Article(id=1241831201569313761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756828800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774005230561, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1761494400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774005230561, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774005230561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005230561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241831200843699167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='571', pageEnd='706', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774005230388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774005316875, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241831563734881184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241831563739075489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241831200843699167, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=642, endPage=654, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241831202194265065, articleId=1241831201569313761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Energy Absorption Performance of the Origami-Ending Tube Based on Grid Enhancement, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the energy absorption performance of lightweight thin-walled tubular structures, a lightweight lattice structure was introduced into the end-folded origami tube, resulting in a novel high-energy-absorption composite configuration. Quasi-static axial compression tests and finite element analysis of the composite tube revealed that, during deformation, the outer origami tube guided the deformation of the internal lattice structure. Compared to a stand-alone end-folded origami tube, the incorporation of the internal lattice structure increased the average load-bearing capacity by 14.77%. Furthermore, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of key design factors—including the thickness ratio between the lattice and the tube, the number of longitudinal lattice cells, and the width ratio of the lattice configuration—on the energy absorption performance of the composite tube. The results demonstrated that variations in these parameters significantly affected the composite tube's stiffness, leading to multiple deformation modes, including symmetric deformation, diamond deformation, extensional deformation, and mixed deformation, which in turn caused substantial differences in energy absorption performance. Notably, adjusting the internal lattice thickness and width ratio increased the average load-bearing capacity by up to 30.75%. Finally, a theoretical prediction of the composite tube's average load was performed using the super-folded element method, yielding an error of only 12.1% compared to experimental results. In summary, the proposed lattice-reinforced end-folded origami composite tube not only features simplified manufacturing but also exhibits excellent energy absorption characteristics. Its innovative structural design provides valuable theoretical guidance and engineering insights for the structural optimization and performance enhancement of similar composite tubes.

, correspAuthors=Zhibo Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haiyan Li, Shizhao Ming, Caihua Zhou, Chenhao Teng, Zhibo Song), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241831211069411488, articleId=1241831201569313761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=基于格栅增强的端部折纸复合管件能量吸收性能研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升轻质薄壁管件能量吸收性能,将轻质格栅结构引入至端部折纸管件内部,提出一种新型高吸能性能复合构型. 针对复合管件开展准静态轴压试验与有限元分析可知,复合管件变形过程中外部折纸管件可引导内部格栅结构变形. 相较于单一端部折纸管件,内部格栅结构的引入可使整体结构平均力提升14.77%. 进而,开展了格栅及管件厚度比、格栅纵向胞元数目、格栅构型宽度比等关键参数对复合管件吸能性能的影响研究. 结果表明,关键参数的变化可较大程度影响复合管件刚度,使其发生对称变形、钻石变形、延展变形及混合变形等多类变形模式,使其吸能性能出现较大差异. 其中,改变内部格栅厚度及宽度比可使结构平均力提升达30.75%. 最后,基于超折叠单元法开展了复合管件平均力理论预测,理论预测结果与试验结果误差为12.1%. 综上所述,本研究提出的格栅增强端部折纸复合管件兼具工艺简便性与优异吸能特性,其创新构型设计可为同类复合管件的结构优化与性能提升提供重要理论指导与工程参考.

