Article(id=1241831202802439149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753459200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005230856, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1761494400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005230856, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005230856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005230856, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241831200843699167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='571', pageEnd='706', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005230388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005316875, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241831563734881184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241831563739075489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=610, endPage=625, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241831203049903086, articleId=1241831202802439149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Parameter Optimization and Experimental Study of a Damped Dynamic Vibration Absorber with Negative Stiffness, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the field of engineering vibration control, the parameter design of traditional dynamic vibration absorbers typically neglects the damping inherent in the primary system. However, structural damping is unavoidable in practical applications, and disregarding this factor introduces significant errors and diminishes vibration suppression effectiveness. To resolve this limitation and enhance engineering applicability, this study aims to solve the optimization design problem of a negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber incorporating an amplification mechanism under the condition of primary system damping. The research first establishes the precise governing differential equations of the system and derives its analytical solution. Given that the presence of primary system damping invalidates the classical fixed-point theory, a numerical optimization approach is employed: the primary system amplitude is normalized and based on the criterion of minimizing the maximum primary system amplitude, optimal parameters including the stiffness ratio and damping ratio are determined through numerical search techniques. The accuracy of the analytical solution is subsequently verified using numerical simulations. The results demonstrate that, compared to traditional dynamic vibration absorber designs ignoring primary system damping, the proposed method significantly improves the overall vibration reduction efficiency of the negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber with amplification mechanism and effectively reduces the sensitivity of the primary system's resonant amplitude to variations in excitation frequency. Comparative vibration suppression experiments between the grounded negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber with amplification mechanism and conventional dynamic vibration absorbers further validate that the proposed negative-stiffness device exhibits significantly superior performance in both effective bandwidth and vibration reduction depth. This study provides a solid theoretical foundation and a practical optimization methodology for negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorbers incorporating amplification mechanisms. Its optimization strategy, which explicitly considers primary damping, markedly enhances the practical effectiveness and adaptability of the absorber. Consequently, the proposed negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber demonstrates broad application prospects in engineering fields requiring efficient broadband vibration suppression, such as precision instruments, offering a novel solution for high-performance vibration control.

, correspAuthors=Yanying Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao Wu, Yanying Zhao, Qingrui Wang, Tao Sun, Dashuai Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241831216341651767, articleId=1241831202802439149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=主系统有阻尼的负刚度动力吸振器的参数优化与实验研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统的动力吸振器参数设计通常忽略主系统阻尼,但在实际结构中,阻尼是不可避免的,忽视这一因素可能导致结果的显著误差. 本研究针对含放大机构的负刚度动力吸振器,首先建立了系统的运动微分方程并求得其解析解. 由于主系统存在阻尼,固定点理论失效,只能通过数值方法求解出系统的最优参数. 随后,对主系统振幅的表达式进行无量纲化,采用最小化-最大振幅的优化方法得到了系统的最优参数,并通过数值仿真验证了解析解的准确性. 研究表明,与传统的动力吸振器相比,考虑主系统阻尼可有效提高系统减振效率,并减少主系统振幅对激振频率的依赖性. 最后,设计了含放大机构的动力吸振器减振实验,通过采用不同类型动力吸振器和不同阻尼值的对比验证了接地负刚度装置良好的减振性能.

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**E-mail:.
