.90-11.522.0116.21
359732790-2.58-15.422.1522.17
), ArticleFig(id=1241831225720111799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831205503566096, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

验证模型所需的初始参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号vj0(m/s)vr(m/s)t0(μs)a(mm)σ(GPa)te(ms)
166372677-2.05-13.630.7524.61
260542982-1.90-11.522.0116.21
359732790-2.58-15.422.1522.17
), ArticleFig(id=1241831225833358009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831205503566096, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison between model predictions and experimental measurements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号Lr(mm)LS(mm)Lf(mm)Le(mm)δp(%)
1127.5202.0329.5355.57.31
2132.8287.6420.4401.34.76
3138.3304.8443.1418.95.78
), ArticleFig(id=1241831225913049787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831205503566096, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

工程模型预测值与试验实测值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号Lr(mm)LS(mm)Lf(mm)Le(mm)δp(%)
1127.5202.0329.5355.57.31
2132.8287.6420.4401.34.76
3138.3304.8443.1418.95.78
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金属含能射流作用钢靶的侵彻深度工程模型研究
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王健 1 , 李强 1, ** , 王在成 2 , 王沛涵 1 , 王启云 1 , 安豪 1
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(5): 681-692
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(5): 681-692
金属含能射流作用钢靶的侵彻深度工程模型研究
全屏
王健1, 李强1, ** , 王在成2, 王沛涵1, 王启云1, 安豪1
作者信息
  • 1中北大学机电工程学院,太原,030051
  • 2北京理工大学爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京,100081

通讯作者:

Study on the Engineering Model of Penetration Depth of Metal-Based Energetic Jet Acting on Steel Targets
Jian Wang1, Qiang Li1, ** , Zaicheng Wang2, Peihan Wang1, Qiyun Wang1, Hao An1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081
出版时间: 2025-10-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.029
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针对现有的侵彻深度工程模型未能充分考虑金属含能射流冲击释能反应与侵彻深度的耦合作用效果,通过分析金属含能射流侵彻钢靶的物理过程和射流冲击释能反应特性,结合准定常理想不可压缩流体力学理论,引入射流瞬态反应作用时间,分阶段考虑冲击释能反应超压峰值到达时机和弹靶强度效应对侵彻深度的影响,建立了金属含能射流弹靶耦合作用侵彻深度工程模型,基于工程模型研究了侵彻深度随射流瞬态反应作用时间的变化规律. 试验验证工程模型预测值与试验实测值误差在10%以内,模型对聚能装药结构设计及装甲目标的破坏效果评估具有一定的指导作用.

金属含能射流  /  钢靶  /  侵彻深度  /  冲击动力学

To address the limitations of existing engineering models for penetration depth that inadequately account for the coupling between the impact-induced energy release reaction of metal-based energetic jets and penetration behavior, a novel engineering model for penetration depth was developed. The model was based on a detailed analysis of the physical process of energetic jet penetration into steel targets, combined with the dynamic features of the impact-induced energy release. The model aimed to improve prediction accuracy for steel targets under impact conditions encountered in shaped charge applications. The quasi-steady theory of ideal incompressible fluid mechanics was adopted to describe fluid-like jet behavior. A jet transient reaction time was introduced as a key parameter to capture the timescale of chemical energy release relative to the penetration event. The model systematically incorporated the staged effects of peak overpressure arrival time and the evolving strength of both jet and target materials. Analytical expressions were derived to link penetration depth with jet properties, jet transient reaction time, and target resistance, providing a quantitative framework for performance prediction. Model parameters were calibrated using experimental measurements. Based on this framework, the influence of jet transient reaction time on penetration depth was investigated. Results show that penetration depth first increases and then decreases as reaction time extends. This nonlinear trend indicates that neither very short nor excessively long reaction time is favorable for maximizing penetration. Experimental validation was performed; results show that model predictions deviate by less than 10% from measured penetration depths under multiple test conditions, confirming the model's accuracy. The proposed model provides new theoretical insight into the coupling between penetration mechanics and impact-induced energy release of metal-based energetic jets. It also offers practical guidance for the structural optimization of shaped charges and supports the quantitative assessment of damage to armored targets, showing potential value for both defense applications and engineering design.