, correspAuthors=宋志博, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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The energy absorption performance of tubes with different thickness ratio

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Numbert2/t1m(g)Fp(kN)Fm(kN)SEA(J/g)Collap se mode
S-10.04106.0026.3520.266.69Diamond mode
T-60.06108.1927.4622.117.15Mixed mode
T-80.08110.4428.6223.307.38Mixed mode
T-100.10112.6828.9224.777.69Mixed mode
), ArticleFig(id=1241831220519178670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831201569313761, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同格栅及管件厚度比管件能量吸收性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Numbert2/t1m(g)Fp(kN)Fm(kN)SEA(J/g)Collap se mode
S-10.04106.0026.3520.266.69Diamond mode
T-60.06108.1927.4622.117.15Mixed mode
T-80.08110.4428.6223.307.38Mixed mode
T-100.10112.6828.9224.777.69Mixed mode
), ArticleFig(id=1241831220628230580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831201569313761, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The energy absorption performance of tubes with different longitudinal cells number

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Numbernm(g)Fp(kN)Fm(kN)SEA(J/g)Collap se mode
S-11106.0026.3520.266.69Diamond mode
N-22106.4026.8921.727.14Mixed mode
N-33106.8627.6720.996.87Mixed mode
N-44107.3128.0121.326.95Mixed mode
N-55107.7728.4221.747.06Mixed mode
), ArticleFig(id=1241831220724699581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831201569313761, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同格栅纵向胞元数目管件能量吸收性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Numbernm(g)Fp(kN)Fm(kN)SEA(J/g)Collap se mode
S-11106.0026.3520.266.69Diamond mode
N-22106.4026.8921.727.14Mixed mode
N-33106.8627.6720.996.87Mixed mode
N-44107.3128.0121.326.95Mixed mode
N-55107.7728.4221.747.06Mixed mode
), ArticleFig(id=1241831220821168579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831201569313761, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The energy absorption performance of tubes with different width ratio

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Numberw1/w2m(g)Fp(kN)Fm(kN)Collapse mode
W-131/3106.0028.1621.76Sy mmetric mode
W-121/2106.0028.5626.49Extension mode
S-11106.0026.3520.26Diamond mode
W-212/1106.0026.7420.92Diamond mode
W-313/1106.0027.2623.36Mixed mode
), ArticleFig(id=1241831220896666055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241831201569313761, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同格栅构型宽度比w1/w2管件能量吸收性能

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Numberw1/w2m(g)Fp(kN)Fm(kN)Collapse mode
W-131/3106.0028.1621.76Sy mmetric mode
W-121/2106.0028.5626.49Extension mode
S-11106.0026.3520.26Diamond mode
W-212/1106.0026.7420.92Diamond mode
W-313/1106.0027.2623.36Mixed mode
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基于格栅增强的端部折纸复合管件能量吸收性能研究
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李海燕 1 , 明世朝 2 , 周才华 3 , 滕晨皓 3 , 宋志博 3, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(5): 642-654
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(5): 642-654
基于格栅增强的端部折纸复合管件能量吸收性能研究
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李海燕1, 明世朝2, 周才华3, 滕晨皓3, 宋志博3, **
作者信息
  • 1中国商飞上海飞机设计研究院,上海 201210
  • 2中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 3大连理工大学工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,大连,116023

通讯作者:

Energy Absorption Performance of the Origami-Ending Tube Based on Grid Enhancement
Haiyan Li1, Shizhao Ming2, Caihua Zhou3, Chenhao Teng3, Zhibo Song3, **
Affiliations
  • 1COMAC Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shanghai, 201210
  • 2China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, 100076
  • 3Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023
出版时间: 2025-10-27 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.027
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为提升轻质薄壁管件能量吸收性能,将轻质格栅结构引入至端部折纸管件内部,提出一种新型高吸能性能复合构型. 针对复合管件开展准静态轴压试验与有限元分析可知,复合管件变形过程中外部折纸管件可引导内部格栅结构变形. 相较于单一端部折纸管件,内部格栅结构的引入可使整体结构平均力提升14.77%. 进而,开展了格栅及管件厚度比、格栅纵向胞元数目、格栅构型宽度比等关键参数对复合管件吸能性能的影响研究. 结果表明,关键参数的变化可较大程度影响复合管件刚度,使其发生对称变形、钻石变形、延展变形及混合变形等多类变形模式,使其吸能性能出现较大差异. 其中,改变内部格栅厚度及宽度比可使结构平均力提升达30.75%. 最后,基于超折叠单元法开展了复合管件平均力理论预测,理论预测结果与试验结果误差为12.1%. 综上所述,本研究提出的格栅增强端部折纸复合管件兼具工艺简便性与优异吸能特性,其创新构型设计可为同类复合管件的结构优化与性能提升提供重要理论指导与工程参考.