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Stability analysis of supersonic plate with negative stiffness mechanism[J]. Journal of Sichuan University of Science & Engineering (Natural Science Edition), 2020, 33(05): 57-62. 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of the main system with a fixed frequency by the vibration absorber, figureFileSmall=R17BzpC48Iy3y1KuRvLGLA==, figureFileBig=ZYI5KSNIKvam00RY1+YV0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241831225007084114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202802439149, language=CN, label=图17, caption=吸振器对主系统定频时域响应对比, figureFileSmall=R17BzpC48Iy3y1KuRvLGLA==, figureFileBig=ZYI5KSNIKvam00RY1+YV0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241831225095164501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202802439149, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Comparison of time-domain response of the main system with a fixed frequency under different damping ratios, figureFileSmall=KOfrtoG0Ik1l1od7BJbF3A==, figureFileBig=K0YLWmtbhwv6HbYGveC6ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241831225200022108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202802439149, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同阻尼比下主系统定频时域响应对比, 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figureFileSmall=2beGTQrFPAW+MlzKLg8D6A==, figureFileBig=t2B3sTYdZ+uLMnXd3d1SoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241831225564926578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202802439149, language=CN, label=图20, caption=不同吸振器模型的幅频响应曲线对比, figureFileSmall=2beGTQrFPAW+MlzKLg8D6A==, figureFileBig=t2B3sTYdZ+uLMnXd3d1SoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241831225665589878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202802439149, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Values of experimental parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称符号数值
主系统质量块(g)m1100 g
吸振器质量块(g)m210 g
主系统弹簧刚度(N/m)k1120 N/m
吸振器弹簧刚度(N/m)k240 N/m
接地弹簧刚度(N/m)k320 N/m
水平弹簧刚度(N/m)ka23 N/m
竖直弹簧刚度(N/m)kb20 N/m
主系统到支点距离(cm)r117 cm
吸振器到支点距离(cm)r243 cm
水平弹簧原长(cm)L010 cm
水平弹簧压缩量(cm)h5 cm
连杆长度(cm)a3 cm
竖直弹簧位移(cm)x2 cm
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实验参数值

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名称符号数值
主系统质量块(g)m1100 g
吸振器质量块(g)m210 g
主系统弹簧刚度(N/m)k1120 N/m
吸振器弹簧刚度(N/m)k240 N/m
接地弹簧刚度(N/m)k320 N/m
水平弹簧刚度(N/m)ka23 N/m
竖直弹簧刚度(N/m)kb20 N/m
主系统到支点距离(cm)r117 cm
吸振器到支点距离(cm)r243 cm
水平弹簧原长(cm)L010 cm
水平弹簧压缩量(cm)h5 cm
连杆长度(cm)a3 cm
竖直弹簧位移(cm)x2 cm
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Comparison of the reduction amplitudes of theoretical and experimental amplitudes under different damping ratios

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阻尼比ξ1理论值β1实验值β2绝对误差降幅ρ1降幅ρ2
ξ1-10.151.421.430.7%//
ξ1-20.251.271.302.4%10.56%9.09%
ξ1-30.351.151.193.5%19.01%16.78%
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不同阻尼比下理论幅值和实验振幅的降幅对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阻尼比ξ1理论值β1实验值β2绝对误差降幅ρ1降幅ρ2
ξ1-10.151.421.430.7%//
ξ1-20.251.271.302.4%10.56%9.09%
ξ1-30.351.151.193.5%19.01%16.78%
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Comparison of errors between theoretical values and experimental values

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时间t(s)实验值x(mm)理论值x(mm)绝对误差σ相对误差σ1
01.421.270.1511.81%
51.381.240.1411.29%
101.361.260.107.94%
151.411.260.1511.90%
201.391.230.1613.09%
), ArticleFig(id=1241831226143740553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202802439149, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

理论值与实验值的误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间t(s)实验值x(mm)理论值x(mm)绝对误差σ相对误差σ1
01.421.270.1511.81%
51.381.240.1411.29%
101.361.260.107.94%
151.411.260.1511.90%
201.391.230.1613.09%
), ArticleFig(id=1241831227641107085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202802439149, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Optimal structural parameters of different dynamic vibration absorbers

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参数PFPXPP
μ0.10.10.1
ξ10.10000.1500
ξ20.19700.54150.5300
α0.86200.69310.5800
L02.52.5
n0-0.5592-0.5000
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不同动力吸振器的最优结构参数

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参数PFPXPP
μ0.10.10.1
ξ10.10000.1500
ξ20.19700.54150.5300
α0.86200.69310.5800
L02.52.5
n0-0.5592-0.5000
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主系统有阻尼的负刚度动力吸振器的参数优化与实验研究
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吴浩 , 赵艳影 ** , 王庆瑞 , 孙涛 , 张大帅
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(5): 610-625
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(5): 610-625
主系统有阻尼的负刚度动力吸振器的参数优化与实验研究
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吴浩, 赵艳影** , 王庆瑞, 孙涛, 张大帅
作者信息
  • 南昌航空大学航空宇航学院,南昌,330063

通讯作者:

Parameter Optimization and Experimental Study of a Damped Dynamic Vibration Absorber with Negative Stiffness
Hao Wu, Yanying Zhao** , Qingrui Wang, Tao Sun, Dashuai Zhang
Affiliations
  • School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063
出版时间: 2025-10-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.022
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传统的动力吸振器参数设计通常忽略主系统阻尼,但在实际结构中,阻尼是不可避免的,忽视这一因素可能导致结果的显著误差. 本研究针对含放大机构的负刚度动力吸振器,首先建立了系统的运动微分方程并求得其解析解. 由于主系统存在阻尼,固定点理论失效,只能通过数值方法求解出系统的最优参数. 随后,对主系统振幅的表达式进行无量纲化,采用最小化-最大振幅的优化方法得到了系统的最优参数,并通过数值仿真验证了解析解的准确性. 研究表明,与传统的动力吸振器相比,考虑主系统阻尼可有效提高系统减振效率,并减少主系统振幅对激振频率的依赖性. 最后,设计了含放大机构的动力吸振器减振实验,通过采用不同类型动力吸振器和不同阻尼值的对比验证了接地负刚度装置良好的减振性能.

