Article(id=1241831202374620139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759507200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005230754, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1761494400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005230754, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005230754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005230754, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241831200843699167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='571', pageEnd='706', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005230388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005316875, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241831563734881184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241831563739075489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=626, endPage=641, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241831202584335340, articleId=1241831202374620139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=The Influence of Inclusion Size on the Electromechanical Behavior of Circular Dielectric Elastomer Membrane Actuators, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on equilibrium thermodynamics and the Gent hyperelastic model, a coupled electromechanical constitutive model is developed for circular dielectric elastomer membrane actuators under combined internal pressure and voltage. This investigation systematically examines the influence of rigid inclusion size on the electromechanical response, addressing a crucial design parameter for enhancing the performance and reliability of such actuators. The study establishes a complete theoretical framework that connects material behavior with geometric configuration, providing a solid foundation for performance prediction and design optimization. To accurately analyze this electromechanical coupling behavior, the governing nonlinear boundary value problem is solved using the shooting method. This numerical approach effectively handles the coupled mechanical and electrical equilibrium equations through an iterative solution procedure that satisfies all boundary conditions. The methodology enables precise determination of the membrane's deformation field, stress distribution, and electric field characteristics under various inclusion sizes and loading conditions, offering reliable numerical predictions for design purposes. The computational results reveal that the inclusion size predominantly influences the mechanical and electrical response at the inner boundary region. Increasing the inclusion size leads to a notable suppression of the large oscillations in vertical displacement, stretch ratio, and true stress that are typically induced by applied voltage. This suppression effect demonstrates how geometric parameters can be utilized to control the dynamic response of the membrane. Further analysis of the electric field distribution demonstrates that larger inclusions effectively stabilize the electric field near the critical inner boundary while simultaneously enhancing its overall spatial uniformity. These combined effects contribute to a significant increase in the critical electric field strength, thereby substantially delaying the onset of electromechanical instability and improving the operational safety of the device. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance and practical insights for optimizing the design of high-performance dielectric elastomer actuators. Through appropriate selection of inclusion size, more stable actuation performance can be achieved with reduced stress concentration and improved dielectric strength. The research outcomes offer clear design principles for enhancing device reliability in various engineering applications. The established methodology and obtained results contribute to the development of more reliable dielectric elastomer devices with predictable performance characteristics, providing important references for both academic research and engineering practice.

, correspAuthors=Guanghong Miao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guanghong Miao, Silu Zhao, Cheng Yuan, Shun Li, Shiqiang Zhu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241831224898032204, articleId=1241831202374620139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=夹杂物尺寸对圆形介电弹性体薄膜作动器力电行为的影响, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于平衡态热力学理论并结合Gent超弹性材料模型,本研究建立了描述内压和电压共同作用下圆形介电弹性体薄膜作动器的力电耦合本构模型. 通过理论分析和数值计算,系统研究了夹杂物尺寸对圆形薄膜力电响应行为的影响. 数值模拟结果显示,夹杂物尺寸变化主要影响薄膜内边界而非外边界. 更重要的是,增大夹杂物尺寸能有效抑制电压作用下薄膜竖向位移、拉伸比和真实应力的剧烈波动,显著改善薄膜的电场分布特性:一方面使薄膜内边界电场分布趋于稳定,另一方面提升了整体电场的均匀性,使得薄膜的临界电场强度得到明显提高. 该研究为优化设计高性能介电弹性体薄膜作动器提供了重要的理论依据和技术指导.

