Article(id=1241837068565943177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774006629363, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1750867200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774006629363, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774006629363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006629363, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241837062781997926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='297', pageEnd='436', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774006627984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774006677005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241837268458083311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241837268462277616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241837062781997926, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=380, endPage=393, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241837068813407120, articleId=1241837068565943177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Failure Analysis and Experimental Study of Steel Wires in Cable Structures Under Coupled Effects of Corrosion and Fatigue, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The coupled corrosion-fatigue failure of steel wires is a prevalent and critical failure mode in cable structures. However, protective sheaths prevent simultaneous corrosion and fatigue, complicating failure analysis. Traditional methods based on damage mechanics and fracture mechanics have been widely used to study fatigue fracture. However, damage mechanics approaches are often computationally complex and difficult to apply in engineering practice, while fracture mechanics methods typically require the assumption of pre-existing cracks, limiting their real-world applicability. To address these limitations, this study proposes a comprehensive theoretical framework for evaluating the corrosion-fatigue failure of high-strength steel wires. First, the fatigue damage state of steel wires is assessed using S-N curves under non-corrosive conditions, assuming the protective sheath remains intact. Once damage to the sheath occurs, a corrosion kinetics model is employed to simulate the growth of corrosion pits in steel wires. The transition from corrosion pits to cracks is then predicted by determining the critical fatigue cycles required for crack initiation. Subsequently, crack propagation is analyzed using fracture mechanics principles and Franc3D software, enabling the estimation of the fatigue life of corroded steel wires. To validate the theoretical predictions, an experimental study is conducted to investigate the coupled effects of fatigue and corrosion in high-strength steel wires, where fatigue loading is applied prior to corrosion exposure. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical calculations reveals minimal deviation, confirming the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical approach. In summary, the failure analysis methodology developed in this study offers a computationally efficient and practically applicable approach for assessing the corrosion-fatigue behavior of steel wires in cable structures. The method exhibits strong agreement with experimental observations and provides a valuable reference for the design, operation, and maintenance of cable structures. Furthermore, the proposed framework can be extended to other high-strength steel components exposed to coupled fatigue and corrosion conditions, contributing to the reliability and durability assessment of engineering structures in harsh environments.

, correspAuthors=Xiaoning Cai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Songling Xue, Li Zhou, Xiaoning Cai, Lei Tong, Jinsheng Cheng, Chuanzhi Sun, Ruili Shen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241837087062823182, articleId=1241837068565943177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=腐蚀疲劳耦合作用下索结构中的钢丝失效分析与实验研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在索结构中,钢丝的腐蚀疲劳耦合失效模式是一种常见且关键的失效形式. 然而,由于保护套的存在,腐蚀与疲劳并非同步发生,这为失效分析带来了挑战. 传统上,基于损伤力学与断裂力学的方法,被广泛应用于疲劳断裂的分析中,但损伤力学方法因其复杂性而限制了在工程实践中的应用,而断裂力学方法则通常基于预裂纹的存在为前提. 为克服现有研究的不足,本文首先采用无腐蚀条件下高强钢丝的S-N曲线,评估了在保护套无损伤时钢丝的疲劳损伤状态. 随后,通过腐蚀动力学模型,计算了在保护套破损后钢丝腐蚀坑的生长情况,并预测了腐蚀坑向裂纹转变的临界疲劳次数. 在此基础上,结合断裂力学原理与Franc3D软件,进一步分析了裂纹的扩展情况,并据此预测了钢丝的疲劳寿命. 为验证上述理论计算的准确性,本文还设计并实施了高强钢丝先疲劳后腐蚀疲劳耦合作用的试验. 通过对比实验结果与理论预测值,发现两者之间存在较小的误差,从而验证了本文提出的理论计算方法的正确性与有效性. 综上所述,本文提出的腐蚀疲劳耦合失效模式下索结构钢丝的失效分析理论,不仅计算简便、易于应用,而且与实验结果吻合良好,为索结构的设计与运营维护提供了重要的参考依据.

