Article(id=1241838625969734288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774007000677, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774007000677, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774007000677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774007000677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241838624241681037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774007000265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774007104623, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241839062017966445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241839062017966446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1241838624241681037, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=129, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241838627110584985, articleId=1241838625969734288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Study on Energy Absorption Characteristics of Rotating Star-Shaped Honeycomb Structure with Negative Poisson's Ratio, columnId=1241831201674171363, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The negative Poisson's ratio honeycomb structure is widely used in the field of impact protection because of its unique mechanical properties and excellent energy absorption capacity. The evolution of local dynamic stress in this structure is closely related to changes in its cellular microstructure under dynamic impact. Current research on negative Poisson's ratio structures mainly focuses on improving overall energy absorption capacity of the structure by designing cells with concave deformation mechanism, often ignoring the structural optimization of existing models and lacking exploration of other energy absorption mechanisms of rotary deformation. To further improve the dynamic response of star-shaped honeycomb structures with negative Poisson's ratio under in-plane impacts, the rotation characteristics of cells are studied in this paper. Building on traditional designs, the star-shaped honeycomb structure is further optimized, and the deformation energy absorption mechanism of star-shaped honeycomb cell is endowed with the coupling idea. Based on the principle of relative density equality, two types of rotating star-shaped cellular cells with double negative Poisson's ratio effect are obtained by internal rotation and external rotation: internal star-shaped cellular cells and external star-shaped cellular cells. The energy absorption characteristics of different honeycomb structures under in-plane impact loads are studied using numerical simulations, and the influences of both concave and rotating deformation mechanisms on the energy absorption characteristics of honeycomb structures are investigated. Based on one-dimensional shock wave theory and energy absorption efficiency method, empirical formulas for dynamic platform stress and dense strain of star-shaped honeycomb structures are given, and the formulas for calculating their relative density are established. According to the theory of critical velocity, the first and second critical velocities of the star-shaped honeycomb structure are determined. The dynamic response of the rotating star-shaped honeycomb structure under different impact velocities is analyzed using the explicit dynamic finite element method. Simulation results are compared and analyzed with the evaluation indexes of model macro and micro deformation modes, platform stress, and specific energy absorption. The results show that when the new structures are impacted, their cells first rotate and then recess, exhibiting a stronger negative Poisson's ratio effect. Under the impact at a medium speed of 20 m/s, the platform stress of the internal honeycomb structure is higher and the stress stability is better. In the platform stage, the stress fluctuation of the external spiral honeycomb structure is more severe, but it has higher specific absorption energy under the impact at a high speed of 120 m/s. This study shows the relationship between the concave mechanism and rotation mechanism of the star-shaped honeycomb structure and its energy absorption characteristics, providing new insights for optimizing the impact dynamic performance of honeycomb structures.

, correspAuthors=Baoqing Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Baoqing Zhang, Sen Jiang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241838642960860053, articleId=1241838625969734288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=旋转型负泊松比星形蜂窝结构能量吸收特性研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

负泊松比蜂窝结构具有独特的力学特性以及良好的能量吸收能力,现已被广泛应用于冲击防护领域. 在动力冲击作用下,负泊松比蜂窝结构局部动态应力的演化与胞元微结构的改变息息相关. 当前对负泊松比结构的研究主要集中在通过设计具有内凹变形机制的胞元以提高整体结构的吸能能力,忽略了对已有模型进行结构优化,对其它旋转变形吸能机制的研究也有欠缺. 为了进一步改善负泊松比星形蜂窝结构在承受面内冲击时的动力学响应,本文拟围绕胞元的旋转特性展开研究. 在传统星形蜂窝结构的基础上,对其结构进行进一步优化设计,利用耦合思想赋予星形蜂窝胞元自旋转的变形吸能机制. 基于相对密度相等原则通过内旋与外旋得到了两种具有双重负泊松比效应的旋转型星形蜂窝胞元:内旋型星形蜂窝胞元和外旋型星形蜂窝胞元. 利用数值模拟的方法深入对比研究了不同蜂窝结构在面内冲击载荷下的吸能特性,探究同时具备内凹和旋转两种变形机制的胞元对蜂窝结构吸能特性的影响. 基于一维冲击波理论和能量吸收效率方法,给出了星形蜂窝动态平台应力和密实应变的经验公式,建立了计算星形蜂窝结构相对密度的公式. 根据临界速度理论,确定了星形蜂窝结构的第一临界速度和第二临界速度. 采用显式动力有限元法,研究了旋转型星形蜂窝结构在不同冲击速度下的动态响应,以模型宏微观变形模式、平台应力、比吸能等为评价指标对仿真结果进行了对比分析. 结果表明,新型结构在被冲击时胞元都是先发生自身旋转变形然后发生内凹变形,宏观上具有更强的负泊松比效应. 在中速20 m/s的冲击下,内旋型蜂窝结构的平台应力更高、平台应力稳定性更好. 外旋型蜂窝结构在平台阶段的应力波动较为剧烈,但在高速120 m/s的冲击下具有较高的比吸能. 本文的研究结果表明了星形蜂窝结构的内凹机制和旋转机制与其吸能特性之间的关系,为蜂窝结构冲击动力学性能的优化提供了新思路.