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夹杂物尺寸对圆形介电弹性体薄膜作动器力电行为的影响
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缪广红 1, 2, ** , 赵思露 1 , 袁成 1 , 李顺 2 , 朱仕强 2
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(5): 626-641
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(5): 626-641
夹杂物尺寸对圆形介电弹性体薄膜作动器力电行为的影响
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缪广红1, 2, ** , 赵思露1, 袁成1, 李顺2, 朱仕强2
作者信息
  • 1安徽理工大学土木建筑学院,淮南,232001
  • 2安徽理工大学力学与光电物理学院,淮南,232001

通讯作者:

The Influence of Inclusion Size on the Electromechanical Behavior of Circular Dielectric Elastomer Membrane Actuators
Guanghong Miao1, 2, ** , Silu Zhao1, Cheng Yuan1, Shun Li2, Shiqiang Zhu2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001
  • 2School of Mechanics and Optoelectronics Physics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001
出版时间: 2025-10-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.030
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基于平衡态热力学理论并结合Gent超弹性材料模型,本研究建立了描述内压和电压共同作用下圆形介电弹性体薄膜作动器的力电耦合本构模型. 通过理论分析和数值计算,系统研究了夹杂物尺寸对圆形薄膜力电响应行为的影响. 数值模拟结果显示,夹杂物尺寸变化主要影响薄膜内边界而非外边界. 更重要的是,增大夹杂物尺寸能有效抑制电压作用下薄膜竖向位移、拉伸比和真实应力的剧烈波动,显著改善薄膜的电场分布特性:一方面使薄膜内边界电场分布趋于稳定,另一方面提升了整体电场的均匀性,使得薄膜的临界电场强度得到明显提高. 该研究为优化设计高性能介电弹性体薄膜作动器提供了重要的理论依据和技术指导.

圆形介电弹性体  /  夹杂物  /  力电失稳  /  拉伸极限  /  力电行为

Based on equilibrium thermodynamics and the Gent hyperelastic model, a coupled electromechanical constitutive model is developed for circular dielectric elastomer membrane actuators under combined internal pressure and voltage. This investigation systematically examines the influence of rigid inclusion size on the electromechanical response, addressing a crucial design parameter for enhancing the performance and reliability of such actuators. The study establishes a complete theoretical framework that connects material behavior with geometric configuration, providing a solid foundation for performance prediction and design optimization. To accurately analyze this electromechanical coupling behavior, the governing nonlinear boundary value problem is solved using the shooting method. This numerical approach effectively handles the coupled mechanical and electrical equilibrium equations through an iterative solution procedure that satisfies all boundary conditions. The methodology enables precise determination of the membrane's deformation field, stress distribution, and electric field characteristics under various inclusion sizes and loading conditions, offering reliable numerical predictions for design purposes. The computational results reveal that the inclusion size predominantly influences the mechanical and electrical response at the inner boundary region. Increasing the inclusion size leads to a notable suppression of the large oscillations in vertical displacement, stretch ratio, and true stress that are typically induced by applied voltage. This suppression effect demonstrates how geometric parameters can be utilized to control the dynamic response of the membrane. Further analysis of the electric field distribution demonstrates that larger inclusions effectively stabilize the electric field near the critical inner boundary while simultaneously enhancing its overall spatial uniformity. These combined effects contribute to a significant increase in the critical electric field strength, thereby substantially delaying the onset of electromechanical instability and improving the operational safety of the device. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance and practical insights for optimizing the design of high-performance dielectric elastomer actuators. Through appropriate selection of inclusion size, more stable actuation performance can be achieved with reduced stress concentration and improved dielectric strength. The research outcomes offer clear design principles for enhancing device reliability in various engineering applications. The established methodology and obtained results contribute to the development of more reliable dielectric elastomer devices with predictable performance characteristics, providing important references for both academic research and engineering practice.

circular dielectric elastomer  /  inclusion  /  electromechanical instability  /  stretch limit  /  electromechanical behavior
缪广红, 赵思露, 袁成, 李顺, 朱仕强. 夹杂物尺寸对圆形介电弹性体薄膜作动器力电行为的影响. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 626 -641 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.030
Guanghong Miao, Silu Zhao, Cheng Yuan, Shun Li, Shiqiang Zhu. The Influence of Inclusion Size on the Electromechanical Behavior of Circular Dielectric Elastomer Membrane Actuators[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (5) : 626 -641 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.030
介电弹性体作为智能软材料之一,是一类能在电场激励下产生较大驱动力,并发生大幅度变形的电活性聚合物[1]. 因其具备弹性模量低、变形大、密度小、响应迅速、力电转换效率高等一系列优异特性,被广泛应用于人工肌肉、柔性驱动器、传感器、振动控制器、能量收集等多个领域[2-8],展现出极高的应用潜力.