动力吸振器  /  主系统阻尼  /  最小化-最大振幅优化  /  接地负刚度

In the field of engineering vibration control, the parameter design of traditional dynamic vibration absorbers typically neglects the damping inherent in the primary system. However, structural damping is unavoidable in practical applications, and disregarding this factor introduces significant errors and diminishes vibration suppression effectiveness. To resolve this limitation and enhance engineering applicability, this study aims to solve the optimization design problem of a negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber incorporating an amplification mechanism under the condition of primary system damping. The research first establishes the precise governing differential equations of the system and derives its analytical solution. Given that the presence of primary system damping invalidates the classical fixed-point theory, a numerical optimization approach is employed: the primary system amplitude is normalized and based on the criterion of minimizing the maximum primary system amplitude, optimal parameters including the stiffness ratio and damping ratio are determined through numerical search techniques. The accuracy of the analytical solution is subsequently verified using numerical simulations. The results demonstrate that, compared to traditional dynamic vibration absorber designs ignoring primary system damping, the proposed method significantly improves the overall vibration reduction efficiency of the negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber with amplification mechanism and effectively reduces the sensitivity of the primary system's resonant amplitude to variations in excitation frequency. Comparative vibration suppression experiments between the grounded negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber with amplification mechanism and conventional dynamic vibration absorbers further validate that the proposed negative-stiffness device exhibits significantly superior performance in both effective bandwidth and vibration reduction depth. This study provides a solid theoretical foundation and a practical optimization methodology for negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorbers incorporating amplification mechanisms. Its optimization strategy, which explicitly considers primary damping, markedly enhances the practical effectiveness and adaptability of the absorber. Consequently, the proposed negative-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber demonstrates broad application prospects in engineering fields requiring efficient broadband vibration suppression, such as precision instruments, offering a novel solution for high-performance vibration control.

dynamic vibration absorber  /  primary system damping  /  minimization-maximization amplitude optimization  /  negative stiffness
吴浩, 赵艳影, 王庆瑞, 孙涛, 张大帅. 主系统有阻尼的负刚度动力吸振器的参数优化与实验研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 610 -625 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.022
Hao Wu, Yanying Zhao, Qingrui Wang, Tao Sun, Dashuai Zhang. Parameter Optimization and Experimental Study of a Damped Dynamic Vibration Absorber with Negative Stiffness[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (5) : 610 -625 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.022
动力吸振器(dynamic vibration absorber,DVA)是一种用于减小振动的机械装置,主要通过与主系统相互作用吸收或抵消部分振动能量. 丹麦工程师Frahm[1]发明了一种无阻尼式动力吸振器,当主系统的外激励频率接近其固有频率时吸振器具有良好的减振效果,但减振频带较窄. Ormondroyd[2]首次在DVA中加入了阻尼,并提出了固定点理论. Den Hartog[3-4]进一步优化并完善了固定点理论,提出了减振频带更宽、减振效果更好的Voigt式动力吸振器. Brock[5]以Den Hartog研究的动力吸振器为基础,提出了阻尼优化公式. Nishihara等[6]和Asami等[7]利用固定点理论对有阻尼动力吸振器进行了优化设计,并得到了最优结构参数的解析表达式. 针对线性动力吸振器减振频带窄、减振效果差等问题,学者们开始研究非线性动力吸振器. 刘丽兰等[8]设计了一种含非线性阻尼的双稳态动力吸振器,该吸振器比传统线性双稳态吸振器的减振效果更好. 赵艳影等[9-10]研究了带有时滞非线性的动力吸振器,通过调节反馈增益系数和时滞量来减小主系统的振动,并通过数值模拟证实了结果的准确性.