, correspAuthors=蔡小宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Fatigue fracture process of steel wires with multiple corrosion pits after different pre-fatigue cycles, figureFileSmall=24O1HLMpvSoEQS78MF9e9w==, figureFileBig=Mls1vA8+Xf5NG0vqFB6Pzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241837099071115909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=CN, label=图19, caption=不同预腐蚀次数后多腐蚀坑钢丝腐蚀疲劳断裂口特征, figureFileSmall=24O1HLMpvSoEQS78MF9e9w==, figureFileBig=Mls1vA8+Xf5NG0vqFB6Pzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241837099175973513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Change process of corrosion fatigue crack length of steel wire with multiple corrosion pits, figureFileSmall=/cT0FOGwZwWAarjk1gjT/A==, figureFileBig=ITfZ6Y36/OtWAFhgp8bkfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241837099280831117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=CN, label=图20, caption=多腐蚀坑钢丝腐蚀疲劳第二阶段第2子阶段裂纹变化过程, figureFileSmall=/cT0FOGwZwWAarjk1gjT/A==, figureFileBig=ITfZ6Y36/OtWAFhgp8bkfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241837099658318484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Theoretical and experimental errors in steel wires with multiple corrosion pits, figureFileSmall=DKrIFIfsqajq5nmInP+miA==, figureFileBig=2H3Yxk/0uF8Y0Iifoy2z3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241837099779953302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=CN, label=图21, caption=多腐蚀坑钢丝理论与试验误差, figureFileSmall=DKrIFIfsqajq5nmInP+miA==, figureFileBig=2H3Yxk/0uF8Y0Iifoy2z3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241837099939336858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Corrosion currents in different regions

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气候环境腐蚀程度 Ip(C/s)
农村环境2.99×10-10
城市环境1.31×10-9
城市酸雨环境中等5.48×10-9
海洋腐蚀环境中等3.51×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1241837100102914719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同地区腐蚀电流情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气候环境腐蚀程度 Ip(C/s)
农村环境2.99×10-10
城市环境1.31×10-9
城市酸雨环境中等5.48×10-9
海洋腐蚀环境中等3.51×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1241837100262298276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition of steel wire (%)

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CSiMnSCuCr
0.8-0.850.13-0.310.62-0.89<0.0022<0.090.12-0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1241837100388127403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高强钢丝的化学成分(%)

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CSiMnSCuCr
0.8-0.850.13-0.310.62-0.89<0.0022<0.090.12-0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1241837100522345135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mechanical properties of steel wire specimens

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样本编号 E弹性模量(GPa) σy屈服强度(MPa) σu极限强度(MPa) δ断裂后的伸长率(%)
1201.3167518435.7
2200.8165618515.5
3198.9165718465.8
4199.5166818455.6
5202.4167118635.4
平均值200.581665.41849.65.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241837100664951478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高强钢丝试件的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本编号 E弹性模量(GPa) σy屈服强度(MPa) σu极限强度(MPa) δ断裂后的伸长率(%)
1201.3167518435.7
2200.8165618515.5
3198.9165718465.8
4199.5166818455.6
5202.4167118635.4
平均值200.581665.41849.65.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241837100786586298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241837068565943177, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Experimental results of steel wire at 2 Hz loading frequency

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编号 R Cs msΔS(MPa) Sm N(预加载10万次) N(预加载15万次) N(预加载25万次) N(预加载35万次)
103.72×10-113.047550275781,658792,968805,659912,365
204502251,169,8561,261,5691,294,5471,312,968
303501751,698,5741,712,2561,789,2691,985,526
403001502,745,6922,759,5982,856,2532,896,396
502501253,120,2563,196,3963,202,2573,365,278
60.13.68×10-113.125550336625,694715,498814,256912,658
70.1450275935698948,6541,010,3251,156,895
80.135021413968711,406,9861,512,3161,625,121
90.130018320364712,132,3782,156,7952,265,968
100.125015327892522,798,2542,895,9662,956,589
110.33.12×10-112.966550511435698512,986612,256715,325
120.3450418799687899,692912,6981,021,696
130.335032511354661,215,4981,298,3761,365,563
140.330027918695411,902,6571,998,9682,102,456
150.325023223965812,410,0022,456,3692,596,698
160.52.89×10-112.968550825356,897484,379502,376658,025
170.5450675651,654756,512701,325802,369
180.5350525945,6841,008,0231,125,5431,269,789
190.53004501,225,4621,345,6791,312,9891,458,979
200.52503751,565,4541,698,7581,654,8921,795,494
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2 Hz加载频率下钢丝的试验结果

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编号 R Cs msΔS(MPa) Sm N(预加载10万次) N(预加载15万次) N(预加载25万次) N(预加载35万次)
103.72×10-113.047550275781,658792,968805,659912,365
204502251,169,8561,261,5691,294,5471,312,968
303501751,698,5741,712,2561,789,2691,985,526
403001502,745,6922,759,5982,856,2532,896,396
502501253,120,2563,196,3963,202,2573,365,278
60.13.68×10-113.125550336625,694715,498814,256912,658
70.1450275935698948,6541,010,3251,156,895
80.135021413968711,406,9861,512,3161,625,121
90.130018320364712,132,3782,156,7952,265,968
100.125015327892522,798,2542,895,9662,956,589
110.33.12×10-112.966550511435698512,986612,256715,325
120.3450418799687899,692912,6981,021,696
130.335032511354661,215,4981,298,3761,365,563