在介电弹性体的众多研究方向中,圆形介电弹性体薄膜由于其独特的几何形状,呈现出与其他形状不同的力电行为,近年来受到国内外研究者们的重点关注. 在理论方面,Zhao和Suo[9]建立了系统的介电弹性体力电耦合理论框架,首次完整阐述了电致大变形过程中的非线性力学响应、多重失稳机理与电击穿行为的临界条件,提出了被国际广泛采用的本构模型和稳定性判据,为整个领域奠定了理论基础. Liang和Cai[10]研究了介电弹性体在电压与内压下的形变,分析表明,该形变在压力或电压控制下能量不稳定,但在电荷或质量控制下稳定. Hau等[11]针对圆形面外介电弹性体致动器,提出了一种基于几何尺寸的力-位移特性预测方法与性能缩放规律,研究通过实验和理论分析建立了相应的缩放定律. Wang等[12]针对圆形介电弹性体薄膜建立了大变形下的粘弹性理论模型,研究了力电载荷共同作用下薄膜的时变耗散行为. 结果表明,电压和预拉伸对薄膜的机电行为有显著影响:当电压低于临界值时,薄膜会随时间的推移逐渐达到稳定状态;而当电压超过临界值时,薄膜会失稳. 预拉伸会增大关键物理量的数值,并在高电压下加速失稳的发生. 该模型为考虑粘弹性效应的介电弹性体换能器设计与应用提供了理论指导. Miao等[13]采用打靶法求解圆环薄膜面外轴对称大变形问题,发现薄膜变形不均,致电场从内到外递减,内边界易击穿且材料利用率低,首次量化不同本构模型对作动器力学响应的影响,为参数优化奠定理论基础. Zhu等[14]研究了预拉伸介电弹性体薄膜在压力与电压共同作用下的非线性动力学行为. 研究基于非线性场理论推导了运动方程,分析了薄膜在静态载荷下的平衡态稳定性、固有频率调谐特性及参数激励下的动态响应. 结果表明,通过改变预拉伸量、压力或电压可有效调控薄膜的固有频率;在正弦电压激励下,薄膜呈现谐波、超谐波和亚谐波共振等多重共振现象. 理论预测的多共振峰和面外振动模式与已有实验数据一致,而面内振动模式及参数共振响应仍有待实验验证. 该研究为介电弹性体动态器件设计提供了理论依据. Li等[15]分析了介电弹性体发电机(DEG)的能量采集性能,重点考察了电场不均匀性和材料粘弹性两个实际因素对发电效率的影响. 研究表明,这两者是限制DEG性能的关键瓶颈,该模型为优化DEG电极设计、材料选择及工作循环以提高能量转化效率提供了重要理论依据. 在应用方面,Liu等[16]设计了一种基于介电弹性体的新型压缩力传感器,通过具有面外轴对称变形的微元结构将压缩转化为大幅拉伸,显著提高了灵敏度. 研究发现,灵敏度随预拉伸比减小和径厚比增大而增强,并通过连续介质力学模型与实验数据较好吻合,验证了传感器在2000次循环加载后仍保持可靠工作. Anderson等[17]指出,介电弹性体人工肌肉兼具大应变、高能量密度等类肌肉特性,还能实现自感知、刚度调节等多功能,可构建多自由度系统模仿生物肌肉,是全软体智能机器人的关键驱动技术. Carpi等[18]开发了一种基于圆形介电弹性体执行器的仿生可调焦液态透镜. 该器件利用DEA作为核心软质驱动部件,通过电控变形调节液体透镜曲率,从而实现对焦距的动态调控. 这项研究为开发仿生、柔性、可调焦的光学系统提供了重要的概念验证与技术实现方案.
