Article(id=1241831202005521384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754496000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005230665, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1761494400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005230665, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005230665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005230665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241831200843699167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='571', pageEnd='706', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005230388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005316875, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241831563734881184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241831563739075489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=655, endPage=666, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241831202282345450, articleId=1241831202005521384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Hypoplastic Model for Coarse Soil with an Asymptotic State Boundary Surface, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The mechanical behavior of coarse soil is affected by factors such as relative density, stress level, and loading path, resulting in distinct deformation characteristics, such as dilatancy under low confining pressure and contraction under high confining pressure. This paper develops a hypoplastic model for coarse-grained soil by introducing an asymptotic state boundary surface, which can be used to determine the flow direction of rockfill during shearing. In addition, a new density factor is defined based on the relationship between the current state point and the critical state line in the e-p plane to account for the state-dependent behaviors of coarse-grained soil. Model predictions are compared with the triaxial test data of Type I rockfill from the Changhe Dam to verify the proposed hypoplastic model. Results indicate that an increase in confining pressure reduces the tendency for dilatancy deformation, alongside the occurrence of strain-hardening behavior, as shown in the stress-strain curve under drained loading conditions. Conversely, excess pore water pressure within the specimen decreases as axial strain increases under undrained loading conditions. The proposed model is capable of describing the complex behaviors of coarse-grained soil with a simple formula and serves as a novel technical approach for geotechnical numerical analysis.

, correspAuthors=Haichao Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Feng He, Shengliang Hu, Yongqing Xu, Chenxi Tong, Jing Cai, Wei Zhao, Haichao Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241831220410126762, articleId=1241831202005521384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=含渐近状态边界面的粗粒土亚塑性模型, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

粗粒土的力学行为受相对密度、应力水平和加载路径等因素影响,具有低围压剪胀和高围压剪缩等变形特点. 对此,本文建立了含渐近状态边界面的粗粒土亚塑性模型,考虑渐近状态边界面几何形状对模型计算结果的影响,并在此基础上确定粗粒土在剪切过程中的流动方向. 其次,定义了新的密度因子,根据e-p平面中当前状态点和临界状态线之间的相对位置关系确定密度因子的大小,据此考虑粗粒土力学行为的状态相关性. 将模型计算结果和长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料以及粗粒土的三轴压缩试验结果进行对比,初步验证了该模型的有效性. 结果表明,在排水剪切过程中,增大围压会减弱粗粒土的剪胀变形趋势,其应力-应变曲线主要表现为应变硬化. 而在不排水试验条件下,试样内部产生的超孔隙水压随轴向应变有减小的趋势. 对此,本文建立的粗粒土亚塑性模型可以进行合理描述,为岩土数值分析提供了新的技术手段.

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**E-mail:.
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articleId=1241831202005521384, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison between the proposed hypoplastic model for coarse soil and the original model[20]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粗粒土亚塑性模型原始Mašín[20]亚塑性模型
应力-应变关系
应力因子
四阶弹性张量
渐近状态边界面表达式
当前和参考密度因子
流动方向
材料参数κνMΓλpsnακνMΓλ
适用材料黏土、砂土、堆石料等黏土
), ArticleFig(id=1241831228647740088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202005521384, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

粗粒土亚塑性模型和原始Mašín[20]亚塑性模型对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粗粒土亚塑性模型原始Mašín[20]亚塑性模型
应力-应变关系
应力因子
四阶弹性张量
渐近状态边界面表达式
当前和参考密度因子
流动方向
材料参数κνMΓλpsnακνMΓλ
适用材料黏土、砂土、堆石料等黏土
), ArticleFig(id=1241831228752597690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202005521384, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of the hypoplastic model for rockfill

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MΓλps(MPa)κνnα
1.051.210.0860.310.00640.252.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241831228924564159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202005521384, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

某粗粒土的亚塑性模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MΓλps(MPa)κνnα
1.051.210.0860.310.00640.252.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241831229000061634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202005521384, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of the hypoplastic model for Type-I rocfill from coarse soil[28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MΓλps(MPa)κνnα
本文模型1.650.8110.0660.910.00680.252.51.2
原始模型1.650.8110.066-0.00680.25--
), ArticleFig(id=1241831229079753412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202005521384, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料[28]的亚塑性模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MΓλps(MPa)κνnα
本文模型1.650.8110.0660.910.00680.252.51.2
原始模型1.650.8110.066-0.00680.25--
), ArticleFig(id=1241831229205582536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202005521384, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of the hypoplastic model for coarse soil[4]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MΓλps(MPa)κνnα
本文模型1.711.0110.0980.9460.00240.20.45
原始模型1.711.0110.098-0.00240.2--
), ArticleFig(id=1241831229335605966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831202005521384, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