metal-based energetic jet  /  steel target  /  penetration depth  /  impact dynamics
王健, 李强, 王在成, 王沛涵, 王启云, 安豪. 金属含能射流作用钢靶的侵彻深度工程模型研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 681 -692 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.029
Jian Wang, Qiang Li, Zaicheng Wang, Peihan Wang, Qiyun Wang, Hao An. Study on the Engineering Model of Penetration Depth of Metal-Based Energetic Jet Acting on Steel Targets[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (5) : 681 -692 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.029
聚能射流的侵彻深度是表征射流侵彻性能的关键参数,是量化聚能装药破坏效果的重要特征之一[1-3]. 构建可靠的聚能射流侵彻深度工程模型不仅能预测其在各类靶板上的侵彻效果,还能有效指导聚能装药的结构优化,从而提高战斗部在复杂装甲靶板上的毁伤能力.
当前,常规聚能射流侵彻深度理论的研究已非常成熟. Birkhoff等[4]是聚能射流侵彻理论的开拓者,首次运用流体动力学理论描述射流对靶板的侵彻过程,将其视为定常理想不可压缩流体的运动,从而奠定了聚能射流侵彻理论的基础. 随后,Voumard等[5]针对钨铜粉末粒子流对靶板的侵彻行为,首次提出了粉末射流侵彻模型. 该模型在传统聚能射流侵彻理论的基础上进行了修正,准确地描述了钨铜聚能粒子流的侵彻特性,并给出了侵彻深度与炸高之间的关系曲线. Elshenawy等[6]提出一种改进的Alison-Vitali侵彻深度数学模型,在已有侵彻深度预测模型的基础上,分别引入目标靶板阻力减少因子和修改后的目标穿透阻力因子,以此建立了考虑靶板强度的侵彻深度数学模型. Li等[7]基于虚拟源点理论和微元法,提出了常规聚能射流的侵彻深度预测模型,重点分析了射流在干扰下的横向漂移速度及受扰射流的侵彻深度. 研究表明,射流的跟随速度显著影响侵彻深度,随着跟随速度的增加,侵彻深度呈指数下降. Wang等[8]基于虚拟原点理论和伯努利方程考虑了射流和靶板的强度,构建了射流动力学侵彻模型. 通过数值仿真研究了射流在不同速度下对靶板的侵彻深度,并将仿真结果与模型预测值进行对比,验证了侵彻模型的有效性,研究结果表明两者误差控制在10%以内. 上述研究所构建的侵彻深度计算模型在一定程度上有效预测了常规聚能射流的侵彻行为. 然而,对于具有复杂能量耦合特性的非常规射流,现有的常规射流模型难以准确描述其侵彻深度的形成机制.
含能材料作为新型聚能装药药型罩材料之一[9-11],其在侵彻靶板时有更为显著的破坏效果[12-15]. 而含能射流的侵彻深度形成机制与常规聚能射流存在显著差异,对此国内学者开展了含能射流毁伤方面的相关研究. 余庆波等[16]利用测压罐试验研究了活性射流侵彻不同厚度钢靶的内爆超压特性,构建了描述活性射流作用于目标时爆炸效应与侵彻深度之间关系的模型. 黄炳瑜等[17]研究了Al/Ni-Cu双层含能药型罩形成的射流对钢靶的侵彻深度,证实了Al/Ni-Cu双层含能药型罩可发挥动能和化学反应的联合侵彻毁伤效应,与传统Cu射流相比,其对钢靶的侵彻深度和侵彻体积分别提高了20.1%和23.0%. 苏成海等[18]通过研究氟聚物基含能药型罩对钢靶的侵彻爆燃行为及耦合作用机理分析,建立了含能射流侵彻深度与反应延迟时间的函数关系. 尽管上述研究已考虑含能射流能量耦合效应对射流侵彻行为的影响,但针对含能射流侵彻靶板过程中化学能和动能耦合作用对侵彻深度影响的研究仍较为有限.