尽管上述研究在理论和应用层面取得了显著进展,对介电弹性体薄膜在外场下的变形行为有了深入认识,即当薄膜受到外加电场作用时,厚度方向由于受到麦克斯韦应力的作用而被压缩,进而产生变形,实现电能到机械能的高效转换[19-21]. 这种变形特性不仅与材料本身的属性有关,还和薄膜的边界条件、预拉伸程度以及施加电场的强度和频率等因素密切相关[22,23]. 然而,当前研究仍存在明显的优化空间,特别是在材料微结构层面. 由于材料在生产过程中会因批次波动、工艺参数差异等多种原因而不可避免地引入夹杂物,这些微观或宏观尺度的非均匀性结构已成为影响材料性能一致性和可靠性的关键因素. 夹杂物作为关键特征,其尺寸效应如何精准调控薄膜的宏观变形机制,目前仍缺乏系统性的研究. 这一研究空白严重制约了DE材料在高端领域的性能突破:一方面,在人工肌肉和微型机器人的设计中,若无法预知与控制因夹杂物尺寸不均所引发的局部应变集中或变形失稳,将直接导致驱动动作失真、运动精度下降及器件可靠性降低;另一方面,在柔性传感器与能量收集器应用中,不确定的力电耦合响应会降低信号的一致性或能量转换效率. 特别需要指出的是,随着柔性电子器件向着微型化、集成化方向发展,材料内部微观结构与宏观性能之间的关联规律研究变得尤为迫切. 现有研究多集中于均匀材料体系或单一尺寸夹杂的影响,对于不同尺度夹杂物产生的场强分布、局部极化效应及其对整体机电稳定性的影响机制尚不明确. 这种认知缺失使得研究人员难以通过主动设计夹杂物参数来实现对DE薄膜性能的定向调控,从而限制了其在精密驱动、自适应变形等前沿领域的应用潜力.
因此,深入探究夹杂物尺寸这一关键参数对介电弹性体薄膜力电行为的影响规律,不仅具有重要的理论价值,更是提升下一代柔性智能器件性能的迫切工程需求. 为深入探究其内在机制,本文采用Gent模型以描述处于大变形状态的薄膜在拉伸极限时的应力硬化现象[24],紧密结合平衡热力学原理[25],推导出薄膜在力电耦合作用下的本构方程[26]. 而后,通过数值计算对含有不同尺寸夹杂物的薄膜在力电载荷作用下发生的变形进行模拟. 本研究旨在通过建立夹杂物尺寸-局部场强-宏观变形的映射关系,阐明不同尺寸夹杂物对薄膜变形行为的调控机制,以填补从“微结构设计”到“宏观功能实现”之间的认知鸿沟. 研究成果将为实现DE材料性能的可设计性和可预测性提供新思路,为开发高性能柔性仿生器件、智能软体机器人及新型能量收集装置奠定科学基础.
图1展示了含同心刚性夹杂物的圆形介电弹性体薄膜作动器变形前后的横截面示意图. 图1(a)呈现了薄膜在未变形状态下的初始构形,其中薄膜的厚度为H,外径为B,中心点为圆心O,其两面均覆盖有柔性电极. 设薄膜上任意点距圆心O的距离为R,某一特定点距圆心O的距离为A. 图1(b)呈现了薄膜在变形状态下的构形,其内边界与半径为a的轻质刚性圆盘粘接,外边界则固定在半径为b的刚性圆环上. 当内压P作用于薄膜,并在其上下电极间施加电压Ф时,薄膜将会发生面外轴对称大变形,表现为向上膨胀,同时电极间感应出一定量的电荷Q.