粗粒土[4]的亚塑性模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MΓλps(MPa)κνnα
本文模型1.711.0110.0980.9460.00240.20.45
原始模型1.711.0110.098-0.00240.2--
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含渐近状态边界面的粗粒土亚塑性模型
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何锋 1 , 胡盛亮 1 , 徐勇清 1 , 童晨曦 2 , 蔡靖 3 , 赵伟 4 , 李海潮 3, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(5): 655-666
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(5): 655-666
含渐近状态边界面的粗粒土亚塑性模型
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何锋1, 胡盛亮1, 徐勇清1, 童晨曦2, 蔡靖3, 赵伟4, 李海潮3, **
作者信息
  • 1南昌市城市规划设计研究总院集团有限公司,南昌,330038
  • 2中南大学土木工程学院,长沙,410075
  • 3中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院,天津,300300
  • 4中铁二局第六工程有限公司,成都,610061

通讯作者:

Hypoplastic Model for Coarse Soil with an Asymptotic State Boundary Surface
Feng He1, Shengliang Hu1, Yongqing Xu1, Chenxi Tong2, Jing Cai3, Wei Zhao4, Haichao Li3, **
Affiliations
  • 1Nanchang Urban Planning & Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Nanchang, 330038
  • 2School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075
  • 3Transportation Science and Engineering College, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, 300300
  • 4China Railway No.2 Engineering Group No.6 Department Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610061
出版时间: 2025-10-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.026
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粗粒土的力学行为受相对密度、应力水平和加载路径等因素影响,具有低围压剪胀和高围压剪缩等变形特点. 对此,本文建立了含渐近状态边界面的粗粒土亚塑性模型,考虑渐近状态边界面几何形状对模型计算结果的影响,并在此基础上确定粗粒土在剪切过程中的流动方向. 其次,定义了新的密度因子,根据e-p平面中当前状态点和临界状态线之间的相对位置关系确定密度因子的大小,据此考虑粗粒土力学行为的状态相关性. 将模型计算结果和长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料以及粗粒土的三轴压缩试验结果进行对比,初步验证了该模型的有效性. 结果表明,在排水剪切过程中,增大围压会减弱粗粒土的剪胀变形趋势,其应力-应变曲线主要表现为应变硬化. 而在不排水试验条件下,试样内部产生的超孔隙水压随轴向应变有减小的趋势. 对此,本文建立的粗粒土亚塑性模型可以进行合理描述,为岩土数值分析提供了新的技术手段.

粗粒土  /  渐近状态边界面  /  亚塑性模型  /  连续方程

The mechanical behavior of coarse soil is affected by factors such as relative density, stress level, and loading path, resulting in distinct deformation characteristics, such as dilatancy under low confining pressure and contraction under high confining pressure. This paper develops a hypoplastic model for coarse-grained soil by introducing an asymptotic state boundary surface, which can be used to determine the flow direction of rockfill during shearing. In addition, a new density factor is defined based on the relationship between the current state point and the critical state line in the e-p plane to account for the state-dependent behaviors of coarse-grained soil. Model predictions are compared with the triaxial test data of Type I rockfill from the Changhe Dam to verify the proposed hypoplastic model. Results indicate that an increase in confining pressure reduces the tendency for dilatancy deformation, alongside the occurrence of strain-hardening behavior, as shown in the stress-strain curve under drained loading conditions. Conversely, excess pore water pressure within the specimen decreases as axial strain increases under undrained loading conditions. The proposed model is capable of describing the complex behaviors of coarse-grained soil with a simple formula and serves as a novel technical approach for geotechnical numerical analysis.