随着对减振要求的不断提高,新的元件和技术被逐渐引用到减振系统的设计中并取得了显著效果. 负刚度装置和阻尼器等元件作为一种新兴的技术,能够明显提高吸振器的性能. 彭海波等[11]提出了一种含有负刚度弹簧元件的新型动力吸振器模型,通过拉氏变换求得系统的解析解,并利用固定点理论得到了系统的最优阻尼比和频率比. Park等[12]推导了正负刚度并联系统的最优结构设计,并通过实验验证了其优异的减振性能. 易举等[13]提出一种调谐负刚度-惯容质量阻尼器(TNIMD),通过拉格朗日方程得到系统的耦合方程后,利用固定点理论对负刚度系数进行了优化设计. 郜辉等[14]结合了负刚度与调谐粘滞阻尼器的减振优势,对调谐负刚度-惯容质量阻尼器(TNSIMD)的减振性能进行了研究,发现TNSIMD能充分发挥自身的调谐作用和负刚度优势,显著提升了系统的减振效果. 王珏等[15]提出了三种含有负刚度的惯容减振系统(N-ISD),并利用H和H2优化准则推导出了系统参数的解析解. 张胤等[16]参照某斜拉桥建立了柔性支撑下的负刚度阻尼器数值模型,对模型进行了验证并识别了附加阻尼比,研究结果表明,建立的支撑-负刚度阻尼器数值模型与试验结果吻合较好,可以准确预测系统的动力学行为. Tu等[17]在汽车悬架系统中引入了负刚度磁弹簧,利用特定排列的柱状磁铁进行实验研究,结果表明,负刚度磁弹簧在非线性系统上有着良好的减振效果. Benacchio等[18]利用磁体搭建了一个可变刚度的动力吸振器(MVA),在含有负刚度元件的条件下,可通过调节MVA的参数来设计非线性吸振器或具有负线性刚度的双稳态吸收器. 胡方圆等[19]针对负刚度非线性振子回复力的辨识困难问题,提出了一种基于回复力曲面的时域非参数辨识方法,结果表明利用回复力曲面法来辨识负刚度非线性振子可以起到良好减振效果.
放大机构是一种通过结构设计将输入力或位移进行放大,从而提升系统性能的装置. 其中,杠杆和惯容等放大机构在振动控制领域具有良好的效果并得到广泛运用. Zhang等[20]通过引入杠杆来减少装置的整体质量,并提出了一种新型的非线性能量阱,当杠杆支点在最优位置时,杠杆式非线性能量汇在减振性能上优于传统的非线性动力吸振器. 杨维青等[21]针对双索股长吊索的风致振动问题,开展了基于杠杆式调谐质量阻尼器的减振设计和试验研究,并根据最优参数设计了杠杆式调谐质量阻尼器. 胥夕明等[22]针对某型货车转向架减振器结构复杂、减振性能不稳定等问题,提出了重载货车转向架的杠杆式减振装置结构方案,并对减振装置的结构原理进行了详细论证. 李春翔等[23]研究了杠杆式调谐质量阻尼器的动力特性,发现该机构比传统的TMD具有更优的调谐频率比和更小的最优阻尼比. Wang等[24]提出了一种含有惯容和负刚度耦合的动力吸振器(IN-DVAs),与传统的DVA相比,IN-DVAs具有更宽的减振频带和更好的减振性能,但其参数优化仍依赖传统H∞准则,未考虑主系统阻尼的影响. 陈杰等[25]设计了两种新型的含惯容的负刚度动力吸振器结构并得到了其最优参数的解析式,研究发现,基于惯容-负刚度的动力吸振器在梁的振动控制问题上比传统动力吸振器对更有效.
负刚度元件与放大机构在振动控制领域中有着卓越的性能,邢昭阳等[26]设计了含杠杆放大机构的负刚度吸振器,利用放大机构增强减振效果,但其整个优化过程均在主系统无阻尼条件下进行,这会导致理论模型与实际工程偏差显著. 针对现有研究存在的不足,本文提出了一种新型的含有放大机构的动力吸振器模型,该模型结合了负刚度和放大机构的双重优势,不但在减振效果上表现优异,而且在结构设计上具备一定的灵活性和经济性. 针对该两自由度系统在反共振频率附近对外激振频率变化敏感且忽略主系统阻尼导致的实验误差等问题,考虑了主系统阻尼对整个模型的影响,突破了传统固定点理论的限制,并提出了极小化-最大振幅优优化设计方法. 利用优化程序,成功求得了主系统有阻尼时主系统振幅最小化的最优参数配置,并通过实验验证了其在实际应用中的可行性和优越性.