140.330027918695411,902,6571,998,9682,102,456
150.325023223965812,410,0022,456,3692,596,698
160.52.89×10-112.968550825356,897484,379502,376658,025
170.5450675651,654756,512701,325802,369
180.5350525945,6841,008,0231,125,5431,269,789
190.53004501,225,4621,345,6791,312,9891,458,979
200.52503751,565,4541,698,7581,654,8921,795,494
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Test results of steel wire without corrosion under 2 Hz loading frequency

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编号 RΔS(MPa) Sm N
105502752,654,146
20450225#
30350175#
40300150#
50250125#
60.15503362,361,524
70.1450275#
80.1350214#
90.1300183#
100.1250153#
110.3550511#
120.34504182,036,214
130.3350325#
140.3300279#
150.3250232#
160.55508251,765,142
170.54506751,862,315
180.53505252,011,589
190.5300450#
200.5250375#
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2 Hz加载频率无腐蚀情况下钢丝的试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 RΔS(MPa) Sm N
105502752,654,146
20450225#
30350175#
40300150#
50250125#
60.15503362,361,524
70.1450275#
80.1350214#
90.1300183#
100.1250153#
110.3550511#
120.34504182,036,214
130.3350325#
140.3300279#
150.3250232#
160.55508251,765,142
170.54506751,862,315
180.53505252,011,589
190.5300450#
200.5250375#
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腐蚀疲劳耦合作用下索结构中的钢丝失效分析与实验研究
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薛松领 1, 4 , 周丽 1 , 蔡小宁 1, ** , 仝雷 2 , 程进生 2 , 孙传智 3 , 沈锐利 4
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(3): 380-393
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(3): 380-393
腐蚀疲劳耦合作用下索结构中的钢丝失效分析与实验研究
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薛松领1, 4, 周丽1, 蔡小宁1, ** , 仝雷2, 程进生2, 孙传智3, 沈锐利4
作者信息
  • 1江苏海洋大学土木与港海工程学院,连云港,222005
  • 2宿迁市城市建设投资(集团)有限公司,宿迁,223899
  • 3宿迁学院建筑工程学院,宿迁,223899
  • 4西南交通大学土木工程学院,成都,610031

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**E-mail:.
Failure Analysis and Experimental Study of Steel Wires in Cable Structures Under Coupled Effects of Corrosion and Fatigue
Songling Xue1, 4, Li Zhou1, Xiaoning Cai1, ** , Lei Tong2, Jinsheng Cheng2, Chuanzhi Sun3, Ruili Shen4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005
  • 2Suqian Urban Construction Investment (Group) Co., Ltd., Suqian, 223899
  • 3School of Architecture and Engineering, Suqian University, Suqian, 223899
  • 4School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031
出版时间: 2025-06-26 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.006
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在索结构中,钢丝的腐蚀疲劳耦合失效模式是一种常见且关键的失效形式. 然而,由于保护套的存在,腐蚀与疲劳并非同步发生,这为失效分析带来了挑战. 传统上,基于损伤力学与断裂力学的方法,被广泛应用于疲劳断裂的分析中,但损伤力学方法因其复杂性而限制了在工程实践中的应用,而断裂力学方法则通常基于预裂纹的存在为前提. 为克服现有研究的不足,本文首先采用无腐蚀条件下高强钢丝的S-N曲线,评估了在保护套无损伤时钢丝的疲劳损伤状态. 随后,通过腐蚀动力学模型,计算了在保护套破损后钢丝腐蚀坑的生长情况,并预测了腐蚀坑向裂纹转变的临界疲劳次数. 在此基础上,结合断裂力学原理与Franc3D软件,进一步分析了裂纹的扩展情况,并据此预测了钢丝的疲劳寿命. 为验证上述理论计算的准确性,本文还设计并实施了高强钢丝先疲劳后腐蚀疲劳耦合作用的试验. 通过对比实验结果与理论预测值,发现两者之间存在较小的误差,从而验证了本文提出的理论计算方法的正确性与有效性. 综上所述,本文提出的腐蚀疲劳耦合失效模式下索结构钢丝的失效分析理论,不仅计算简便、易于应用,而且与实验结果吻合良好,为索结构的设计与运营维护提供了重要的参考依据.

高强钢丝  /  腐蚀疲劳耦合  /  断裂力学  /  损伤力学  /  S-N曲线

The coupled corrosion-fatigue failure of steel wires is a prevalent and critical failure mode in cable structures. However, protective sheaths prevent simultaneous corrosion and fatigue, complicating failure analysis. Traditional methods based on damage mechanics and fracture mechanics have been widely used to study fatigue fracture. However, damage mechanics approaches are often computationally complex and difficult to apply in engineering practice, while fracture mechanics methods typically require the assumption of pre-existing cracks, limiting their real-world applicability. To address these limitations, this study proposes a comprehensive theoretical framework for evaluating the corrosion-fatigue failure of high-strength steel wires. First, the fatigue damage state of steel wires is assessed using S-N curves under non-corrosive conditions, assuming the protective sheath remains intact. Once damage to the sheath occurs, a corrosion kinetics model is employed to simulate the growth of corrosion pits in steel wires. The transition from corrosion pits to cracks is then predicted by determining the critical fatigue cycles required for crack initiation. Subsequently, crack propagation is analyzed using fracture mechanics principles and Franc3D software, enabling the estimation of the fatigue life of corroded steel wires. To validate the theoretical predictions, an experimental study is conducted to investigate the coupled effects of fatigue and corrosion in high-strength steel wires, where fatigue loading is applied prior to corrosion exposure. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical calculations reveals minimal deviation, confirming the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical approach. In summary, the failure analysis methodology developed in this study offers a computationally efficient and practically applicable approach for assessing the corrosion-fatigue behavior of steel wires in cable structures. The method exhibits strong agreement with experimental observations and provides a valuable reference for the design, operation, and maintenance of cable structures. Furthermore, the proposed framework can be extended to other high-strength steel components exposed to coupled fatigue and corrosion conditions, contributing to the reliability and durability assessment of engineering structures in harsh environments.