coarse-grained soil  /  asymptotic state boundary surface  /  hypoplastic model  /  constitutive equations
何锋, 胡盛亮, 徐勇清, 童晨曦, 蔡靖, 赵伟, 李海潮. 含渐近状态边界面的粗粒土亚塑性模型. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 655 -666 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.026
Feng He, Shengliang Hu, Yongqing Xu, Chenxi Tong, Jing Cai, Wei Zhao, Haichao Li. Hypoplastic Model for Coarse Soil with an Asymptotic State Boundary Surface[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (5) : 655 -666 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.026
粗粒土是土石坝、山区机场道基、高铁路基等工程的重要填筑材料,其强度和变形特性是评估构筑物安全服役性能的主要力学指标[1-3]. 针对粗粒土的复杂力学行为开展理论研究,将有助于改进现有的评估方法.
现有研究表明,级配特征、相对密度、应力水平和加载路径等因素会对粗粒土的力学行为产生影响. 蔡正银等[4]针对某土石坝粗粒土的大型三轴固结排水试验结果表明,改变细颗粒含量和初始孔隙比会对粗粒土的固结变形特性产生影响,而在不排水剪切过程中,处于相对密实状态的试样的应力-应变曲线具有应变软化特征,其体积变形会先增大然后减小,表现为减缩和剪胀. 杨光等[5]对粗粒土分别开展了常规三轴、等P三轴和等应力比三轴试验,揭示了应力路径对粗粒土强度和变形特性的影响. 此外,有学者分析了颗粒破碎[6]、缩尺效应[7,8]、流变应变[9]等因素的影响.
由于粗粒土具有复杂的力学行为,针对其本构模型的研究一直是人们关注的重点. 其中,应用较为广泛的南水模型[10]采用Prandtl-Reuss准则,包含体积和剪切双屈服面,不过该模型在高应力条件下计算得到的体积变形量与实测结果差别较大. Xiao等[11]则建立了考虑颗粒破碎效应的粗粒土边界面模型. 此外,陈生水等[12]建议采用广义塑性理论[13]建立粗粒土的本构模型,直接给出塑性流动方向、加载方向和塑性模量的表达式. 近些年,有学者建议将状态参量的力学概念引入粗粒土的广义塑性模型中,用于提升了模型的计算效果[14-16].
另一方面,可以采用亚塑性理论描述粗粒土的力学行为. 该理论以连续介质力学为理论基础,直接给出应力率和应变率之间的张量函数表达式,在统一描述土的静-动力学特性等方面具有独特优势. 例如,Niemunis和Herle[17]基于颗粒间应变(Intergranular strain)的概念建立了适用于砂土的亚塑性模型. Wu等[18]较早将临界状态的概念引入亚塑性理论中,成功的描述了初始相对密度和应力水平等因素对不同加载条件下砂土力学行为的影响. Mašín等[19-21]提出了渐近状态边界面的概念,建立了适用于黏土的亚塑性模型. 在此基础上,笔者前期[22]通过改变密度因子的定义的方法统一描述了黏土和砂土的力学行为.
本文延续上述工作,拟建立适用于粗粒土的亚塑性模型. 首先,给出新的渐近状态边界面的方程,考虑其几何形状对模型计算结果的影响. 其次,完善密度因子的定义,根据当前密度状态点和临界状态点之间的相对位置关系确定其大小,并且考虑粗粒土临界状态线的非线形特点. 最后,采用长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料和某粗粒土的三轴压缩试验结果验证该模型的有效性.
亚塑性理论通过构建应力率和应变率之间的非线性张量关系来描述砂土等颗粒材料的力学行为,随后该方法被推广至黏土和粗粒土等材料,成为描述岩土材料复杂力学行为的重要理论工具.
根据Gudehus[23],亚塑性模型的应力-应变关系可以表示为:
式中,“:”为张量双点积运算符号,分别为应力率和应变率,fs为应力因子(Barotropy factor),用于描述有效平均主应力对土的力学行为的影响;fd为密度因子(Pyknotropy factor),与土的相对密度有关. 四阶张量L与弹性变形有关,可以简单表示为:
式中,“”为张量积符号,ν为泊松比,I1分别为四阶和二阶单位张量.