复合管件  /  折纸  /  格栅增强  /  能量吸收  /  吸能机理

To enhance the energy absorption performance of lightweight thin-walled tubular structures, a lightweight lattice structure was introduced into the end-folded origami tube, resulting in a novel high-energy-absorption composite configuration. Quasi-static axial compression tests and finite element analysis of the composite tube revealed that, during deformation, the outer origami tube guided the deformation of the internal lattice structure. Compared to a stand-alone end-folded origami tube, the incorporation of the internal lattice structure increased the average load-bearing capacity by 14.77%. Furthermore, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of key design factors—including the thickness ratio between the lattice and the tube, the number of longitudinal lattice cells, and the width ratio of the lattice configuration—on the energy absorption performance of the composite tube. The results demonstrated that variations in these parameters significantly affected the composite tube's stiffness, leading to multiple deformation modes, including symmetric deformation, diamond deformation, extensional deformation, and mixed deformation, which in turn caused substantial differences in energy absorption performance. Notably, adjusting the internal lattice thickness and width ratio increased the average load-bearing capacity by up to 30.75%. Finally, a theoretical prediction of the composite tube's average load was performed using the super-folded element method, yielding an error of only 12.1% compared to experimental results. In summary, the proposed lattice-reinforced end-folded origami composite tube not only features simplified manufacturing but also exhibits excellent energy absorption characteristics. Its innovative structural design provides valuable theoretical guidance and engineering insights for the structural optimization and performance enhancement of similar composite tubes.

hybrid tube  /  origami  /  grid enhancement  /  energy absorption  /  energy absorption mechanism
李海燕, 明世朝, 周才华, 滕晨皓, 宋志博. 基于格栅增强的端部折纸复合管件能量吸收性能研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 642 -654 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.027
Haiyan Li, Shizhao Ming, Caihua Zhou, Chenhao Teng, Zhibo Song. Energy Absorption Performance of the Origami-Ending Tube Based on Grid Enhancement[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (5) : 642 -654 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.027
薄壁管件结构已被广泛应用于飞机、船舶、汽车等运载装备的能量吸收装置以保护碰撞事故中的人身及物品安全[1]. 为更好的评价结构的性能,研究人员通常采用能量吸收、初始峰值力、比吸能等指标评估碰撞过程中能量吸收装置的优劣. 具有理想性能的吸能装置应具有较高的能量吸收及较低的初始峰值力[2].
方管、圆管等传统直管作为典型薄壁吸能结构,其吸能性能已被深入研究[3,4]. 结果表明这类管件在压缩过程中将发生具有低吸能性能的对称、反对称等变形模式. 因此,为了进一步提升结构吸能性能,金属泡沫、格栅等轻质材料作为增强材料被填充至管件内部加工为复合管件,来实现有限空间内的能量吸收性能提升[5-11]. 其中,格栅结构作为一种轻质高强结构受到广泛关注,其加工成本低、连接方式简单,是较为理想的填充材料. 该结构在压缩过程中变形稳定,载荷-位移曲线相对平缓,能量吸收吸能优异[12-16].
因此,格栅结构被广泛填充至管件内部,提升结构吸能性能. 然而,现有格栅结构增强构型大多采用传统直管作为外部结构,在能量吸收过程中多发对称变形模式或反对称变形模式. 此外,复合管件在内部格栅构型增强下其变形模式可能发生变化,吸能过程较为不稳定[17]. 所以,若能将具有稳定且高吸能性能的构型作为外部管件,进而提出一种复合管件构型,深入分析外部管件与内部格栅间的相互影响作用,揭示能量吸收机理,将为复合管件的构型设计提供指导.
近年来,折纸工艺被引入至薄壁管件耐撞性设计中,如钻石折纹管件[18,19]、梯形折纹管件[20]、端部折纹管件[21]等多类折纹管件构型被提出. 这些构型在能量吸收过程中折痕可稳定且有效地转化为转换为移动塑性铰线或者诱发移动塑性铰线产生,最终形成高吸能性能钻石变形模式. 其中,端部折纹管,其在简单加工工艺下,即可实现钻石模式的发生,吸能性能优异. 可以预见,将端部折纹管作为外部管件,将格栅结构作为内部增强结构则可以提出一种高吸能性能内部增强折纸复合管件. 因此,本文将针对此种复合管件开展能量吸收性能研究,合理设计内部格栅结构,深入分析不同结构间的相互作用关系,揭示结构吸能机理.