为了深入分析薄膜的变形情况,定义一个以薄膜圆心O为原点的坐标系(rz),用于描述变形后薄膜上任意点R的具体位置. 结合薄膜的变形情况(如图1(b)所示),可以得到圆形介电弹性体薄膜作动器的边界条件:薄膜的内边界有rA)=a,外边界有rB)=bzB)=0. 薄膜的拉伸变形可以用未变形时薄膜上任一点R与其相邻点R+dR在变形后的距离来描述. 其水平变化距离表示为dr=rR+dR)-rR),垂直变化距离表示为dz=zR+dR)-zR). 令两点变形后的距离为dl,根据几何关系有dl2=dr2+dz2. 定义径向拉伸比λ1为薄膜变形状态与未变形状态的径向距离之比,则有
定义环向拉伸比λ2为薄膜上任一点所对应的圆周在变形前后的比值,则有
θ定义为薄膜上任意一点切线与水平方向的夹角,则水平距离和垂直距离分别可以表示为dr=dlcos(θ)和dz=dlsin(θ),由式(1)可得
假设薄膜是不可压缩的,即变形前后其体积不变,则λ1λ2λ3=1,其中λ3是厚度方向的拉伸比. 设薄膜的自由能密度为W,即Helmholtz自由能除以薄膜未变形时的体积,则自由能密度函数可表示为
式(5)通过薄膜拉伸比λ1λ2和真实电位移D描述薄膜的状态,当λ1λ2D发生微小变化(δλ1δλ2δD)时,自由能密度变化为
结合平衡热力学原理,平衡状态时式(6)中δλ1δλ2δD前面的系数为0,则
其中,σ1σ2E分别是真实径向应力,真实环向应力和真实电场. 当自由能密度函数W=(λ1λ2D)确定时,式(7)、(8)和(9)就构成了薄膜的状态方程. 此时,薄膜Helmholtz自由能的改变量应等于外部荷载做功之和,即
其中为薄膜与刚性圆盘围成的体积,是电极上累积的总电量.
对式(1)和(2)进行变分可得
将式(6)-(9)和式(11)-(12)代入(10),运用分部积分可得
由式(13)可以得到介电弹性体薄膜的控制方程
为了更好描述介电弹性体薄膜在接近拉伸极限时的应变硬化现象,采用Gent模型来表现薄膜在发生大变形时的超弹性行为,其自由能密度可表示为
其中μ是剪切模量,ε是介电弹性体的介电常数,D2/2ε是介电能,Jlim是与极限拉伸有关的常数,拉伸限制条件[27]. 当变形拉伸很小时,即,Gent模型可简化为Neo-Hookean模型. 当变形拉伸很大时,即,薄膜趋于极限拉伸状态,出现应变硬化效应.
当介电弹性体处于理想状态,假设真实电场和真实电位移为线性关系,则电场和电位移的关系可表示为
将式(19)-(20)代入(7)-(8),可得
对介电弹性体薄膜施加电压时,薄膜会产生相应的变形. 由于薄膜的不可压缩性,其面积增大的同时会导致厚度减小. 因此在相同的电压下,可能会导致更高的电场强度,而电场强度进一步使薄膜的厚度减小. 这种正向反馈使薄膜急剧变薄,从而出现力电失稳(Electromechanical Instability,EMI)[28,29],最终导致电击穿(Dielectric Breakdown,DB)[20].
为了更好的表示薄膜在平衡状态下的力电稳定性,zhao和suo在文献中[9]给出了Hessian矩阵
其中为名义电位移. 在薄膜处于平衡状态时,Hessian矩阵是正定的. 当真实电场强度为临界值Ec时,薄膜处于正常与破坏的临界点,此时行列式detH=0. 即
其中ε是介电常数,e为无量纲参数,即
对于Gent模型,Hessian矩阵经化简保留为自由能形式
其中.