为了拓宽动力吸振器的减振频带,提高系统的减振性能,本文在传统的动力吸振器减振系统中附加负刚度元件和放大机构,具体模型如图1所示,主系统和吸振器均可以简化为一个质量-刚度-阻尼结构,其中,主系统质量为m1,刚度为k1,阻尼为c1;动力吸振器质量为m2,刚度为k2,阻尼为c2k3代表动力吸振器接地负刚度元件的刚度;在主系统和动力吸振器之间有一固定支撑杠杆,杠杆的两端各有一滑块,主系统与动力吸振器各自与滑块铰接形成一个完整的系统,r1r2分别代表杠杆支撑点O到两滑块铰接点MN的距离;F0ω分别代表外激励的振幅和频率;x1x2分别代表主系统和动力吸振器的位移;由三角形相似定理和杠杆原理可知,假设L=r2/r1为振动系统的放大比,则主系统受到的力为动力吸振器的L倍,主系统铰接点位移为动力吸振器铰接点位移的1/L. 该动力吸振器模型通过负刚度元件与放大机构的创新结合,在理论层面显著拓宽了减振频带,为负刚度与放大机构组合的动力吸振器提供了理论支撑和设计依据,提高了负刚度与放大机构组合的动力吸振器在船舶、机械、建筑、交通等领域的广泛适用性. 工程实现中,需结合精密机械设计、主动控制技术将其运用到实际中.
忽略放大机构的质量,并不考虑振动系统的摩擦等能量损失,通过牛顿第二定律建立系统的动力学微分方程:
为了使方程更具通用性,引入下列无量纲参数:
方程(1)可化为如下无量纲形式:
在负刚度条件下,系统的解析解仍可以表示为简谐形式,前提是确保系统总刚度为正,维持线性特性. 即负刚度系数k3满足稳定性条件,此时系统总刚度keq仍然为正,因此,无量纲方程(3)的解可以设为如下形式:
式中,i为虚数单位,将式(4)代入方程(3)中,并化简后得到A1A2的表达式如下:
其中:
为了进一步研究系统参数与幅频曲线的关联性,引入下列参数:
将上述参数代入公式(5)中,得到化简后的表达式如下:
其中β1β2为无量纲量,分别表示主系统和吸振器的振幅放大因子. 当c1=0,c2≠0时,主系统处于无阻尼状态,即上述负刚度模型退化为文献[26]所研究的模型,其中主系统振幅放大因子β1的表达式化简为如下形式:
由于主系统阻尼c1=0,易证明其归一化的幅频曲线均会通过两个独立于阻尼比的点,其幅频曲线如图2(a)所示,通过固定点理论可推导出吸振器的最优设计,选取参考文献[26]优化后的数值为系统参数:放大比L=2.5,阻尼比ξ2=0.5415,负刚度系数n=-0.5592,质量比μ=0.1,最优参数下的幅频响应曲线如图2(b)所示,从图中可以发现两个共振峰已经被调整到同一高度,且当阻尼比ξ2=0.5415时,主系统振幅的幅值最小且等峰.
在负刚度条件下,系统的解析解仍可以表示为简谐形式,前提是负刚度系数k3满足稳定性条件,此时系统总刚度keq仍然为正,因此,
为了进一步研究主系统阻尼与主系统幅值的关系,选取合适的ξ1代入式(8),得到的幅频曲线如图3所示. 从图中可以看出,当考虑主系统阻尼时,系统的共振峰的幅值均所降低,但吸振器阻尼ξ2=0和ξ2=∞时,幅频响应曲线不再相交于两个固定的点,这表明利用固定点理论求解系统最优参数的方法失效,需要重新对系统参数进行优化设计.
由公式(8)可知,振幅放大因子β1的表达式是关于系统参数ξ1ξ2αμnL的函数,可通过调节上述变量来控制系统振幅. 根据Randall[27]和Fang[28]等人的研究,假设ξ1μnL为独立参数,均可单独变化,由上述条件可知,本文的优化目标即为:寻找对应主系统振幅β1极值最小情况下的各个系统参数的最优值. 定义优化准则如式(10)所示,λ1λ2分别表示第一共振峰和第二共振峰所对应的频率比;分别为第一和第二共振峰的幅值,δ为权重系数,用于平衡目标函数与约束条件;Pξ1μLn)为惩罚函数.
其中,惩罚函数Pξ1μLn)的表达式如(11)所示,pi分别代表参数ξ1μnLpi,minpi,max为这四个参数的物理范围.
针对上述优化问题,采用遗传算法进行求解,其运算流程如图4所示. 该算法具有适用于多目标、非线性优化问题,且能避免陷入局部最优解.
首先,按照遗传算法的运算流程,选择主系统阻尼系数ξ1、质量比μ、负刚度系数n和放大比L为实际问题的参数,设定四个独立参数的取值范围为如下:0.1≤ξ1≤0.4,0.1≤μ≤0.4,-1≤n≤-0.1,1 ≤L≤6;在该范围之内,把参数进行编译成位串,以此随机生成一个种群,每组参数称为一个个体;使用固定长度的二进制符号以此来表示群体中的个体,它的等位基因用[0.1]来组成;使用三种基本的遗传算子对生成的种群进行选择,交叉,变异处理.