high-strength steel wire  /  corrosion-fatigue coupling  /  fracture mechanics  /  damage mechanics  /  S-N curve
薛松领, 周丽, 蔡小宁, 仝雷, 程进生, 孙传智, 沈锐利. 腐蚀疲劳耦合作用下索结构中的钢丝失效分析与实验研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 380 -393 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.006
Songling Xue, Li Zhou, Xiaoning Cai, Lei Tong, Jinsheng Cheng, Chuanzhi Sun, Ruili Shen. Failure Analysis and Experimental Study of Steel Wires in Cable Structures Under Coupled Effects of Corrosion and Fatigue[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 380 -393 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.006
在过去的几十年里,索结构因其独特的力学性能和广泛的应用前景,已成为结构工程领域的重要组成部分. 索结构的核心材料—高强钢丝,其性能的稳定性和耐久性直接关系到整个结构的安全与可靠. 因此,深入研究高强钢丝在腐蚀环境下的疲劳破坏机制,对于预防索结构因腐蚀疲劳而失效具有重要意义[1-3].
腐蚀作用下,高强钢丝表面易形成腐蚀坑,这些区域成为应力集中点,导致裂纹在应力作用下不断扩展. 随着裂纹的扩展,钢丝的有效截面面积逐渐减小,其抗疲劳性能随之降低. 针对这一问题,研究者们[4-6]通过建立随机腐蚀坑模型,分析了钢丝在腐蚀作用下的力学性能. 实验结果表明,腐蚀作用显著降低了钢丝的极限强度和极限应变. Nakamura和Suzumura[7]通过不同腐蚀等级的镀锌钢丝疲劳试验,揭示了腐蚀程度与钢丝疲劳强度之间的负相关关系. Fan等[8]则基于法拉第定律和裂纹萌生-扩展速率方法,构建了多尺度腐蚀疲劳损伤模型,深入探讨了腐蚀作用下高强钢丝疲劳寿命的演变机理. 郑祥隆[5]针对自然锈蚀和人工加速锈蚀钢丝进行了疲劳性能及断裂机理的研究. 他们发现,当钢丝表面蚀坑分布较密时,易诱发多源裂纹,并表现出不规则的裂纹扩展规律. Jiang等[9]通过对不同腐蚀程度高强度钢丝的三维轮廓测量和疲劳试验,进一步证实了蚀坑数量和尺寸参数与腐蚀程度和疲劳寿命之间的紧密联系. Li等[10]通过腐蚀钢丝和吊杆的疲劳试验,揭示了点蚀效应对疲劳裂纹扩展和钢丝断裂的加速作用,并指出这一效应会显著降低钢丝和缆索的疲劳寿命. Guo等[11]在不同腐蚀环境、疲劳应力加载形式和应力比条件下进行了腐蚀疲劳试验,结果表明应力比和应力强度因子的增大会加速疲劳裂纹的扩展.
综上所述,高强钢丝的腐蚀疲劳破坏研究已取得显著进展,为索结构的设计、维护和失效预防提供了有力的理论支持和实践指导,但现有研究往往忽视了保护套对吊索中钢丝疲劳与腐蚀耦合作用的影响. 具体而言,吊索中的高强钢丝在实际工况下,通常先经历一段时间的单独疲劳作用,随后在保护套破损后才受到腐蚀疲劳的耦合作用. 针对这一特殊工况,目前尚缺乏系统的研究. 因此,本文深入探讨了高强钢丝在预疲劳后的腐蚀疲劳耦合作用机制.
在断裂力学中,裂纹扩展的分析理论虽较为简洁,但通常需以预裂纹作为初始条件,这在工程实际中难以直接应用. 为克服这一局限,研究者们[12,13]采用基于损伤力学的方法研究钢丝的腐蚀疲劳耦合破坏,然而这种方法理论复杂且误差较大,不利于实际应用. 为此,提出了一种结合腐蚀坑等效与断裂力学的方法,旨在简化分析过程并提高工程实用性.