Mašín[20]建议引入渐近性状态边界面(Asymptotic state boundary surface,ASBS)来确定二阶张量,用于描述土的非线形变形特性. 如图1所示,渐近性状态边界面与p轴的交点D处的应力为Hvorslev等效应力pe,与临界状态线(Critical state line,CSL)的交点B处的应力为临界状态有效平均主应力pcs,当前应力点A和参考应力点C对应的应力则分别为ppA. 在e-p平面,ABCD点均投影至一条水平的直线上,具有相同的孔隙比e.
根据Mašín[19-21],归一化应力σn被定义为σn=σ/pe,对其进行求导可以得到:
图1中Hvorslev等效应力位于各向同性压缩曲线(Isotropic compression line,ICL)上,假定ICL满足如下双对数关系:
式中,Nλ为材料参数,pr=1 kPa为参考应力. 两边求导可以得到:
采用替换,整理式(5)可以得到Hvorslev等效应力pe的发展式,有:
将式(6)代入(3)中,可以将归一化应力σn的发展式改写为:
由于在剪切过程中渐近状态边界面的形状不发生变化,满足条件,采用分别替代fd,用于表征土处于渐近状态,结合式(1)和(7)可以得到:
上式可以改写为:
整理可以得到:
其中,
D被定义为渐近状态边界面的流动方向,将式(10)和(11)代入(1)中,可以最终得到:
式(12)即为Mašín[20]提出的亚塑性模型应力应变关系,相比较式(1)给出的Gudehus形式,可以显式包含渐近性状态边界面ASBS,与临界状态土力学具有更为紧密的联系. 此外,基于式(12)建立的亚塑性模型通常假定应力因子fs是关于压缩模量λ和回弹模量κ的函数,有:
粗粒土等岩土材料的屈服面通常具有复杂几何形状,渐近状态边界面ASBS也具有类似特点. 根据笔者前期研究成果[24],可以采用如下方程加以表示,即:
式中,Mp-q平面中临界状态线的斜率,材料参数n用于控制渐近性状态边界面ASBS的几何形状,如椭圆形、子弹形和水滴形等.
图2(a)分别给出SJ2粗粒土[25]和PS粗粒土[26]的屈服点,并采用式(14)对其进行拟合. 可以看出,本文方法能够大体上描述两种粗粒土的屈服函数,不过对于PS粗粒土,在低应力条件下拟合结果和试验结果之间存在一定偏差. 虽然可以采用形式更为复杂的方程来提升拟合效果,但这也会增大粗粒土亚塑性模型的建模难度. 此外,当n分别为2、3、4、5时,渐近状态边界面ASBS的形状如图2(b)所示,可以看出增大n会使ASBS沿着临界状态线逐渐向外扩张. 在两者交点处,ASBS面的法向量始终垂直于p轴,即当土体达到临界状态时体积保持不变,仅发生剪切变形,满足临界状态的基本假定.
根据流动方向D的定义,可以发现其实则为垂直于渐近性状态边界面的单位矢量,参考传统弹塑性理论中的相关联流动法则,可以将其重新表示为:
其中,
式中,s为偏应力,可以表示为s=σ-p1.
根据式,渐近状态边界面ASBS的表达式f关于有效平均主应力p和偏应力q的偏导数分别为:
将式(17)代入(15)中,并且将偏应力q表示为,可以得到流动方向D的表达式,即:
最后,给出当前密度因子fd和参考密度因子的表达式,这也是本文拟建立的亚塑性模型和Mašín[20]的主要区别之一. Mašín[20]指出当土体达到临界状态时fd的值均等于1,在其建立的亚塑性剑桥模型中,fd是关于当前有效平均主应力p与Hvorslev等效应力pe的函数,的形式类似,但采用位于渐近状态边界面ASBS上的参考有效平均主应力pA进行替代,有:
上述方法的不足主要体现在两点,结合图1,首先当土样达到临界状态时,当前应力点和参考应力点重合,有p=pA=pcs,仅在pe=2pcs的情况下才能满足在临界状态fd均等于1的要求(i.e.,修正剑桥模型屈服函数). 通过定义fd=αp/pe能够一定程度上克服该不足,但需要根据渐近状态边界面ASBS的表达式确定α的值,在建模过程中存在不便.
其次,砂土和粗粒土等颗粒材料在e-p平面中的各向同性压缩曲线和临界状态线均具有显著的非线性变化特点,若根据式(4)计算Hvorslev等效应力pe,并由此确定fd,将无法保证亚塑性模型对颗粒材料的拟合效果. 笔者前期对此做了详细讨论,可作为参考[22].
为此,本文将fd重新定义为:
式中,α为额外材料参数用于控制fd的变化速率.
根据上式,在渐近破坏过程中土样的当前应力点和参考应力点均趋近于临界状态点,当p=pA=pcs时,有. 在此基础上,首先确定. 根据式(14)给出的渐近性状态边界面ASBS的表达式,通过简单数学变换可以得到:
其次确定fd,假定粗粒土在e-p平面中的临界状态线可以表示为:
式中,ecs为临界状态孔隙比,偏转应力ps用于控制临界状态线的非线性程度,Γ为材料参数.