由式(23)-(25)可得电场强度的临界值[30]
其中Uij=∂2U/∂λiλj,即
联立式(14)和(15),可得
联立式(16)、(18)和(21)中的第一个等式,可得
文献中[31]给出Gent模型中的材料常数:μ=21.6 kPa,Jlim=205,ε=26.55×10-12 F/m. 引入以下无量纲量:P*=P/(μH/B),),r*=r/BR*=R/Ba*=a/B(为简洁明了,省略描述物理量时的汉字无量纲). 重写式(31),可得
重写式(21),得
重写式(26),得
重写式(27),得
重写式(28),得
重写式(29),得
重写式(30),得
将式(2)-(4)及式(30)、(31)结合薄膜的边界条件rA)=arB)=bzB)=0,利用打靶法[32]求解薄膜上各物理量的值. 当内压P*和电压Ф*给定,式(30)和(31)就只含代求变量rR)和θR). 任意假设一倾角θA),通过打靶法从薄膜内边界到外边界不断试算,求得满足边界条件rB)=brR),这样薄膜上各点的rR)和θR)都可由此求出,再根据式(2)得λ2R). 将rR)和θR)代入式(32)可求出λ1R),最后再根据边界条件zB)=0,对dz=-tanθdr进行积分计算出zR).
为检验计算结果的准确性,将圆形介电弹性体薄膜所采用的Gent模型进行退化处理,令Jlim=1×108,使其转化为Neo-Hookean模型. 在采用与Wang[33]t*=0.0情形相同的参数(即A/B=0.3、a/A=b/B=1.0、Ф*=0和P*=0.8)进行数值模拟后,由退化模型计算得到的无量纲径向拉伸比λ1和环向拉伸比λ2均与该文献结果高度一致,如图2所示.
在数值计算中,采用以下计算参数:a/A=b/B=1.1,Jlim=205. 保持电压恒定Ф*=0.3,即实际电压为0.86 kV,设置不同的夹杂物尺寸:a*=0.05、a*=0.15、a*=0.25、a*=0.35,得到以下结果.
图3描绘了在P*分别为0.4和0.5时(即实际内压为86.4 Pa和108 Pa),圆形介电弹性体薄膜竖向位移的变化情况,虚线部分表示夹杂物. 结果表明,圆形薄膜的竖向位移随内压增大而增大. 在相同内压时,薄膜的竖向位移随着夹杂物尺寸的增加而减小,呈反比关系. 薄膜所围成的体积也随着夹杂物尺寸的增加而减小,例如在图3(a)中,当夹杂物尺寸为0.05,0.15,0.25,0.35时,薄膜所围成的体积分别为0.397、0.378、0.343、0.294. 这种驱动特性使得该结构在阀控、微流泵和软体机器人等领域具有潜在应用价值. 从图中也可以看出,内压相同时,含不同尺寸夹杂物的薄膜均呈现出薄膜内边界处竖向位移最大的现象.
图4展示了λ3在不同内压下的变化情况. 图4(a)中,在r*处于0.05-0.37范围内时,λ3随夹杂物尺寸的增加而增加;而当r*处于0.37-1范围内时,λ3随夹杂物尺寸的增加而减小. 图3(b)中,在r*处于0.05-0.5范围内时,λ3随夹杂物尺寸的增加而增加;而当r*处于0.5-1范围内时,λ3随夹杂物尺寸的增加而减小. 可见夹杂物尺寸的增加会抑制薄膜上靠近夹杂物区域的变形,而增加薄膜上远离夹杂物区域的变形. 此外,对薄膜施加的内压增大时,λ3减小,导致薄膜厚度变薄. 而在相同内压下,λ3随着质点与薄膜内边界的远离逐渐增大,表明薄膜内边界处的厚度最小,外边界处的厚度最大.