为全面、准确地分析高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳的全过程,本文将其分为两个主要阶段. 在第一阶段,吊索在保护套的保护下,仅受到疲劳荷载的作用而不受腐蚀影响. 进入第二阶段后,随着保护套的破损,吊索开始受到腐蚀疲劳的耦合作用. 为进一步细化分析,本文将第二阶段细分为两个子阶段:在第一个子阶段,腐蚀作用占据主导地位,促进腐蚀坑的形成与生长,而疲劳荷载则在一定程度上加速了腐蚀过程;在第二个子阶段,疲劳荷载成为主导因素,加速裂纹的扩展直至断裂,而腐蚀作用则在此阶段起辅助加速作用. 通过上述阶段划分与子阶段细化,本文为高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳耦合作用的研究提供了清晰的框架和依据,为后续的实验验证和工程应用奠定了基础.
鉴于吊索外部保护套的保护作用,在此阶段,吊索内部的钢丝主要受到疲劳荷载的影响,而免受腐蚀的侵害. 根据前期研究,当保护套开始显现老化破损迹象时,吊索中的钢丝尚未形成腐蚀坑或初始裂纹. 在不存在初始裂纹的情况下,传统基于断裂力学的Paris公式的适用性受到了一定限制. 因此,为分析此阶段的疲劳损伤情况,引入了S-N曲线作为分析工具. S-N曲线的具体表达式如公式(1)所示. 为了简化计算过程,我们对公式(1)两边取对数,得到简化后的公式(2)[14].
其中,N为疲劳寿命,ΔS为疲劳应力幅值,mC为与材料相关的常数.
鉴于索中的钢丝处于受拉的高平均应力状态,其S-N曲线(应力-寿命曲线)会受到平均应力的显著影响. 为了更准确地描述这一特性,采用Goodman曲线对S-N曲线进行修正. 修正后的公式详见公式(3),这一方法能够更精确地反映钢丝在高平均应力状态下的疲劳寿命特性[15]
其中,Sd为修正后的疲劳应力幅值,Sm为平均应力,Sb为抗拉强度.
当疲劳荷载荷载作用一定的次数后,按照公式(4)所示的线性Miner准则计算损伤[16]
其中,Ni为荷载Si的损伤作用次数,ni为疲劳荷载Si的加载次数.
根据加载频率fi与加载次数ni之间关系,可以计算出此部分的作用时间. 在分析高强钢丝在此部分损伤时,采用等效面积折减的方式进行计算. 易疲劳发生后钢丝的等效直径见公式(5):
其中,d为预疲劳后钢丝等效直径,A为钢丝的原始面积.
当吊索保护套破损后,腐蚀介质进入吊索内部,腐蚀坑在钢丝表面形成并生长. 蚀坑可以近似的看成是半椭球体,如图1所示,图中abc分别为点蚀坑深度、宽度、长度.
根据法拉第定律,腐蚀坑生长速率可以表示为公式(6):
其中,M为钢丝的摩尔质量56 g/mol;ρ为钢丝的密度7850 kg/m3F为法拉第常数96465 C/mol;n为每个离子转移的电子数(n=2);为腐蚀坑的体积;Ip为点蚀电流,见公式(7)[17]
其中,Ip0为腐蚀电流密度系数,ΔH为单位体积活化能变化量15.5×103 J/mol;R为气体常数8.314 J/mol·K;T为绝对温度293 K.
为了考虑平均应力Sm和疲劳应力幅ΔS的影响,对之前的研究的结果进行归一化处理后,采用最小二乘法拟合出平均应力和疲劳应力幅对腐蚀的加速效应函数fSm)和f(ΔS)从而得到公式(8)所示的腐蚀电流密度函数. fSm)和f(ΔS)结果见图2图3[4].
考虑应力幅和平均应力的点蚀电流为:
地理环境在不同地理位置之间展现出显著的差异性,这种差异不仅体现在地形地貌上,更直接地反映在空气中的温度、湿度以及污染物的浓度变化上. 鉴于这些环境因素对材料腐蚀过程具有决定性的影响,表1详细列出了不同地区索的腐蚀电流密度情况,从而为进一步分析和研究提供了数据支持[4].
随着腐蚀疲劳耦合作用进行,腐蚀会不断生长,直至达到临界尺寸从而向裂纹转变,裂纹萌生需要满足公式(9)所示的准则:
其中,ΔKc为腐蚀坑底部应力强度因子,ΔKth为短裂纹扩展阈值.
大量研究表明,短裂纹扩展阈值可表示为公式(10),腐蚀坑底部应力强度因子可表示为公式(11)[18].
其中,σy为钢丝的屈服强度,R为应力比.
其中,Kt为腐蚀坑底部应力集中系数,可通过有限元计算得到.
因此腐蚀坑临界深度为[19]
第二阶段的子阶段1需要的时间为公式(13).
在当前阶段,裂纹的形成主要受到疲劳荷载的驱动,而腐蚀作用则处于次要地位. 然而,随着腐蚀疲劳耦合效应的持续作用,裂纹在疲劳荷载的连续作用下会不断扩展,直至最终导致材料的断裂. Paris公式作为描述裂纹扩展的经典且简便的模型之一,其应用的前提是需要已知初始裂纹的存在. 为了避免直接模拟断裂纹的扩展过程,采用了等效处理的方法,即依据公式(14)将腐蚀坑转化为等效裂纹,从而简化分析过程并提升模拟的准确性.