, correspAuthors=张宝庆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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Aluminum alloy Al6016 true stress σt and true plastic strain

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σt(MPa)180190210225235245
00.010.020.030.040.05
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铝合金Al6016真实应力σt与真实塑性应变

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σt(MPa)180190210225235245
00.010.020.030.040.05
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Platform stress of three models under different impact velocities

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速度v(m/s)模型1 σm(MPa)模型2 σm(MPa)模型3 σm(MPa)
31.1001.0430.985
101.4081.6991.074
201.4392.8212.196
606.3593.0804.219
12012.28610.13816.942
), ArticleFig(id=1241838651571765438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625969734288, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三种模型在不同冲击速度下的平台应力

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速度v(m/s)模型1 σm(MPa)模型2 σm(MPa)模型3 σm(MPa)
31.1001.0430.985
101.4081.6991.074
201.4392.8212.196
606.3593.0804.219
12012.28610.13816.942
), ArticleFig(id=1241838651659845826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625969734288, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The compact strain of three models under different impact velocities

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速度v(m/s)模型1 εd模型2 εd模型3 εd
30.6650.6830.635
100.7240.7330.700
200.7370.7480.751
600.7810.7800.784
1200.8010.8020.827
), ArticleFig(id=1241838651764703428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625969734288, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三种模型在不同冲击速度下的密实应变

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速度v(m/s)模型1 εd模型2 εd模型3 εd
30.6650.6830.635
100.7240.7330.700
200.7370.7480.751
600.7810.7800.784
1200.8010.8020.827
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Compressive load efficiency of three models under different impact velocities

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速度v(m/s)模型1 φc模型2 φc模型3 φc
30.9491.0510.860
100.6720.7180.933
200.8090.7390.458
600.2440.2590.787
1200.5380.8480.667
), ArticleFig(id=1241838651978612936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625969734288, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三种模型在不同冲击速度下的压缩载荷效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
速度v(m/s)模型1 φc模型2 φc模型3 φc
30.9491.0510.860
100.6720.7180.933
200.8090.7390.458
600.2440.2590.787
1200.5380.8480.667
), ArticleFig(id=1241838652058304715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625969734288, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Platform load uniformity of three models under different impact velocities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
速度v(m/s)模型1 ωf模型2 ωf模型3 ωf
31.0350.4630.419
100.6191.1630.688
200.6920.5970.929
603.6602.6442.975
1201.5681.5742.204
), ArticleFig(id=1241838652163162317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1241838625969734288, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

三种模型在不同冲击速度下的平台载荷均匀度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
速度v(m/s)模型1 ωf模型2 ωf模型3 ωf
31.0350.4630.419
100.6191.1630.688
200.6920.5970.929
603.6602.6442.975
1201.5681.5742.204
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旋转型负泊松比星形蜂窝结构能量吸收特性研究
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张宝庆 ** , 蒋森
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,46(1): 129-148
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 46(1): 129-148
旋转型负泊松比星形蜂窝结构能量吸收特性研究
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张宝庆** , 蒋森
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  • 长春理工大学机电工程学院,长春,130022