适应度函数用于计算每个个体的适应度值,适应度值越大则表示该个体的优化效果越好. 计算公式为:.
选择算子:将选择算子作用于群体. 采用轮盘赌选择法,轮盘赌是指个体被选中的概率与适应度成正比,适应度越高,个体被选中的概率越大.
交叉算子:对选中的个体进行交叉操作,生成新个体. 交叉操作是遗传算法最重要的操作,是产生新个体的重要来源,直接关系到算法的全局寻优能力,采用部分映射交叉,即在满足给定交叉概率下,随机生成某条染色体上交叉位置(变异概率0.6).
变异算子:对部分个体进行随机变异,以增加种群多样性. 变异算子的设计针对一个染色体(即个体)随机选取两个基因进行交换(异概率0.01).
最后把统计结果生成群体二,以此重复上述步骤,迭代100次求得结果.
根据遗传算法得到了满足优化准则的β1max曲面,从图5可以看出,最优参数位于该曲面的底部,该点对应坐标已用虚线标出,将其标记为:αopt=0.58,ξ2opt=0.53,β1-max=1.38.
下面分别研究ξ2αβ1随四个独立参数的变化趋势. 如图6(a)图6(b)所示,通过改变ξ1μ的值,αoptβ1的值均随着ξ1μ的增大而减小,当质量比μ=0.1时,主系统阻尼ξ1关于β1的曲线斜率最大,这表明增大主系统阻尼可以有效的减小主系统振幅. 由图6(c)可知,ξ2opt随着ξ1的增大而单调递增,当μ=0.1时,ξ2opt的值对主系统阻尼比ξ1的变化最为敏感.
固定其他参数不变,单独分析负刚度对主系统振幅的影响. 由图7可知,当n=-0.1时,系统的第二共振峰几乎消失,随着n绝对值的增大,第二共振峰的幅值逐渐降低. 同时,随着负刚度系数n的减小,两个共振峰之间的间距也逐渐变大,反共振点附近曲线变化更为平缓,这表明主系统振幅放大因子β1随着负刚度系数n的减小对激振频率λ的敏感性降低. 当n=-0.5时,两个共振峰的幅值相等,满足优化准则要求. 因此,增大负刚度系数n的绝对值有助于提高系统的减振效率,但n的绝对值过大也会导致反共振点的幅值过小,应当选取合适的负刚度系数的值以达到合理的减振效果.
同样,放大比L对系统减振效果也有较大影响,从图8可以发现放大比L对共振峰幅值的影响规律并不是线性的. 当放大比L从2到6变化时,主系统的第一共振峰幅值增大,第二共振峰幅值逐渐变小. 当到L从6到10变化时,第一共振峰和第二共振峰的幅值逐渐减小. 当L>6时,第二共振峰的峰值几乎消失,且随着放大比的增大减振效果越好.
经过上述优化后,绘制出主系统有阻尼在最优参数下的幅频曲线,如图9所示. 与不含主系统阻尼的系统相比,考虑主系统阻尼使得振幅放大因子β1在反共振点处的曲线变得更加平滑,降低了β1对激振频率λ的依赖性,且整个系统的振幅峰值下降了17%,减振效果更好.
为了验证最优参数的准确性,选取质量比μ=0.1,放大比L=2.5,代入优化后的参数ξ1=0.15,ξ2=0.53,n=-0.5,α=0.58利用四阶龙格库塔法进行仿真分析. 结果如图10所示,红色实线为系统的数值解,蓝色曲线为系统的解析解,从图中可以发现数值解与解析解的结果完全吻合,验证了上述参数的准确性.
本文对文献[29]提出的负刚度模型加以设计,改进后的模型如图11所示. 水平面内的两根弹簧为预压弹簧,弹簧的一端固定在支座上,另一端与直线轴承滑块连接,圆柱导轨对滑块和弹簧起到固定和限位的作用,滑块可以沿着圆柱导轨自由滑动. 其中,两个水平弹簧的刚度为ka,竖直弹簧的刚度为kb,水平弹簧与连杆的夹角为θ,水平弹簧的原长为L0,水平弹簧在平衡位置的弹簧压缩量为h,两条连接杆的长度为a,当连接杆处于水平位置时,竖直弹簧未发生形变.