其中,Δσf为钢丝的疲劳极限,σu为钢丝的极限强度,Y为形状因子[5].
有了等效初始裂纹后,采用考虑腐蚀影响的Paris公式进行计算.
其中,Ccorr为裂纹扩展腐蚀加速因子与腐蚀环境和加载频率有关,Cs为裂纹的疲劳系数;ms为裂纹疲劳指数;N2-2为应力循环次数;f为加载频率,t2-2为第2阶段的第2子阶段加载时间. 对公式(16)进行积分可得到第二子阶段的裂纹扩展时间.
其中,acr为临界裂纹尺寸.
综上所述,索中的钢丝使用寿命为公式(18):
研究选取的高强钢丝其基本力学性能见表23. 试验选取的钢丝直径为5 mm,镀锌层的质量为360 g/m2,深度为50 μm. 试件的长度为500 mm. 为了进行预疲劳试验,将钢丝放置在图4所示的疲劳试验机中进行疲劳加载,为了进行腐蚀疲劳耦合试验,设计了图5所示的腐蚀疲劳耦合测试装置进行腐蚀疲劳耦合试验[4]. 为了模拟实际的海洋腐蚀环境,选取连云港沿海海岸的海水作为腐蚀液,并且每加载1天重新置换海水以保持稳定的海洋腐蚀环境.
索经历了大约10~35万次疲劳循环荷载后保护套出现损伤,试验测试的顺序为预疲劳10~35万次数后,进行腐蚀疲劳加载. 按照表4所示的不同工况选取若干根钢丝进行测试,对于每一个编号的试件代表了在相同应力比R、相同应力幅S情况下进行了预疲劳10万次、15万次、25万次、35万次后的测试. 每一个编号的结果代表了5组测试的平均值,即每一个编号进行了4×5=20根钢丝的试验,也就是表4代表了400根钢丝的试验结果. 由于公式(16)中的Ccorr与腐蚀环境和加载频率有关,故对表2中的试件分别以0.1 Hz、1 Hz、3 Hz、10 Hz和30 Hz进行试验,拟合出了海水腐蚀环境中Ccorr与加载频率之间的关系,分析结果见图6. 表中Csms为按照公式(16)和拟合而出. 依据表1的可以得到不同环境中Ccorr与加载频率之间的关系,如图7所示.
表4可知,疲劳指数ms和疲劳系数Cs与材料的应力比有关. 随着应力比的增大,疲劳系数有所降低. 但是疲劳指数的变化并不是很大,大约为3左右. 疲劳系数虽然有所下降,但是变化也并不是很大. 因此在后续数值理论分析模拟中,可以近似的认为ms=3,Cs=3.3×10-11. 在相同的应力幅下,随着应力比的增大钢丝的疲劳寿命逐渐下降. 在相同的应力比和应力幅下,预疲劳次数越多,保护套保护的时间越久,钢丝不受腐蚀的时间越长,腐蚀疲劳耦合作用的时间越晚,故钢丝的腐蚀疲劳寿命越长. 表明:吊索保护套的质量对钢丝的腐蚀疲劳具有较大的影响. 通过提取表中的数据,可以绘制出图8-11所示的不同应力比下以及不同预疲劳加载情况下钢丝的S-N曲线. 为了分析腐蚀的加速作用,给出了表5所示的无腐蚀情况下的疲劳寿命数据,由于许多样本在加载500万次后未破坏,故没有测出疲劳指数ms和疲劳系数Cs,但是可以明显看出,腐蚀时间越长,疲劳寿命越低,腐蚀损伤贡献越大.
图6图7可知,腐蚀加速因子与所处的腐蚀环境和加载频率关系较大,腐蚀环境越严重,腐蚀加速因子越大. 加载频率越低,腐蚀加速因子越大. 在加载频率为0.1 Hz时候,城市酸雨环境中的腐蚀加速因子为乡村环境中的腐蚀加速因子的12倍左右,当加载频率为30 Hz的时候,城市酸雨环境中的腐蚀加速因子为乡村环境中的腐蚀加速因子的8倍左右. 且在相同的腐蚀环境中,随着加载频率的变快腐蚀加速应逐渐降低,并且趋向于稳定. 原因是当加载速度较慢的时候,也就是加载频率较低的时候,钢丝有充分时间进行腐蚀,腐蚀对疲劳的影响作用较大. 当钢丝的加载频率比较高的时候,腐蚀时间不充分,腐蚀疲劳寿命主要受疲劳荷载的影响较大. 加载频率超过一定值的时候,腐蚀来不及发生,钢丝的腐蚀疲劳行为与空气中的疲劳行为基本一致. 在后续的数值模拟分析中,可以直接利用图6图7中的结果及作为参数的输入.