图5(a)-5(b)展示了薄膜的径向拉伸比λ1和环向拉伸比λ2r*变化的关系图. 图5(a)可以看出,径向拉伸比λ1在薄膜内边界处出现最大值,随r*的增加呈逐渐减小的趋势,且越靠近外边界曲线变化率越小. 图5(b)中,环向拉伸比λ2随着r*的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,最大值靠近薄膜内边界处,且最大值随夹杂物尺寸的增加而减小. 图中还表明,夹杂物尺寸增大,径向拉伸比λ1增加,而环向拉伸比λ2出现减小,且λ1λ2的曲线变化率随夹杂物尺寸的增加而降低,有利于维持系统稳定性. 图5(c)中,真实径向应力的最大值出现在薄膜内边界处,从薄膜内边界到外边界,呈单调递减的趋势. 同时随着夹杂物尺寸的增加而增加,薄膜内边界处的变化率随着夹杂物尺寸的增加而降低. 图5(d)中,从薄膜内边界到外边界,真实环向应力呈先增加后减小的趋势. 此外,在r*处于0.05-0.88范围内时,随夹杂物尺寸的增加而减小,而当r*处于0.88-1范围内时,随夹杂物尺寸的增加而增加. 图5(c)-5(d)表明夹杂物尺寸的改变对薄膜内边界的影响远大于对薄膜外边界的影响.
图6(a)中观察到径向拉伸比随r*的增加而减小,与图5(a)相比,夹杂物尺寸相同时的径向拉伸比随内压增加而增加. 图6(b)图5(b)相比,在夹杂物尺寸相同的条件下,薄膜的环向拉伸比随内压增加而增加,且增加的差值随着夹杂物尺寸的增大而减小,可见夹杂物尺寸的增大会减小内压增加的影响. 图6(c)图5(c)相比,真实径向应力随内压增加而增加,曲线变化趋势大致相同. 图6(d)中,真实环向应力随r*的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,与图5(d)相比,曲线变化趋势大致相同.
图7(a)可以看出,圆形介电弹性体薄膜内边界处的真实电场强度E*最大,由薄膜内边界到外边界逐渐减小. 电场强度使薄膜厚度减小,电压恒定时会引发更高的电场强度,而电场强度又导致薄膜厚度减小,这种正反馈使薄膜内边界处的厚度急剧减小,容易发生失稳,图3-图6中薄膜内边界的各物理量也可以说明这种现象. 图7(b)展示的是将Hessian矩阵与临界条件结合计算出的临界电场强度的变化情况. 结果表明,临界电场强度值随夹杂物尺寸的增大而增大,致使薄膜破坏的电场强度临界值提高,从而增加薄膜的稳定性. 当夹杂物尺寸增大时,E*随着r*的增大呈现为先减小后增大,而薄膜内边界和外边界处的几乎不随着夹杂物尺寸的增大而变化,可见夹杂物尺寸的增大有利于薄膜内边界和外边界的稳定.
图8(a)图7(a)相比可以看到,内压增加导致薄膜上各处的真实电场强度也在增加. 由于E*在薄膜内分布的不均匀,薄膜内边界处的真实电场强度最高. 图8(b)中,临界电场强度随着r*的增大而减小,到达外边界处逐渐稳定. 与图7(b)相比能看到,对于夹杂物尺寸相同的薄膜,内压的增加对薄膜内边界的影响大于对外边界的影响,从而薄膜内边界的临界电场强度有较大的提高,外边界的临界电场强度值几乎不变. 同时,夹杂物越大,薄膜上临界电场强度受内压的影响越小,越能维持系统的稳定. 此外,E*的变化曲线向外凸,的变化曲线向内凹,E*的最大值小于就可以保证薄膜的稳定性,所以在实际应用中更多考虑薄膜的内边界和外边界.
在数值计算中,采用以下计算参数:A/B=0.05,a/A=b/B=1.1,Jlim=205. 保持内压恒定P*=0.6,对于含不同尺寸夹杂物的薄膜分别设置不同的电压:Ф*=0.2、Ф*=0.3、Ф*=0.4、Ф*=0.5,即实际电压分别为0.57 kV、0.86 kV、1.14 kV、1.43 kV,得到以下结果.