本文研究对象为能量释放过程相对稳定的金属含能射流,其特征区别于具有爆燃或侵爆特性的高敏感性射流. 研究重点在于揭示金属含能射流侵彻钢靶过程中化学能与动能的耦合机制,并在侵彻过程划分的基础上,进一步分析冲击释能超压峰值到达时机与弹靶强度效应对侵彻深度的作用. 据此建立了相应的侵彻深度工程模型,并结合金属含能射流侵彻试验数据对模型的准确性进行了验证. 最后探讨了射流瞬态反应作用时间对金属含能射流侵彻深度的影响机制. 总体研究框架图如图1所示.
为了研究金属含能射流侵彻钢靶过程中动能和化学能的耦合作用效果,委托北理工团队开展了Zr基含能射流侵彻钢靶试验[19],试验原理图如图2所示.
图2中,Zr基含能射流侵彻钢靶实验装置主要由Zr基聚能战斗部、炸高筒、钢靶、钢垫板、起爆装置、信息记录系统等部分组成,其中Zr基聚能战斗部由Zr基含能药型罩、8701装药、传爆药特屈儿、8#电雷管、雷管座组成. Zr基含能射流由8#电雷管起爆Zr基聚能装药驱动,高速摄像机触发信号由电雷管起爆提供,试验现场布置如图3所示.
试验采取三种方案,方案1为不含W的Zr基含能药型罩、方案2为含10%W/Zr基含能药型罩,方案3为含15%W/Zr基含能药型罩;三种方案药型罩锥角和口径分别均为40°和62 mm;钢靶密度为7.85 g/cm3,屈服强度为235 MPa;三种方案的炸高均取4倍药型罩口径;方案1-3分别对应的药型罩平均密度及静态屈服强度见表1.
在起爆约10分钟后,收集残靶内的剩余侵彻体;随后在孔道不同方位多次插入探针并旋转记录,取其中最大值作为该孔的侵彻深度. 每种方案均进行3次重复试验,并对3次测得的最大侵彻深度取平均值,作为该方案的实测侵彻深度Le(见表1);含能射流对钢靶的毁伤形貌见图4. 图4中,Zr基含能射流侵彻钢靶后,靶板孔口呈现不规则圆形,且表面明显熏黑,表明部分射流含能物质在孔口外发生化学反应,产物附着在钢靶表面;此外,孔口周围出现小幅度隆起,这是由于含能射流在侵彻过程中的冲击释能反应产生的能量对靶体膨胀做功.
使用Allison等[19]提出的准定常聚能射流侵彻深度理论模型和苏成海等[18]提出的活性射流侵彻深度理论模型,分别记为模型1和模型2,并将其应用于三种试验方案的侵彻深度预测,获得各模型预测值分别为Lp1Lp2,并计算了其相对实测值Le的误差δ,如表1所示,其中误差δ计算公式为δi=|Lpi-Le|/Le×100%.
表1可知,在当前所研究的含能射流体系下,模型1和模型2在侵彻深度预测中分别存在33.41%和50.35%的平均误差. 其主要原因在于:模型1未能考虑含能射流在侵彻过程中所表现出的独特释能特性,低估了化学能对侵彻深度的贡献;模型2则更适用于存在剧烈侵爆反应的含能射流体系,不适用释能过程相对稳定的金属含能射流. 上述误差分析结果表明,现有两类侵彻深度工程模型在金属含能射流体系中存在一定局限性,未能准确反映其侵彻行为,故其难以用于对表1所示实验数据的有效预测. 鉴于此,本研究基于Zr基含能射流在侵彻钢靶过程中的冲击释能反应,构建了一种适用于金属含能射流特性的侵彻深度工程模型,并通过实验数据对该模型的预测准确性进行了验证.