本研究中的格栅增强端部折纸复合管件构型由外部折纸管与内部增强格栅组成,如图1所示. 其中,外部折纸管件可沿折痕折叠再沿自由边进行焊接得到,如图1(a)所示. 图中黄色实线为峰折痕,黄色虚线为谷折痕,折纸图案的高度、宽度、折叠宽度、折叠高度、厚度分别由lbcat1表示. 本研究中折纸管件的尺寸为l=50 mm,b=65 mm,c=15 mm,a=9 mm,t1=1 mm. 内部增强格栅构型可由图1(b)中的单胞构型阵列获得. 单胞格栅的自由边宽度、内部宽度、厚度、高度分别由w1w2t2h表示. 本研究中格栅的尺寸为w1=3.25 mm,w2=3.25 mm,t2=0.04 mm,h=32 mm,横向阵列形式为5×5.
将两种结构结合即可获得复合管件构型,如图1(c)所示. 在实际制作过程中,首先将端部折纸管件一端按折纸图案弯折,进而将格栅结构(总宽度为b,高度为l-2a)置于管件内部并通过环氧树脂粘接剂、有机硅粘接剂等结构粘接剂进行连接,最终弯折外部管件另一端,实现内部格栅结构的粘接及几何嵌套,获得内部格栅增强的端部折纸复合管件(图2所示).
为探究复合管件耐撞性,本章节开展准静态轴向压缩试验分析,准静态轴向压缩试验在材料试验机(SHIMADZU AGS-X-300 kN)上进行,如图3所示. 试验件放置在上、下刚性压板之间,下压板固定. 上压板以3 mm/min的速度向下移动,直到压溃位移达到35 mm(约为折纸管高度的70%). 记录试验过程中载荷-位移曲线以评估折纸管耐撞性.
此外,研究为探究复合管件耐撞性,本章节基于Abaqus/Explicit针对其开展轴向压缩有限元数值分析,模型设置如所示. 复合构型置于两平行刚性板间,下刚性板在所有自由度上进行固定,上刚性板固定除轴向位移外的所有自由度,并设置向下压缩70%总高度位移. 压缩时间设置为0.2 s. 模型采用通用接触,摩擦系数定义为0.2. 端部折纸管件采用Q235材料[21],具体参数为:密度ρ1=7800 kg/m3、模量E1=150 GPa、泊松比ν1=0.3、屈服强度σy1=230 MPa、极限强度σb1=532 MPa. 格栅结构采用铝合金6060-T4[16],具体参数为:密度ρ2=2700 kg/m3、模量E2=68.21 GPa、泊松比ν2=0.3、屈服强度σy2=80 MPa、极限强度σb2=173 MPa.
此外,本研究还基于相同的分析设置分别针对相同材料体系的外部折纸管件及内部格栅开展了数值分析,并对比前序研究中的结果来验证数值分析正确性[16]. 其中,纯折纸管件构型与复合管件构型中的外部管件尺寸一致,格栅结构的尺寸参数为w1=25 mm,w1=25 mm,t2=1 mm,h=100 mm.
为量化结构能量吸收性能,本研究使用初始峰值力(Fp)、平均力(Fm)以及比吸能(SEA)指标进行结构吸能评估. 其中,初始峰值力为压缩初始阶段的峰值载荷,平均力为压缩过程中吸收能量(EA)与压缩位移的比值,可由下式表示.
其中,fx)为压缩过程载荷,δ为压缩位移.
此外,比吸能作为关键性能指标,其计算方式为结构在压缩位移δ内吸收的总能量EA除以结构总质量m. 具体由下式表示.
本节首先通过纯端部折纸管件及纯格栅结构的数值结果验证分析方法准确性,进而深入分析复合折纸管件的能量吸收性能.
本文分析获得的纯端部折纸管件及格栅结构变形模式及能量吸收性能均与文献结果呈现较好的一致性[21],如图5所示. 其中,端部折纸管件在轴向载荷作用下端部折角区域向内凹陷,随后四个壁面中间区域向外凸起,角柱区域向内凹陷,最终形成钻石变形模式,其载荷-位移曲线结果出现多个峰值变化,如图5(a)所示. 从吸能性能指标分析,本研究中端部折纸管件的初始峰值力Fp(21.87 kN)及平均力Fm(17.66 kN)均与文献结果(Fp-21.35 kN,Fm-16.76 kN)相差在5%左右.