图9(a)-9(d)展示了夹杂物尺寸不同时,对薄膜施加不同电压后的径向拉伸比λ1的变化. 夹杂物尺寸不变时,λ1随着电压的增加而增加,且电压增加导致λ1变化的差值也随之增加,表明过高的电压会导致薄膜系统的稳定性降低. 同时,考虑到靠近薄膜内边界处径向拉伸比较大,薄膜可能会到达拉伸极限状态. 从图中可以观察到,当夹杂物尺寸增加时,相同电压下λ1的变化趋势逐渐缓和. 夹杂物过小,薄膜内边界会发生不稳定的拉伸变形,容易导致薄膜失稳,这种现象的发生概率会随着夹杂物尺寸的增大而降低.
图10(a)中,不同电压下的环向拉伸比λ2均呈现出随r*的增加先上升后下降的趋势,且峰值随着电压的增加而增加. 在Ф*为0.5时,λ2的峰值远高于其他电压下的值,这一显著不同说明过高电压对薄膜的影响较大. 由图10(a)到10(d)可以观察到,电压相同时,环向拉伸比λ2的峰值随着夹杂物尺寸增大逐渐向薄膜的中间范围偏移. 此外,同一电压下薄膜的拉伸比也随着夹杂物尺寸增大而减小,薄膜的整体稳定性有所提高.
图11显示,夹杂物尺寸相同时,薄膜上靠近夹杂物区域的随着电压增加而增加,远离夹杂物区域的随着电压增加而减小;中间区域的受电压影响较小,两端受电压影响较大,容易导致不稳定性. 观察图11(a)-11(d),相同电压下真实径向应力随着夹杂物尺寸的增大而减小,薄膜内边界和外边界的差值也在缩小. 当夹杂物很小时,薄膜内边界的真实径向应力会急剧下降,容易发生失稳;夹杂物尺寸增大时,这种情况会逐渐减弱,真实径向应力的变化趋于稳定.
图12描绘了含不同尺寸夹杂物的薄膜在不同电压下真实环向应力的分布情况. 从图12(a)可以观察到,r*的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势. 在电压不同时,薄膜中间区域的受电压影响较小,变化曲线比较平稳. 随着夹杂物尺寸的增加,相同电压下真实环向应力不断减小,且薄膜外边界处的真实环向应力几乎不受夹杂物尺寸改变的影响,维持在一个稳定值,表明夹杂物尺寸的改变对靠近薄膜内边界处的影响大于对外边界处的影响,与5.1小节中的描述一致.
图13(a)中可以看出,在施加电压Ф*为0.2、0.3、0.4的情况时,圆形介电弹性体薄膜上的临界电场强度随着与薄膜内边界的距离由近及远,出现小幅度的减小,但整体仍呈现比较稳定的状态. 在Ф*为0.5时,出现明显的先上升后下降趋势,不再维持稳定. 由于施加电压过高,临界电场强度也会受到一定程度的影响. 图13(a)-13(d)中,当Ф*为0.5时,临界电场强度在薄膜内、外边界间的变化曲线随着夹杂物尺寸的增大而逐渐平缓,与其他电压下的变化曲线类似,这种现象表明夹杂物尺寸的增加可以抑制电压增加对薄膜的影响.
本文以圆形介电弹性体薄膜为对象,采用Gent模型分析了含不同尺寸夹杂物的薄膜在不同内压和不同电压下的力电行为. 具体的行为变化通过薄膜的竖向位移、拉伸比、真实应力及真实电场强度体现,经过数值计算得出以下结论:
(1)内压增大时,夹杂物尺寸变化对薄膜内边界的影响远大于外边界.
(2)电压增大时,增大夹杂物尺寸可减小薄膜竖向位移、拉伸比和真实应力的变化范围,提高力电稳定性.
(3)较大夹杂物使薄膜内边界的真实电场更稳定,电场均匀性得到改善,并提高临界电场强度,从而抑制电压升高的不利影响. 以上内容可以为圆形介电弹性体薄膜的研究与应用提供参考.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11902003)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.030
  • 接收时间:2025-10-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-04
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国家自然科学基金项目(11902003)
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    1安徽理工大学土木建筑学院,淮南,232001
    2安徽理工大学力学与光电物理学院,淮南,232001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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