当竖直方向产生的位移为x时,可得下列表达式:
由于负刚度装置通过预压弹簧实现. 当竖直方向产生的位移为x时,水平弹簧在平衡位置附近因预压产生负刚度效应,大位移时可能会引入几何非线性,通过受力分析可得水平方向的力-位移关系如式(13)所示:
通过泰勒展开在平衡位置(x=0)进行二阶近似,将式(13)改写为如下形式:
其中keq=kah/L0,由于位移,在立方非线性的作用下,高阶项可以忽略. 针对数值方向的表达式,引入下列无量纲参数:
先将公式(12)对位移x求导,然后代入上述无量纲量进行化简,得到无量纲刚度与无量纲位移的关系如下:
本实验设计的负刚度实验装置的可调节范围如图12所示,当竖直位移x=2 cm时, N/m,根据式(2)可以计算出负刚度系数n的实验值为-0.4817,与优化结果的负刚度系数值误差在3%以内,这表明本文设计的负刚度装置可靠度较高.
根据优化准则得到的最优阻尼比ξ1ξ2,将其带入公式(17)中可以计算出实验需阻尼大小,根据计算结果,取c1≈1 N•s/m,c2≈0.7 N•s/m. 由于吸振器弹簧的刚度和质量都较小,因此未考虑其内部阻尼. 而主系统弹簧的刚度略大于吸振器弹簧,弹簧的刚度与阻尼在动力学模型中表现为并联的弹簧-阻尼元件,实验时将主系统弹簧部分的内阻尼折算为阻尼Δc1,将其与c1等效在主系统的可调节阻尼上,且在封闭环境下空气阻尼<1%总阻尼,实验时可忽略. 由于阻尼值较小且两个阻尼大小不同,实验时选取两个旋钮调节式阻尼器. 如图13所示,在其底部共有十个调节挡位,调节范围为0.5~2.5 N•s/m,可根据阻尼大小选择合适挡位.
本文设计的含放大机构的动力吸振器装置如图14(a)所示,整体结构由质量块、加速度传感器、阻尼器、接地弹簧和放大杠杆组成,实验采用微型IEPE式压电式加速度传感器(质量3g),其附加质量占主系统总质量(100g)的3%. 传感器对主系统固有频率影响较低,因此未考虑其自重影响. 进行接地负刚度实验时只需要将接地弹簧替换为图10(b)所示的接地负刚度装置即可. 实验设备如图14(b)所示,设备接通后,由信号发生器产生谐波电压,通过功率放大器提升电压并将激励信号供应给激振器,使其产生相应的激励信号. 控制回路由执行器、加速度传感器、伺服器、YASKWAMP3300控制器组成,实验中具体参数如表1所示.
主系统未安装动力吸振器时,先在[0.1~15] Hz扫频激励下,测得主系统不含吸振器时的一阶模态频率f1≈5.86 Hz,一阶模态频谱图如图15所示.
扫频实验中,激振器输出加速度幅值固定为200 mv,频率范围0.1~15 Hz,扫速为1 Hz/s,确保实验条件相同且可以复现. 后续在同样的扫速和频率范围内,将主系统分别与接地弹簧和负刚度动力吸振器连接,用于分析实验装置在扫频状态下的减振效果,扫频结果如图16(a)所示,主系统安装接地弹簧吸振器后表现出良好的减振效果.
在接地弹簧动力吸振器的作用下,主系统振幅出现两次峰值,这与系统的两个共振峰相对应,但安装了接地弹簧动力吸振器后导致主系统的一阶模态频率增大,在一阶模态频率处的减振效果较差. 当主系统安装接地负刚度弹簧吸振器后,扫频结果如图16(b)所示,最大共振峰幅值为4.326 m/s2,与未安装动力吸振装置时的最大共振峰振幅峰值(21.278 m/s2)相比,振幅下降了79.7%,减振效果明显.
在扫频状态下,扫频频率是线性递增的,频率范围跨度较大,无法准确的观察到系统在共振频率下的减振效果. 同时,主系统未添加动力吸振器时,整个结构为一个简易的被动系统,在系统的共振频率下振动情况最为恶劣,在此条件下通过安装动力吸振器进行减振,改善效果最佳.
图17(a)可知,在主系统一阶模态频率下进行定频减振实验,通过使用接地弹簧吸振器效果较为明显,主系统振幅由未添加动力吸振器状态下的6.13 m/s2变为了3.076 m/s2,减振效果达到49.82%. 将接地弹簧吸振器替换为接地负刚度吸振器,同样在其一阶模态频率下进行定频实验. 实验结果如图17(b)所示,使用接地负刚度吸振器后主系统振动幅值由6.13 m/s2变为了1.43 m/s2,整体减振效果达到76.6%,与接地弹簧吸振器的减振效果相比,负刚度减振装置在接地弹簧装置的基础上,减振效率提升了52%. 接地负刚度吸振器效果更佳的因为是由于两者的结构不同导致的,接地刚度吸振器靠弹性刚度产生回复力,力与位移成正比呈线性关系,在振动幅值较大时抵抗不足;而接地负刚度吸振器利用特殊结构产生负刚度力,力与位移呈现非线性关系,能在特定振动条件下更有效地抵消或减小激励力,迅速抑制振动从而达到更好的减振效果.