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Study on Energy Absorption Characteristics of Rotating Star-Shaped Honeycomb Structure with Negative Poisson's Ratio
Baoqing Zhang** , Sen Jiang
Affiliations
  • Changchun University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Changchun, 130022
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.040
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负泊松比蜂窝结构具有独特的力学特性以及良好的能量吸收能力,现已被广泛应用于冲击防护领域. 在动力冲击作用下,负泊松比蜂窝结构局部动态应力的演化与胞元微结构的改变息息相关. 当前对负泊松比结构的研究主要集中在通过设计具有内凹变形机制的胞元以提高整体结构的吸能能力,忽略了对已有模型进行结构优化,对其它旋转变形吸能机制的研究也有欠缺. 为了进一步改善负泊松比星形蜂窝结构在承受面内冲击时的动力学响应,本文拟围绕胞元的旋转特性展开研究. 在传统星形蜂窝结构的基础上,对其结构进行进一步优化设计,利用耦合思想赋予星形蜂窝胞元自旋转的变形吸能机制. 基于相对密度相等原则通过内旋与外旋得到了两种具有双重负泊松比效应的旋转型星形蜂窝胞元:内旋型星形蜂窝胞元和外旋型星形蜂窝胞元. 利用数值模拟的方法深入对比研究了不同蜂窝结构在面内冲击载荷下的吸能特性,探究同时具备内凹和旋转两种变形机制的胞元对蜂窝结构吸能特性的影响. 基于一维冲击波理论和能量吸收效率方法,给出了星形蜂窝动态平台应力和密实应变的经验公式,建立了计算星形蜂窝结构相对密度的公式. 根据临界速度理论,确定了星形蜂窝结构的第一临界速度和第二临界速度. 采用显式动力有限元法,研究了旋转型星形蜂窝结构在不同冲击速度下的动态响应,以模型宏微观变形模式、平台应力、比吸能等为评价指标对仿真结果进行了对比分析. 结果表明,新型结构在被冲击时胞元都是先发生自身旋转变形然后发生内凹变形,宏观上具有更强的负泊松比效应. 在中速20 m/s的冲击下,内旋型蜂窝结构的平台应力更高、平台应力稳定性更好. 外旋型蜂窝结构在平台阶段的应力波动较为剧烈,但在高速120 m/s的冲击下具有较高的比吸能. 本文的研究结果表明了星形蜂窝结构的内凹机制和旋转机制与其吸能特性之间的关系,为蜂窝结构冲击动力学性能的优化提供了新思路.

负泊松比  /  内旋  /  外旋  /  旋转型星形蜂窝

The negative Poisson's ratio honeycomb structure is widely used in the field of impact protection because of its unique mechanical properties and excellent energy absorption capacity. The evolution of local dynamic stress in this structure is closely related to changes in its cellular microstructure under dynamic impact. Current research on negative Poisson's ratio structures mainly focuses on improving overall energy absorption capacity of the structure by designing cells with concave deformation mechanism, often ignoring the structural optimization of existing models and lacking exploration of other energy absorption mechanisms of rotary deformation. To further improve the dynamic response of star-shaped honeycomb structures with negative Poisson's ratio under in-plane impacts, the rotation characteristics of cells are studied in this paper. Building on traditional designs, the star-shaped honeycomb structure is further optimized, and the deformation energy absorption mechanism of star-shaped honeycomb cell is endowed with the coupling idea. Based on the principle of relative density equality, two types of rotating star-shaped cellular cells with double negative Poisson's ratio effect are obtained by internal rotation and external rotation: internal star-shaped cellular cells and external star-shaped cellular cells. The energy absorption characteristics of different honeycomb structures under in-plane impact loads are studied using numerical simulations, and the influences of both concave and rotating deformation mechanisms on the energy absorption characteristics of honeycomb structures are investigated. Based on one-dimensional shock wave theory and energy absorption efficiency method, empirical formulas for dynamic platform stress and dense strain of star-shaped honeycomb structures are given, and the formulas for calculating their relative density are established. According to the theory of critical velocity, the first and second critical velocities of the star-shaped honeycomb structure are determined. The dynamic response of the rotating star-shaped honeycomb structure under different impact velocities is analyzed using the explicit dynamic finite element method. Simulation results are compared and analyzed with the evaluation indexes of model macro and micro deformation modes, platform stress, and specific energy absorption. The results show that when the new structures are impacted, their cells first rotate and then recess, exhibiting a stronger negative Poisson's ratio effect. Under the impact at a medium speed of 20 m/s, the platform stress of the internal honeycomb structure is higher and the stress stability is better. In the platform stage, the stress fluctuation of the external spiral honeycomb structure is more severe, but it has higher specific absorption energy under the impact at a high speed of 120 m/s. This study shows the relationship between the concave mechanism and rotation mechanism of the star-shaped honeycomb structure and its energy absorption characteristics, providing new insights for optimizing the impact dynamic performance of honeycomb structures.