鉴于金属含能射流在侵彻钢靶过程中发生的冲击释能反应对最终深度具有决定性影响,本研究将其整个侵彻过程细分为瞬态冲击阶段、射流瞬态反应阶段及终止侵彻阶段,依次分析各阶段动能与化学能耦合作用,示意图如图5所示.
瞬态冲击阶段是指射流头部撞击钢靶至冲击诱发释能反应开始的时间区间. 在此阶段,射流以极高速度撞击静止钢靶,产生显著冲击温升,在碰撞区域形成高温、高压、高应变率的三高区[21]. 在高速碰撞过程中产生的强冲击波会同时向射流和钢靶传播,钢靶材料在强压缩载荷的加载下开始流动,此阶段可忽略射流与钢靶的强度. 同时,含能材料受到强压缩载荷作用发生预点火,为后续的化学释能奠定条件. 考虑到该阶段持续时间极短、且主要局限于三高区,其对最终侵彻深度的贡献可忽略不计.
瞬态反应侵彻阶段是指从射流发生冲击释能反应开始,到该反应产生的超压达到峰值时结束. 在本阶段,射流在自身动能的基础上,耦合因高速碰撞而转化的内能和材料本身的化学能,诱发射流的冲击释能反应. 该反应过程中产生的温升与超压持续作用于钢靶孔壁,使射流在侵彻过程中呈现近似流体行为,可忽略该阶段弹靶强度效应. 由于该阶段中射流的速度衰减较缓,侵彻速率保持相对稳定,直至冲击释能反应诱导的超压达到峰值,标志着瞬态反应侵彻阶段的结束.
终止侵彻阶段是指射流冲击释能反应超压达到峰值后,依靠残余动能继续对钢靶进行侵彻,直至射流速度降至临界侵彻速度以下而停止侵彻的过程. 在该阶段,冲击释能反应泄压阶段的释能主要参与扩孔过程,对侵彻深度的贡献相对较弱,因此在终止侵彻阶段可不计其对深度的影响. 此阶段的主要侵彻机制转为射流的残余动能驱动,射流以逐渐衰减的速度继续作用于钢靶. 而随着射流速度逐渐降低,靶材强度对侵彻过程的影响显著增强,不可再忽略弹靶强度效应. 当射流前端速度降至临界射流侵彻速度以下时,射流不再具备进一步侵彻能力,标志着终止侵彻阶段的结束[22].
通过第二节对金属含能射流侵彻钢靶全过程的物理机制分析可知,射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段与终止侵彻阶段在作用机制上存在显著差异,有必要针对这两个关键阶段的深度形成过程分别进行分析与建模.
针对射流在瞬态反应侵彻阶段所造成的深度,需在准定常理想不可压缩流体力学理论的基础上,做出如下补充和修正:
(1)钢靶材料为均质钢靶且射流在瞬态冲击阶段结束后射流为不可压缩流体,忽略含能射流在侵彻过程中的冲击释能反应对其密度的影响;
(2)射流瞬态反应作用时间τ为冲击释能反应开始到其产生的超压达到最大值的时间,且与微元速度τvj)有关;
(3)忽略部分射流微元延迟升压阶段的冲击释能反应对侵彻深度的影响.
建立金属含能射流作用钢靶的侵彻深度随时间变化关系如图6所示. 图6中,纵轴d为轴向侵彻深度且以药型罩底部为0点,横轴t为时间轴,以爆轰波到达药柱底部为0时刻;Ot0a)为虚拟原点坐标;H为炸高;t1为射流头部从药型罩底部到达钢靶表面的时间;KM曲线为射流瞬态反应作用时间为τ时射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段深度随时间变化曲线,此时射流造成的侵彻深度为Lt);延长射流瞬态反应作用时间到τ1后,侵彻深度曲线从KM延长到KTLm为惰性射流的最大侵彻深度.