为了进一步研究阻尼对减振效果的影响,固定其他参数不变,分别取阻尼比ξ1=0.15,0.25,0.35三组数据,实验时通过公式13计算出其对应的阻尼大小后,调节阻尼即可,其中,ξ1=0.15对应的实验数据为图17(b)蓝色部分.
不同阻尼比下主系统的幅频响应曲线如图18所示,从图中可以发现,随着阻尼比的增大,主系统振幅明显降低. 为了验证不同阻尼比对减振效果的影响,以图6(b)μ=0.1时的阻尼比曲线作为参照,分别选取ξ1=0.15,0.25,0.35对应的理论幅值β1,计算其振幅的降幅ρ1,计算公式如式(18)所示. 同理,调节阻尼器使其对应上述三组阻尼比的值进行实验,测得的实验幅值为β2,计算其振幅的降幅ρ2,计算结果如表2所示:
通过表2中数据对比发现,实验值和理论值的绝对误差在ξ1=0.15时最小,理论结果与实验结果较为吻合,且在不同阻尼比下,两者的振幅降幅大小基本相同,有效的验证了主系统阻尼比与主系统振幅关系中数据的准确性. 但实验值降幅略小于理论值,主要原因可能是由于可调节阻尼器精度存在一定的误差,但整体的降幅误差在2.5%以内,两者吻合较好.
实验测量采用的传感器为加速度传感器,当要求输出信号为位移时,只需要在参数设置的积分类型中选择二次积分即可.
针对负刚度装置的减振效果进行研究,取其一阶模态频率下的实验值与理论值进行对比,将理论值与实验值换算后在同一坐标系下绘制其时域对比图,如图19所示,蓝色实验代表理论值,红色实线代表实验值. 在0-20 s内每间隔五秒取一个点,在同一时间内分别标记理论值和实验值最大的点作为有效值.
具体数值如表3所示,通过对比可以发现实验值略大于理值,其中相对误差最大为13.09%,最小为7.94%. 产生误差的原因可能由于实验装置的刚度略大于理论刚度,以及实验中测量设备的误差导致,根据数据对比可知实验和理论结果吻合较好.
为了进一步证明极小化-最大振幅的优化方法的有效性,将本文的优化结果与其他两种吸振器的优化结果进行对比. 其中,Xing[26]和Fang[28]的最优结构参数如表4中的PXPF所示,PP表示本文的最优结构参数,绘制出三种吸振器的幅频响应曲线如图20所示.
本文模型引入了放大机构和负刚度装置,与Fang的模型相比,负刚度装置和放大机构起到了很好的减振效果,显著的拓宽了减振频带. 与文献[26]中Xing的模型相比,本文首次提出在主系统含阻尼的条件下,通过极小化-最大振幅优化方法确定系统参数,突破了传统固定点理论的限制,研究结果表明,主系统振幅的同时使得振幅放大因子β1在反共振点处的曲线变得更加平滑,该方法可降低主系统振幅对激振频率的敏感性,减振效率也有较大提升.
针对含有放大机构和负刚度元件的Votig型动力吸振器,考虑了主系统阻尼对整个结构的影响,采用极小化-最大振幅的优化目标求得了系统的最优参数,设计了含放大机构的减振实验并得到以下结论:
(1)当放大比和负刚度比的数值一定时,反共振频率比、主系统振幅放大因子、吸振器阻尼比的值会随着质量比和主系统阻尼比的变化呈线性相关,且在一定范围内,随着质量比和放大比的增大,系统的减振效果越好.
(2)在参数优化过程中,随着主系统阻尼的增大,主系统振幅明显降低,并使得反共振点处的振幅变化更平缓,降低了振幅放大因子对激振频率的敏感性.
(3)设计了含放大机构的减振对比实验,结果表明,接地负刚度吸振器比接地弹簧吸振器效果更为显著,能够大幅度的抑制主系统振幅. 最后,通过误差对比验证了优化参数的有效性.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072140)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.022
  • 接收时间:2025-07-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-26
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072140)
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    南昌航空大学航空宇航学院,南昌,330063

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