用于验证的格栅结构在轴向载荷作用下每个角柱均发生了对称变形模式,并随压缩位移的增加逐步向下叠缩最终密实化,载荷-位移曲线出现初始高峰后续平台特征趋势,如图5(b)所示. 从吸能性能指标可看出,本研究中验证格栅结构的初始峰值力Fp(493.58 kN)及平均力Fm(175.59 kN)均与文献结果(Fp-491.08 kN,Fm-182.25 kN)相差在5%以内.
上述结果说明了本研究的分析方法能较为准确地模拟结构变形模式,预测结构吸能性能,适用于折纸管件及格栅结构. 因此,本节中进一步分析了格栅增强复合管件的能量吸收性能.
在内部格栅的作用下,管件侧壁刚度增加,但角柱区域依然向内凹陷挤压内部格栅变形. 随着压缩位移不断增加,复合折纸管件类似于纯折纸管件,最终形成钻石变形模式,如图6所示. 由上述分析可知,内部格栅结构增加了外部折纸管件的刚度,且复合管件变形模式主要由外部折纸管件引导. 因此,复合管件与纯折纸管件的载荷-位移曲线变化趋势类似(图6),且载荷水平显著提升. 进一步,从吸能性能指标可发现,相较于纯折纸管件,复合管件的初始峰值力(26.4 kN)提升了20.46%,同时平均力(20.3 kN)提升了14.77%.
本研究为深入分析格栅结构的能量吸收性能,在结构中选取了3个典型区域,研究其变形模式及吸能性能,如图7(a)所示. 图7(b)描述了不同区域单胞变形模式. 其中,角柱区域格栅单胞首先发生了整体屈曲变形,随压缩位移的增加及折纹管件的作用下结构两端挤压发生塑性变形,进一步进行能量吸收. 连接区域单胞随侧面的向外突出发生了较大的面内拉伸变形,且随管件边缘向下压缩单胞发生了明显的挤压变形. 中间区域单胞基本未受到来自外部折纸管件的影响,所以相当于周期性边界条件下的轴向压缩工况,单胞结构发生了吸能性能相对较差的对称变形模式. 从塑性变形区域及能量吸收-位移曲线中可观测到,角柱区域格栅单胞吸收的能量为4.40 J,连接区域格栅单胞吸收的能量为3.54 J,中间区域格栅单胞能量吸收(2.09 J)最低.
需说明的是,本研究复合管件折纹处并未存在格栅结构,难以量化复合管件中的格栅结构的压缩历程,进而直接比较复合管件的能量吸收性能与纯端部折纸管件及纯格栅结构相加的能量吸收性能.
为验证复合管件表现出优异的吸能性能,对准静态轴压试验结果进行分析. 试验结果表明复合管件在轴向载荷下端部折纸管折痕引导板的中间区域(如图8(a)中Ⅱ所示)均向外移动变形,而板与板连接的角部区域(如图8(a)中Ⅱ所示红色菱形框)向内移动变形,这与3.2小节中讨论的结果一致.
针对复合管件的载荷及位移开展进一步分析可发现,在复合管件在端部折痕的作用下管件载荷迅速升至一个相对较低的峰值约为25.3 kN,如图8(b)所示. 之后,随着钻石模式的形成载荷曲线出现了系列的波峰和波谷. 此外,从能量吸收性能可看出试验具有较高的一致性与可重复性,格栅增强管件试验件1与试验件2的平均力约为21.5 kN,与数值计算结果(20.3kN)误差值约5.6%. 试验结果表明,复合管件表现出优异且稳定的吸能性能,并且进一步验证数值计算结果的准确性.
复合管件中的内部格栅结构增加了折纹管件刚度,所以格栅及管件厚度比将直接改变外部管件刚度,影响端部折纹的引导能力,改变结构变形模式. 因此,本研究开展了厚度比t2/t1对复合管件吸能性能影响,针对4组不同厚度比复合管件开展分析,管件尺寸信息见表1.
随着厚度比t1/t2的增加,复合管件外部侧向刚度增加,外部端部折纸管件引导能力降低,四面侧壁受内部格栅连接约束并未向外鼓凸变形,而是向内发生凹陷,侧壁发生了典型的高性能延展变形. 同时,侧壁的延展变形导致角柱区域不能向内凹陷,形成了两个典型对称变形模式中的塑性铰,最终形成以高吸能性能延展变形为主的混合变形模式,如图9所示.