对于M点,侵彻深度为Lt),射流瞬态反应作用时间为τ,根据图6几何关系可得:
将式(1)对t微分,因H-a为常数,且dLt)/dt=U,则:
在射流瞬态反应作用时间内,对侵靶过程进行积分可得:
式中,vj0为射流头部速度. 对式(3)积分并转化为关于τ的表达式后带入式(1)可得:
对于理想不可压缩流体有[23]
式中,ρtρj分别为钢靶密度和射流密度.
根据式(3)和式(5)可推出射流瞬态反应作用时间τ和射流侵彻速度vj存在关系为:
将式(6)代入式(4)可得射流理论瞬态反应侵彻阶段深度表达式为:
式(7)中,射流瞬态反应作用时间τ对理论侵彻深度Lt)起主要影响作用,其大小取决于射流冲击释能反应超压峰值到达时机,为定量表征该关键时刻,设射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段实际深度为La,对应的作用时间记为有效射流瞬态反应作用时间τ'. 根据图6OT直线,设射流在该阶段的平均速度为vja,则La可表示为:
引入无量纲参量——射流瞬态反应作用线ψ,将其定义为LaLt)的比值. 该参量可用于刻画射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段实际侵彻深度La与理想侵彻深度Lt)之间的差异. 如图7所示,射流瞬态反应作用线ψ可表示为:
根据ψ的取值将射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段深度的计算划分为如下三种类型.
1)当ψ<1时,射流在作用线以上
射流的有效射流瞬态反应作用时间τ'ψ=1时射流瞬态反应作用时间短,此时射流微元产生的超压提前达到峰值,其对接下来的侵彻没有贡献. 此时射流侵彻钢靶满足准定常不可压缩流体力学理论,其侵彻深度表达式满足式(10),则ψ<1时提前结束射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段的深度表达式为:
2)当ψ=1时,射流恰好在作用线上
射流侵彻钢靶的实际侵彻深度为理论侵彻深度:
根据图6存在的几何关系有:
将式(11)代入式(10)中,并令λ=,可解得当ψ=1时射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段深度Lr2表达式为:
3)当ψ>1时,射流在作用线以下
射流在侵彻钢靶过程中将持续不断地开坑,增加深度,此时射流的有效射流瞬态反应作用时间τ'大于τ,射流冲击释能反应将延长对钢靶孔壁的影响. 且ψ>1时,其侵彻深度计算方法与2)相同,用τ'来计算ψ>1时射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段深度Lr3,即:
式中,.
为了量化弹靶强度效应对终止侵彻阶段侵彻深度的影响,在常规射流定常侵彻理论的伯努利方程中增加强度项2σ来表示,即[23]
式中,σ=mjYj-mtYt,且YjYt分别为射流与靶板的静态屈服强度,mjmt为对应的动力放大系数;其中mj基于霍普金森杆实验获得的高应变率数据,采用Cowper-Symonds模型进行回归拟合,建立动力放大系数与应变率之间的关系[25],并根据对应应变率条件选取;mt则依据已有研究[26],Q235钢在高应变率下屈服强度约为静态的两倍,故取mt=2.
解式(15),可得侵彻速度U的关系式为:
将式(16)代入式(3)并考虑其微分形式为:
式中,.
设射流侵彻钢靶时间为ta,则射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段结束后,射流在终止侵彻阶段满足式(18),即:
式中,vjl为射流终止侵彻阶段平均侵彻速度;LS为考虑弹靶强度效应的侵彻深度.