图8-11可知,在应力比比较低的时候,预疲劳加载对钢丝寿命的影响差别较小. 在应力比为0时,预疲劳35万次的S-N曲线与预疲劳10万次的最大差别为16%左右;在应力比为0.1时,预疲劳35万次的S-N曲线与预疲劳10万次的最大差别为18%左右,在应力比为0.3时,预疲劳35万次的S-N曲线与预疲劳10万次的最大差别为22%左右,在应力比为0.5时,预疲劳35万次的S-N曲线与预疲劳10万次的最大差别为28%左右,且在高应力幅区差别较大. 原因是预疲劳后钢丝出现了损伤,在腐蚀与高应力幅的作用下损伤的变化速度远比低应力幅大,应力比越大此种现象越明显. 腐蚀疲劳耦合作用下钢丝的S-N曲线比较陡峭,没有明显得平缓阶段. 由于材料的离散性,在利用测试数据进行曲线拟合时出现了图11所示的两根曲线相交的情况.
为了清晰的展示腐蚀疲劳后材料表面腐蚀缺陷,增加了断口及侧面扫描电镜照片. 如图12所示.
由于腐蚀的影响,钢丝表面形成了许多大小不一、位置各异的腐蚀坑. 在腐蚀和疲劳的共同作用下,这些凹坑首先增大. 一旦凹坑达到临界尺寸,其增长速度就会减慢,并伴随着裂纹的产生. 然后,这些裂纹不断扩展,直至钢丝最终断裂. 扫描电子显微镜图像还证实了断裂表面存在不同的区域,包括腐蚀坑区、裂纹起始区、裂纹扩展区和瞬时断裂区.
为了简化计算,将腐蚀坑简化为半球形. 以表4中编号为13的试件详细阐述理论分析的过程,其余试件给出对比结果. 钢丝的弹性模量为210 GPa,屈服强度为1660 MPa,极限强度1860 MPa,应力比为0.3,应力幅为350 MPa,最大应力为500 MPa,最小应力150 MPa. 该种钢丝在平均应力为1050 MPa时公式(2)中的系数lgC=13.84,m=2.86. 依据公式计算出等效应力幅为424 MPa,在无腐蚀疲劳情况下钢丝的寿命为2,117,062次大约是有腐蚀情况下的1.8倍. 钢丝分别预疲劳10万次、15万次、25万次和35万次后,计算出的损伤度分别为4.7%、7.05%、11.75%和16.45%. 依据公式(5)可以计算出钢丝在预疲劳10万次、15万次、25万次和35万次后等效直径分别为4.88 mm、4.82 mm、4.7 mm和4.57 mm. 依据公式(8)和表1计算出Ipc=3.85×10-7(C/s). 依据公式(10)计算出ΔKth=2.416.
依据公式(12)计算出腐蚀坑的临界深度为0.14 mm,加载245816次. 预疲劳10万次、15万次、25万次和35万次后钢丝等效裂纹深度为0.26 mm、0.32 mm、0.44 mm和0.57 m. 分别建立预疲劳10万次、15万次、25万次和35万次后钢丝等效模型. 在Abaqus中钢丝模型长度为10 mm,直径为5 mm,采用尺寸为0.25 mm六面体二次网格. 在Abaqus中施加500 MPa拉应力后输出INP文件导入到Franc3D后插入不同尺寸的裂纹进行网格重划分利用M积分进行分析. 如图13所示,在Franc3D中,钢丝第二阶段等效模型为在Abaqus中局部模型,且网格进行了重新划分,裂纹尖端及附件网格尺寸为1/10的裂纹尺寸,采用的是四面体二次单元. 通过在Franc3D中施加简单循环荷载模式,设置应力比R=0.3,输入前述分析中给出的Paris参数结果,即可实现裂纹扩展分析计算疲劳寿命. 分析时,参照文献[5]给出的结果,设置断裂韧度Kc=60 MPa . 实际情况中,钢丝腐蚀后会在表面形成许多腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑的形状与数量大不相同,为了考虑多腐蚀坑的影响,首先建立腐蚀坑临界尺寸的随机腐蚀坑模型,腐蚀深度与数量按照正态分布模拟. 为了考虑腐蚀的随机性,对每种预疲劳次数的钢丝均建立5种随机模型,计算结果为5中模型的平均值. 不同预疲劳次数下,钢丝第二阶段的第二个子阶段的腐蚀坑模型如图12所示. 由于预疲劳等效为某一个截面面积的折减,故钢丝第二阶段的第二子阶段模型中只有一个腐蚀坑处的裂纹等效尺寸分别为0.26 mm、0.32 mm、0.44 mm和0.57 m,其余为0.14 mm. 带有腐蚀坑的钢丝在最大拉伸应力下典型应力以及等效裂纹情况分布见图14.
图14可知,在最大拉伸应力500 MPa的作用下,腐蚀底部均出现了应力集中,最大应力为1044 MPa,从而应力集中系数为2.088,在转换为等效裂纹时,重叠处的腐蚀坑裂纹发生交汇即裂纹萌生区,为了分析在不同预疲劳次数后钢丝腐蚀疲劳的断裂纹情况,与前述相似,通过Franc3D分析了不同预疲劳次数后多腐蚀坑钢丝腐蚀疲劳的典型断裂过程,结果见图15-19.