发生混合变形模式复合管件的内部格栅变形模式及内能曲线如图10所示. 在轴向压缩下角柱区域及连接区域的格栅胞元均发生了整体屈曲失效模式,随后受管件变形的影响,胞元两端呈现明显的挤压塑性变形. 但角柱区域空间受限,密实化程度更高,所以角柱区域的能量吸收显著高于连接区域,如图10(b)所示. 而中间区域格栅胞元并未受边界管件的挤压影响,依然发生较低吸能性能的对称变形模式,随着压缩位移的增加塑性铰线不断叠缩增加.
随厚度比t1/t2的增加,复合管件初始刚度小幅增加,所以初始峰值载荷呈上升趋势,如图11表1所示. 随厚度比t1/t2的增加,复合管件的能量吸收增加,所以平均载荷同样呈现上升趋势,其主要原因可由两方面组成. 一方面,内部格栅厚度增加,各个区域格栅吸收的能量均呈现上升趋势;另一方面,由于厚度比的增加及强连接方式,管件侧壁刚度增加,外部折纹管件的变形模式由钻石模式变为以高吸能性能延展变形为主的混合变形模式,失效过程中的塑性变形区域增加,吸能性能同样提升. 且从图中曲线可看出,厚度比越高,则折纸管件的吸能性能提升越为显著.
通过上一节研究可知,改变内部格栅与外部折纹管件间的刚度分配可影响复合管件变形模式及能量吸收性能. 然而,仅通过改变厚度比将较大程度增加结构质量,较初始构型无法符合轻量化的设计需求. 所以本节拟通过增加内部格栅横向截面数目,在小幅增加结构质量的前提下,改变纵向胞元数目及刚度分布. 因此,本研究开展了纵向胞元数目n对复合管件吸能性能的影响,针对5组不同厚度比复合管件开展分析,管件尺寸信息见表2.
随着纵向胞元数目n的增加,内部格栅抵抗外部管件挤压的侧向刚度增加,引导角柱区域向内凹陷变形的能力降低,复合管件由钻石变形模式变为以高吸能性能延展变形为主的混合变形模式. 角柱区域、连接区域以及中间区域的格栅胞元变形模式并未发生改变.
随纵向胞元数目n的增加,复合管件初始刚度小幅增加,所以初始峰值载荷呈上升趋势,如图12表2所示. 然而,随纵向胞元数目n的增加,复合管件的能量吸收性能并未发生大幅改变,仅出现小幅变化,这是因为外部折纹管件与内部格栅的变形模式均未出现改变,图中展示出的小幅性能波动是由内部格栅胞元横截面变形失效导致的.
通过改变内部格栅构型,可在不增加质量的情况下改变结构刚度分布,进而提升结构吸能性能. 因此,本研究开展了宽度比w1/w2对复合管件吸能性能的影响,针对5组不同宽度比复合管件开展分析,管件尺寸信息见图13表3.
随格栅构型宽度比w1/w2的改变,复合管件的变形模式较为复杂. 当w1/w2=1/3时,复合管件发生了对称变形模式;当w1/w2=1/2时,复合管件发生了延展变形模式;当w1/w2=1或2时,复合管件发生了钻石变形模式;当w1/w2=3时,复合管件发生了混合变形模式. 这是因为随格栅构型宽度比w1/w2的增加,复合管件中格栅结构与外部折纸管件的连接刚度降低. 当角部刚度较大时,结构变形模式类似于传统方管,发生服从最小能量原理的对称变形模式,如图14所示. 随着角部刚度的降低,端部折纸引导作用提升,结构发生向内延展、钻石及混合变形等系列变形模式.
发生对称变形模式管件内部格栅的变形模式及内能曲线如图15所示. 在轴向压缩作用下内部格栅的变形模式类似于发生混合变形模式复合管件的内部格栅变形模式. 角柱区域及连接区域的格栅胞元均发生了整体屈曲失效模式及后续的挤压塑性变形. 而中间区域格栅胞元并未受边界管件的挤压影响,依然发生较低吸能性能的对称变形模式,如图15所示.