图3给出悉尼砂[27]位于e-p平面中的临界状态线试验结果和式(22)拟合结果,可以看出两者几乎一致,对应材料参数为Γ=2.177、λ=0.183、ps=2.82 MPa. 图中同时给出不同初始孔隙比对应的悉尼砂的等向压缩曲线,同样可以观察到明显的非线性变化特点. 随着有效平均主应力逐渐增大,悉尼砂的等向压缩曲线将重合于一条线性的极限压缩曲线,可以采用式(4)进行描述.
根据式(20),可以采用另一种方法计算临界状态有效平均主应力pcs,由于在渐近状态边界面上孔隙比保持不变(i.e.,e=ecs),可以得到:
将式(23)代入(20)中,可以得到:
至此,可以完整建立粗粒土的亚塑性模型. 该模型考虑渐近状态边界面的几何形状对模型计算结果的影响,重新定义了密度因子,并根据e-p平面中的临界状态线来确定其大小,对不同类型岩土材料均有良好适用性.
表1给出了本文模型与Mašín[20]提出的亚塑性模型的对比,两者主要差异在于渐近状态边界面的表达式和密度因子的定义. 需要补充的是,本文模型假定在剪切过程中流动方向始终垂直于渐近状态边界面,该假定能够简化模型的推导过程,但其是否适用于不同类型的粒状土仍有待进一步检验.
含渐近状态边界面的粗粒土亚塑性模型共计有8个材料参数,其中回弹模量κ和泊松比ν与粗粒土的弹性变形特性有关,MΓλps为临界状态材料参数. 参数nα分别用于控制渐近状态边界面ASBS的几何形状,以及密度因子fd的变化速率. 这里将给出nα对模型计算的影响,假定材料参数如表2所示,初始孔隙比e0为0.8,施加0.1 MPa围压并模拟排水三轴压缩试验.
参数α对模型计算结果的影响如图4(a)所示,此时参数n=2,渐近状态边界面的形状为椭圆形. 可以看出,当α由0.4增长至1.0时,试样的峰值强度将略有提升,对应的轴向应变则明显会减小,切线模量也随之增大. 此外,α将增大试样的剪胀速率,但不改变其达到临界状态时的最终体积变形量. 图4(b)给出了参数n对模型计算的影响,此时α=1. 可以看出,n主要影响试样的峰后应力-应变曲线,峰值强度也会随着n增大而减小,n对试样体积变形规律的影响类似于参数α.
为进一步验证本文模型的有效性,采用刘恩龙等[28]开展的长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料三轴压缩试验进行验证. 在排水剪切过程中,围压σc设置为0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0 MPa,对应的初始孔隙比e0分别为0.376、0.361、0.350、0.342、0.335、0.328、0.322、0.318、0.313. 长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料的孔隙比e随有效平均主应力变化规律如图5所示,其中红色圆点为排水三轴压缩试验结束时堆石料试样的临界状态点,采用式(22)对其进行拟合,可以得到Γ=0.811、λ=0.066和ps=0.91 MPa. 从中也可以看出,在e-p平面中,长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料的临界状态线具有非线性变化特点. 长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料的亚塑性模型材料参数如表3所示.
图6给出长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料的排水三轴压缩试验结果,将其应力-应变曲线和体积变形曲线与本文建立的粗粒土亚塑性模型及其原始模型进行对比分析,发现本文模型具有更好的计算效果. 不过,在高围压条件下会高估试样的切线模量和峰值强度. 此外,根据图6(b)给出的体积变形规律,可以看出在低围压条件下试样有发生剪胀的趋势. 尽管本文模型能够描述该变化规律,但是计算结果与试验结果仍有一定偏差,主要原因可能为本文假定流动方向始终垂直于渐近状态边界面. 该假定类似于传统弹塑性模型的相关联流动法则,但对于部分岩土材料,在剪切过程中其应变增量矢量并不始终垂直于屈服面. 同样,流动方向和渐近状态边界面也可能处于非正交状态,这会对其体积变形规律产生影响.
图7则对比了长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料的不排水三轴压缩试验结果和模型计算结果,可以看出,本文建立的粗粒土亚塑性模型计算得到的不排水剪切强度和超孔隙水压与试验结果几乎保持一致,能够准确描述试样在不排水剪切过程中其超孔隙水压会随着轴向应变先增大然后减小的变化规律. 而Mašín[20]提出的亚塑性模型由于不能考虑渐近状态边界面的几何形状,并且所采用的参考密度因子的定义无法考虑材料临界状态线的非线性特点,计算得到的不排水抗剪强度要明显大于试验结果,超孔隙水压的变化规律也与实际情况存在偏差.