negative Poisson's ratio  /  internal rotation  /  external rotation  /  rotating star-shaped honeycomb
张宝庆, 蒋森. 旋转型负泊松比星形蜂窝结构能量吸收特性研究. 固体力学学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 129 -148 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.040
Baoqing Zhang, Sen Jiang. Study on Energy Absorption Characteristics of Rotating Star-Shaped Honeycomb Structure with Negative Poisson's Ratio[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (1) : 129 -148 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.040
与传统蜂窝相比,负泊松比蜂窝的动态承载和能量吸收能力在现有材料中处于优势地位[1,2]. 该类结构是将胞壁外凸的传统六边形胞元替换为胞壁内凹型胞元,其整体表现出一种与直觉相反的力学性能,即负泊松比蜂窝结构在拉伸时会沿着垂直于施加力的方向发生横向扩张,压缩时会沿着垂直于施加力的方向发生横向收缩,从而实现在有效吸能的同时出现收缩压实,有效减小压溃量,极大地调节了吸能与压溃的矛盾[3]. 这种独特的力学现象使得负泊松比蜂窝结构具有优异的力学性能[4,5],如高剪切强度、高韧性、稳定性、耐久性和更强的能量吸收能力等,在日常生活中得到广泛应用[6,7]. 近年来,以负泊松比蜂窝结构弹塑性屈曲和脆性断裂为特征的平台变形特性使其成为一种理想的吸能材料.
Gibson等[8]首次提出了负泊松比内凹蜂窝结构,并研究了蜂窝胞元在受冲击过程中的变形模式,揭示了结构出现负泊松比效应的内在原理,开辟了研究负泊松比材料的道路. 近20年来,各国研究人员设计了各种蜂窝结构. 胡锦顺等[9]通过引入箭头与凹角构建了一种新型蜂窝结构,分析了其在不同冲击速度作用下的变形模式和吸能特性;邓小林等[10]使用Abaqus建立了正弦曲线蜂窝结构有限元模型,以振幅、壁厚为设计变量研究了正弦曲线蜂窝在不同冲击载荷下的动态响应;韩会龙等[11]针对传统方形蜂窝,设计了具有负泊松比效应的星形蜂窝,研究了其在冲击载荷作用下的能量吸收特性;Qi等[12]在内凹六边形蜂窝结构的基础上提出了内凹弧形蜂窝结构,研究了其在静态载荷作用下的响应并建立了平台应力预测模型;王雪松等[13]提出了由半个周期的正弦梁所构成的反四手性蜂窝结构,研究了几何参数对其拉伸性能的影响,探讨了其变形机制;Logakannan等[14]提出了一种新型内凹拉胀结构,通过试验和模拟验证了新结构具有更加优秀的能量吸收特性. Gao等[15]讨论了几何参数对双箭头蜂窝力学性能的影响,并建立了预测双箭头蜂窝支撑端动态强度的分析模型,对比分析了双箭头蜂窝在低速、高速冲击下的变形模式,其结果显示不同速度下蜂窝结构的变形模式存在明显的差异. Xiao等[16]通过理论计算和仿真模拟,研究了不同冲击速度对负泊松比蜂窝结构变形模式和吸能性能的影响,并在动态压缩载荷下证明了负泊松比效应对压碎应力的影响. Hu等人[17]为了解负泊松比蜂窝结构的动态响应过程,通过理论分析对内凹蜂窝结构的负泊松比效应和压溃应力进行了预测,并采用动态灵敏度指数来定量分析压溃应力,结果表明随着蜂窝结构冲击速度的增加,其压溃应力增加. 