随格栅构型宽度比w1/w2的增加,复合管件初始刚度小幅降低,所以初始峰值载荷呈下降趋势,如图16表3所示. 然而,随格栅构型宽度比w1/w2的增加,复合管件的能量吸收性能发生了较大波动. 当w1/w2=1/2时,复合管件的吸能性能明显高于其他构型,平均力差距可达30.75%. 这是因为一方面,折纸管件发生了高吸能性能的延展变形;另一方面,内部格栅的吸能性能并未发生明显下降.
本小节针对复合管件探究内部填充格栅结构对复合管件平均力的影响. 采用超折叠单元法可以确定受压格栅增强结构的平均力,假设格栅结构在轴压作用下具有刚性理想塑性变形行为,其平均力Fm可以通过公式表示.
其中,σ0w2t2分别为格栅结构流动应力、边长和截面厚度.
对于应变硬化材料,σ0可通过公式(2)计算得出,其中nσyσu分别为应变硬化系数、屈服强度和极限强度.
折叠单元的能量平衡方程采用公式(3)的形式表示,外载荷所做的功等于格栅结构膜变形和弯曲变形所耗散能量之和.
其中,HFmWbendingWmembrane分别表示褶皱的半波长、平均力以及在弯曲变形和膜变形中耗散的能量. 需要说明的是,褶皱的波长小于2H;因此,在公式中引入了修正系数κ,且取值定在0.70至0.75之间. Wbending定义为塑性铰中耗散能量的总和. 图17(b)中表明,格栅结构中每个褶皱中存在三个塑性铰. 因此,Wbending可以表示为公式(4).
公式(4)和(5)中的参数M0θLc分别表示格栅结构单位长度上的塑性弯矩、褶皱角度以及褶皱的总长度.
为简化方程,将褶皱角度取为π/2和π,将公式(4)可改写为公式(6). 考虑到格栅增强结构中,可以将结构拆解为若干个十字结构,如图17(a)所示. Wmembrane为格栅结构单元中耗散能量的总和用公式(6)表示.
其中,N0为格栅结构中十字型单元数量,弯矩Mcrisscross可以表示公式(8).
将公式(6)和公式(8)中的WbendingWmembrane代入公式(3),即可得到格栅结构平均力理论预测公式,见公式(9).
其中,参数H可以根据最小势能原理确定,见公式(10).
将公式(10)代入公式(9)中,可以进一步将公式进行简化,简化后公式如下:
本文中,考虑到格栅结构压溃位移为结构整体高度的70%,最终得到格栅结构平均力理论预测公式为:
其中,假设修正系数κ的取值为0.75,Lc=w2/3取值为1.083,Nc为格栅结构中十字结构数量. 将格栅结构中关键参数代入后,可以计算出格栅结构平均力Fm为7.79 kN,端部折纸管在压溃过程中,平均力Fm为16.31 kN,格栅增强复合管件平均力Fm理论预测结果为24.10 kN,较试验结果误差为12.1%.
本文结合端部折纸管件及格栅结构提出了一种复合管件构型. 针对该构型本文开展了准静态轴压试验、有限元数值分析、平均力理论预测及系列关键参数分析,主要结论如下:
(1)该构型变形模式受内部格栅刚度影响较大,可发生对称变形、钻石变形、延展变形及混合变形等多类变形模式,且内部格栅的引入可至少提升14.77%的平均力.
(2)内部格栅可在外部折纸管件的引导下发生较多的塑性变形. 无论复合管件发生何种变形模式,中间区域格栅均发生对称变形模式;角柱区域格栅则首先发生欧拉屈曲,随后在外部管件作用下挤压变形;而连接区域发生面内拉伸变形或屈曲挤压变形.
(3)增加格栅及管件厚度t2/t1、纵向胞元数目n,可提升复合管件能量吸收性能;改变格栅构型宽度比w1/w2可使结构平均力提升达30.75%.
(4)基于超折叠单元法开展复合管件中格栅结构平均力理论预测,理论预测结果与试验结果误差为12.1%.
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.027
  • 接收时间:2025-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-03
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    1中国商飞上海飞机设计研究院,上海 201210
    2中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
    3大连理工大学工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,大连,116023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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