最后,给出本文建立的亚塑性模型对蔡正银等[4]开展的粗粒土的排水三轴压缩试验的验证结果,如图8所示. 其中,围压分别为0.3、0.6、1.0、1.5 MPa,对应的初始孔隙比分别为0.264、0.255、0.243、0.237,材料参数如表4所示. 可以看出,相比较Mašín[20]提出的亚塑性模型,本文建立的粗粒土亚塑性模型能够很好的描述试样在排水剪切过程中的力学行为,计算得到的应力-应变试验结果较为吻合,但在峰值强度方面存在一定差异(见图8(a)). 此外,当围压为0.3 MPa时,试样的体积会先减小然后增大,其剪胀特性会随着围压增大逐渐减小,如图8(b)所示. 根据图8(c)中给出的孔隙比随有效平均主应力变化试验结果,也可以观察到类似的规律.
通过长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料的三轴压缩试验结果可以初步验证本文建立的亚塑性模型的有效性. 这里主要讨论该模型对粗粒土剪胀特性的描述效果. 现有研究成果表明,堆石料等粗粒土会在低围压下发生剪胀和在高围压下发生剪缩. 如图9(a)所示,在排水剪切过程中,粗粒土的应力比σ1/σ3会逐渐增大,当剪胀因子1-dεν/dε1等于零时,会首先达到相变状态点,此时体积应变增量为零,随后在经过峰值状态点后反向运动至临界状态点,在此期间粗粒土的体积会逐渐增大,发生剪胀. 根据图9(b)和9(c),本文建立的亚塑性模型能够较好的描述长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料[28]和粗粒土[4]的剪胀试验结果.
相比较传统方法,本文对Mašín[19-21]提出的方法进行了有效改进,结合了亚塑性理论和临界状态土力学的理论优势,成功的描述了粗粒土的复杂力学行为. 不过,根据式(1)和(9)给出的两种不同形式的应力-应变关系,可以看出亚塑性模型和传统的弹塑性模型存在明显差异,其应力积分方法也会有所不同. 本文对此并未做详细论述,后续研究将以此为重点,讨论粗粒土亚塑性模型在堆石坝和山区机场填方体等构筑物的有限元分析中的应用.
本文基于渐近状态边界面的概念建立了适用于粗粒土的亚塑性模型,并采用了不同类型粗粒土的三轴压缩试验结果初步验证了该模型的有效性. 主要结论有:
(1)借助Hvorslev等效应力可以在传统的亚塑性理论中引入渐近状态边界面,建立新的应力率和应变率表达式. 该方法能够充分发挥临界状态土力学的优势,用于建立不同类型岩土材料的本构模型;
(2)本文模型采用新的密度因子定义,根据当前状态和临界状态的有效平均主应力之间的比值确定其大小,并且引入新的材料用于控制密度因子的演变规律. 该方法能够合理的描述初始孔隙比、应力水平和加载路径等因素对粗粒土力学行为的影响;
(3)本文模型额外考虑了渐近状态边界面的几何形状对模型计算精度的影响,模型计算结果与长河坝Ⅰ型堆石料等粗粒土的排水和不排水三轴压缩试验结果基本保持一致,表明该模型能够合理描述粗粒土的剪胀特性和超孔隙水压演变规律,在工程实践中有良好的应用前景.
  • 民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心开放课题(MHJGGCZX-KFKT-2023-01; 2023-04)
  • 天津市教委科研计划项目-自然科学项目-一般项目(XJ2022009601)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.026
  • 接收时间:2025-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07
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民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心开放课题(MHJGGCZX-KFKT-2023-01; 2023-04)
天津市教委科研计划项目-自然科学项目-一般项目(XJ2022009601)
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    1南昌市城市规划设计研究总院集团有限公司,南昌,330038
    2中南大学土木工程学院,长沙,410075
    3中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院,天津,300300
    4中铁二局第六工程有限公司,成都,610061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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