以上研究主要集中于构建一种新型蜂窝结构,通过设计具有内凹变形机制的新型胞元来提高整体结构的吸能能力,忽略了对已有模型进行结构优化,对其它旋转变形吸能机制的研究也有欠缺. 通过结构优化,可以充分发挥已有蜂窝结构的承载能力和吸能特性. 目前对蜂窝结构的优化设计多是集中在胞元微结构,主要分为两个方面:一是对已有胞元结构的尺寸参数做多目标优化;二是对蜂窝结构做进一步的拓扑和耦合设计. 本文对蜂窝结构的优化设计便是源于后者的启发.
考虑到负泊松比蜂窝具有独特的压痕阻力现象[18],其在冲击防护领域有着良好的应用前景[19],同时已有研究表明,相对传统正泊松比蜂窝,星形负泊松比蜂窝结构具有更强的面内动态承载能力[11],故本文拟围绕胞元的旋转特性展开研究,以星形蜂窝胞元为研究对象,对其结构进行进一步优化设计. 根据负泊松比蜂窝结构的吸能特性和变形机理,通过耦合思想赋予星形蜂窝胞元自旋转的变形吸能机制,设计出两种同时具有内凹机制与旋转机制的旋转型胞元结构. 以模型宏微观变形模式、平台应力、比吸能等作为评价指标,对其进行不同冲击速度下的仿真模拟,探究同时具备内凹和旋转两种变形吸能机制的胞元对星形蜂窝结构整体抗冲击性能的影响,为寻求同时满足抗冲击和吸能要求的结构设计方案提供新的方向和一定的理论支撑.
对于传统星形蜂窝胞元,如图1(a)所示,LS表示单个胞元两个节点之间的胞壁长度,L表示连接两个相邻胞元的连接杆长度的一半,t表示单个胞元的胞壁厚度,α表示内凹箭头节点内夹角的一半,β表示内凹箭头节点之间的夹角,且夹角αβ之间存在如下关系:
图1(b)所示的传统星形蜂窝结构是由传统星形蜂窝胞元在平面内阵列得到的. 为了方便研究,本文选取了韩会龙等[11]建立的传统星形蜂窝胞元参数:α=75°,β=60°,LS=L=2 mm,t=0.5 mm. 当星形蜂窝结构受到竖直方向的冲击时,在夹角αβ的作用下,星形蜂窝胞元的8个结点与8条斜壁会实现同向扩张或同向聚合,使结构呈现出“拉胀压缩”的现象. 因此,构成星形蜂窝单胞结构的五个参数对于其结构尺寸以及性能表现特征起决定性作用,参数的变化也将进一步在宏观层次上影响到结构部件的性能表现.
研究表明,在面内冲击载荷下,负泊松比蜂窝结构的能量吸收特性是由内凹机制和旋转机制共同决定的. 蜂窝结构的动态承载能力与其自身受到冲击时的变形吸能机制之间有着密切的联系. 内凹机制通过胞元的塑性变形吸收能量,旋转机制通过胞元旋转产生旋转动能吸收能量,理论上蜂窝结构在变形过程中若能同时具备这两种变形机制,便能够具备更加优秀的吸能能力. 另外,对于多胞结构,在强动载荷作用下,结构整体的宏观动态响应特性主要受微结构效应和惯性效应的影响,对胞元结构进行优化势必会影响结构整体的动态承载表现. 故本文从传统星形蜂窝结构的单个胞元出发,在保留其内凹性质的同时,通过对胞元进行再设计赋予其旋转机制,改变胞元凹角位置以及胞元在空间的摆放角度,设计出了两种具有旋转吸能机制的旋转型星形蜂窝胞元,分别为内旋型胞元和外旋型胞元. 其中前者是借助手性负泊松比类蜂窝结构的旋转机制进行设计,后者是将传统星形蜂窝胞元与方格旋转类负泊松比结构进行耦合设计的结果,如图2所示. 