将式(17)联立式(18),可解得终止侵彻阶段深度表达式为:
综合3.1节和3.2节射流瞬态反应作用时间和弹靶强度效应对整个侵彻过程的影响,可得金属含能射流作用钢靶的侵彻深度Lf表达式为:
为评估所建立金属含能射流侵彻深度工程模型的有效性,将基于表1中试验测得的侵彻深度开展模型准确性验证.
验证模型所需的参数如表3所示;Zr基含能射流未接触钢靶前的头部速度vj0由试验直接测得;不同试验方案中虚拟原点坐标(t0a)的确定方法为:首先测得射流到达钢靶表面前的速度沿径向分布曲线(图8),再利用最小二乘法对该分布数据进行拟合,最后反推出对应方案的虚拟原点坐标[27]. 图8中各方案的拟合优度R2分别为0.912、0.926和0.947,均大于0.9,表明拟合所得参数精度较高. 射流瞬态反应作用时间τ是表征射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段深度的关键参数,但无法通过含能射流侵彻钢靶试验直接获得. 已有多项关于金属基含能材料在高速冲击下释能反应特性的研究表明[28-30],其冲击释能反应的升压段时间τ与冲击速度v之间存在如下函数关系:
为验证式(21)的适用性,开展了射流冲击释能测试试验,并在药型罩材料组成及装配条件上与含能射流侵彻钢靶试验保持一致. 该实验所测得的典型超压-时间曲线如图9所示,图9显示压力在十几毫秒内快速升至峰值后逐渐衰减. 不同W含量下的射流其超压峰值及升压段时间均存在显著差异:当W含量为10%时,其超压峰值可达4.11 MPa,且升压段时间最短(16.21 ms),表明该方案能够在更短时间内释放更多能量;部分曲线在衰减段还出现二次超压平台,反映了药型罩材料在能量释放特性上的差异. 将表2所列射流冲击释能试验的射流初速vr代入式(21)计算得到升压段时间τr,并与图9中提取的实测升压段时间τe进行对比. 计算得到的误差结果及相关参数均列于表2,其中误差δr的计算公式为δr=|τr-τe|/τe×100%.
表2可知,计算结果的平均误差为4.82%,小于5%,验证了式(21)在Zr基含能材料体系下的适用性. 基于此,将含能射流侵彻钢靶试验中的射流初速vj0代入式(21),可进一步计算得到各方案的射流瞬态反应作用时间τ. 金属含能射流冲击释能测试布置现场如图10所示,其实验装置及测试原理详见团队此前发表文献[9],这里不再赘述.
表3中数据代入式(20),求得工程模型预测值并与试验实测值作对比,如表4所示,其中:Lr为考虑超压峰值到达时机的射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段深度;LS为终止侵彻阶段深度;Lf为工程模型预测侵彻深度;Le为试验实测侵彻深度;预测误差δp为模型预测侵彻深度和试验实测侵彻深度的对比,计算公式为|Lf-Le|/Le×100%.
分析表4数据可发现,方案1中模型预测侵彻深度略低于试验实测值,且预测误差为7.31%. 这是由于在2.3节所述的射流侵彻过程中,射流进入释能泄压阶段,其释放的能量主要驱动径向扩孔而非轴向侵彻,因此在建立该阶段侵彻深度模型时未引入该部分能量,致使最终预测深度相较实测值存在一定偏差. 方案2与方案3的模型预测侵彻深度均高于试验结果,预测误差分别为4.76%和5.78%;其终止侵彻阶段的预测深度分别为287.6 mm和304.8 mm,显著大于方案1中不含W的Zr基含能射流预测值202.0 mm. 原因在于这两种方案所用药型罩为含W的Zr基含能材料,材料强度较高,而模型在描述射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段时忽略了弹靶强度效应,导致预测值偏高. 总体来看,三种方案中模型预测值与试验实测值的相对误差均控制在10%以内,表明所建立的弹靶耦合作用侵彻深度工程模型在合理简化前提下,符合对Zr基含能射流侵彻钢靶的实际工况预测要求,具有一定的工程适用性.