图15-19可知,在疲劳荷载作用下,裂纹尖端出现应力集中产生塑性变形,远离裂纹尖端处钢丝处于弹性状态. 随着疲劳荷载的加载,裂纹逐渐扩大并且裂纹尖端应力集中区域扩大. 疲劳断口分为疲劳源区、疲劳裂纹快速扩展区和瞬时断裂区,疲劳辉纹呈现为具有一定间距的、垂直于裂纹扩展方向互相平行的条状花样. 在多腐蚀坑钢丝中,裂纹萌生于净截面最小处的腐蚀坑,且出现多条裂纹萌生. 随着疲劳荷载次数的增加,相邻处的裂纹出现汇交,逐渐扩展形成主裂纹. 最终,沿着主裂纹扩展断裂. 预疲劳加载的时间越长,后期腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的区域越大,初期腐蚀对钢丝的疲劳寿命影响非常大,腐蚀疲劳耦合影响远远大于单独的疲劳作用. 多腐蚀坑疲劳断裂后其断口凹凸不平,为了充分了解第二阶段的第二子阶段产生的裂纹长度随疲劳加载次数的变化情况,绘制了图20的所示的结果,计算出预疲劳加载后带有多腐蚀坑钢丝的腐蚀疲劳寿命理论与试验误差.
图20可知,在不同的预加载次数情况下,预加载次数越短,腐蚀时间越充分,钢丝裂纹前期扩展速度越快,达到一定的值后扩展速度突然加快且具备高扩展速率,从而很难判定预加载次数对裂纹扩展后期速率的影响. 由图21可知多腐蚀坑等效裂纹模型的误差最大为14.5%,主要有以下几个原因:
(1)基于试验拟合数据的Paris公式系数本身不完全准确具有较大的离散型.
(2)腐蚀疲劳是一种比较复杂的问题,本文提出的理论是一种近似的表达,并不完全准确.
(3)由于材料的离散性、腐蚀的随机性以及试验本身的误差,试验结果不完全稳定.
由于护套的保护功能,索结构中的钢丝在经历一定数量的疲劳载荷循环后,通常会受到疲劳和腐蚀疲劳的耦合效应. 因此,本研究建立了预疲劳加载后高强度钢丝腐蚀疲劳计算的理论框架. 在计算的过程中,将计算分为2个阶段,第1阶段利用疲劳S-N曲线以及Miner损伤准则计算了疲劳损伤并等效为截面裂纹长度模型. 第2阶段将腐蚀疲劳分为两个子阶段,在第1子阶段中,腐蚀占主导地位疲劳加速了腐蚀,利用腐蚀动力学计算了腐蚀坑临界尺寸并给出了等效模型. 在第2子阶段中,疲劳占主导地位,腐蚀起加速作用,利用修正后的Paris公式计算了裂纹扩展情况. 通过试验给出计算理论需要的参数,通过Franc3D实现了计算过程,并与试验进行了对比,取得了良好的效果. 现有以下几点结论:
(1)将多个腐蚀坑纳入分析中,可以更准确地表示实际情况. 多个坑的存在导致了更复杂的裂纹扩展模式,有助于更好地理解腐蚀疲劳相互作用. 当将提出的理论模型应用于具有多个腐蚀坑的钢丝时,与实验结果相比,预测腐蚀疲劳寿命的最大误差约为14.5%,比仅考虑单个腐蚀坑时的误差低约11%.
(2)相对于纯疲劳而言,加载频率对腐蚀疲劳影响较大. 在相同的腐蚀环境中,当加载频率较低时钢丝有充分时间进行腐蚀,腐蚀对疲劳的影响作用较大. 反之加载频率越快,腐蚀时间越短,钢丝的腐蚀疲劳寿命越接近于纯疲劳寿命.
(3)在相同的腐蚀环境中,疲劳指数ms和疲劳系数Cs与材料的应力比关,但均比较稳定;在海水腐蚀环境中ms为3左右,Cs的量纲等级为10-11左右,但是较难测出纯疲劳时钢丝的疲劳指数ms和疲劳系数Cs.
(4)保护套破坏后,吊索中钢丝最严重的腐蚀行为是缝隙腐蚀,但由于腐蚀的复杂性因此未做讨论,与本文研究有所差异,后续需要注重研究.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51878315)
  • 连云港市科技计划项目-基础研究(JCYJ2315)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2025.006
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-05
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国家自然科学基金项目(51878315)
连云港市科技计划项目-基础研究(JCYJ2315)
作者信息
    1江苏海洋大学土木与港海工程学院,连云港,222005
    2宿迁市城市建设投资(集团)有限公司,宿迁,223899
    3宿迁学院建筑工程学院,宿迁,223899
    4西南交通大学土木工程学院,成都,610031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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