为进一步研究射流瞬态反应作用时间τ对侵彻深度的影响,基于上述构建的射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段理论侵彻深度Lt),可进一步绘制其随τ变化的关系曲线,如图11所示.
图11表明,若仅考虑射流冲击释能反应对侵彻深度影响时,延长射流瞬态反应作用时间τ将显著提升射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段的深度,从而增强射流对钢靶的侵彻能力.
为研究射流最终侵彻钢靶的深度Lf与考虑超压峰值到达时机的侵彻深度Lrτ的关系,以方案2为典型示例,基于式(20)进行预测分析,其结果如图12所示.
图12可知,方案2中的含能射流在侵彻钢靶过程中,其最大预测深度468.5 mm对应的有效射流瞬态反应作用时间为152.0μs. 当射流瞬态反应作用时间τ低于该临界值时,射流冲击释能反应产生的温升与超压能有效作用于钢靶孔壁,τ的延长有助于提高侵彻深度Lr,最大可达137.4 mm. 但当τ超过该临界值时,Lrτ的延长反而下降. 这是由于圆锥型药型罩形成的含能射流在冲击释能反应过程中,其反应主要集中在射流头部及轴线区域[31],若反应持续时间过长,该区域的持续释能将导致局部射流密度降低,进而削弱其凝聚性与稳定性,从而减弱射流在终止侵彻阶段的轴向侵彻能力.τ的延长对射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段深度Lr的影响,也在射流侵彻深度Lf的变化趋势中得到了验证. 如图12所示,随着τ的延长,Lf先增加至最大值468.5 mm,后续逐渐减小,体现了τ对含能射流侵彻性能的显著影响,印证了前述机制分析.
对方案2的分析表明,金属含能射流侵彻钢靶过程中存在一个临界反应时间点,此时射流的化学能与动能耦合作用效果达到最优,射流对钢靶的侵彻能力达到最强,故可将该时间定义为金属含能射流的最优射流瞬态反应作用时间. 结合图12中射流侵彻深度Lf的演化曲线可知,最大射流侵彻深度Lmax发生在射流瞬态反应作用时间为最优时间处.
通过对Zr基含能射流侵彻钢靶的物理过程进行分析,结合合理的假设条件,构建了金属含能射流弹靶耦合作用侵彻深度工程模型,并通过与试验实测值对比验证了工程模型对钢靶侵彻深度预测的可靠性. 本文取得主要研究成果有以下几个方面:
(1)根据金属含能射流侵彻钢靶物理过程的分析,分阶段构建了射流瞬态反应侵彻阶段及终止侵彻阶段的侵彻深度表达式;
(2)揭示了侵彻深度随射流瞬态反应作用时间变化的基本规律. 结果表明:金属含能射流最大侵彻深度出现在射流瞬态反应作用时间为最优时间处. 例如,由含10%W/Zr基含能药型罩形成的射流,在射流瞬态反应作用时间为152.0μs时,预测深度将达到最大值468.5 mm. 当射流瞬态反应作用时间低于该值时,能量耦合增强射流侵彻;高于该值时则因射流不稳定性加剧导致其侵彻能力下降;
(3)试验实测值与侵彻深度工程模型预测值的相对误差均控制在10%以内,验证了所构建金属含能射流侵彻深度工程模型的适用性和可靠性.
  • 基础加强计划技术领域基金项目(2023-JCJQ-JJ-0264)
  • 山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302124196; 202203021211097)
  • 中北大学重点实验室开放研究基金项目(DXMBJJ2023-04)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.029
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
基金
基础加强计划技术领域基金项目(2023-JCJQ-JJ-0264)
山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302124196; 202203021211097)
中北大学重点实验室开放研究基金项目(DXMBJJ2023-04)
作者信息
    1中北大学机电工程学院,太原,030051
    2北京理工大学爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京,100081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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