对于内旋型胞元,如图2(a)所示,夹角α、夹角β、胞壁厚度t和韧带长度L与传统星形蜂窝胞元保持一致,基于相对密度不变原则取相邻胞壁长度LS1=2.5 mm,LS2=1.5 mm,使得LS1+LS2=2LS=4 mm,这也是本结构的创新之处,即通过改变胞元凹角位置使其在受到外部冲击时应力分布发生改变. 对于外旋型胞元,如图2(b)所示,保证胞元自身结构不变,通过改变其在空间中的摆放角度使其获得旋转机制. 胞元连接杆与水平方向的夹角θ为该旋转机制的表征量,在本文中取旋转角θ=10°. 基于旋转机制的两种新型蜂窝结构的能量吸收,由胞元的内凹变形和节点的旋转动能共同决定,可以通过提高节点的旋转动能在新型蜂窝结构的能量吸收所占的比例来提高新型蜂窝结构的能量吸收能力.
蜂窝结构的平台应力可以通过对其进行冲击得到的应力-应变曲线中稳定平台阶段的应力值取平均值得到[20],即:
式中,εcr为初始峰值应力所对应的应变,其值很小,本文取εcr=0.02. εd为密实应变,是蜂窝结构被压实前的最大应变值. 理论上,蜂窝结构的密实应变等于其孔隙率,即:
但研究表明,蜂窝结构密实化时对应的应变小于孔隙率,密实应变是蜂窝结构相对密度的函数,即:
式中,λ为蜂窝结构的微结构影响参数[21],Gibson等建议取λ=1.4.
实践发现,密实应变εd是一个对速度敏感的变量,另外还受到惯性等因素的影响. 为了避免人为选择的随意性,目前普遍采用能量吸收效率法来确定蜂窝结构的密实应变[22]. 基于能量吸收效率法,密实应变εd可由下式确定:
式中,E为蜂窝结构的吸能效率参数,定义为在给定名义应变下,蜂窝结构所吸收的能量与相应名义应力的比值,即:
本文将蜂窝结构的能量效率曲线开始快速下降的点所对应的应变值定义为密实应变,如图3所示.
考虑到微结构效应和惯性效应的影响,给出密实应变在不同冲击速度下的公式,即:
式中,εdhεdtεdd分别为低速、中速和高速冲击时蜂窝结构的动态密实应变,λdhλdtλdd为修正系数,kdhkdtkdd为速度相关系数. kdhkdd为常数,kdt为冲击速度的函数,可由下式给出:
式中,ab为常数,v为冲击速度. 不同冲击速度下蜂窝结构密实应变的经验公式如下式所示,即:
只要冲击速度足够高,产生平面塑性波前,塑性冲击波理论便可应用于蜂窝结构[21]. 根据一维冲击波理论,Qiu等[21]给出了蜂窝结构的平台应力与冲击速度之间的函数关系式,即:
式中,AB为拟合系数,取决于蜂窝结构的单个胞元;σy为基体材料的屈服应力. 基于式(10),给出了蜂窝结构平台应力与冲击速度和相对密度之间的关系,即:
该指标是平台力Em与峰值力Pmax(或平台应力σm与峰值应力σp)的比值:
它用以分析蜂窝结构初始峰值力与平台力二者之间的差异. φc越大,表明结构峰均比越高,即在发生碰撞时相对于平台力该结构有过高的初始峰值力,结构的承载力首峰效应越明显,不利于结构的缓冲吸能. φc越小,如小于1,则不能充分发挥结构的缓冲吸能作用. 最理想的结果是尽可能地使φc接近于1,此时峰值力与平台力大小相当,既保证了结构承载力的稳定性,又能充分发挥结构的吸能能力.
该指标反映蜂窝结构受到冲击时应力-应变曲线平台区承载力的波动程度,定义为平台段中承载力振荡幅值的平均值与承载力平均值的比值,计算公式如下:
式中,EmaxEmin分别为平台区段内载荷的最大值和最小值. 由公式可知,Emax越接近Emin,则ωf越接近于0,此时平台载荷的波动性最小,均匀性最好.
比吸能是反映蜂窝结构轻量化吸能能力的重要指标[23]. 通过载荷位移曲线(E-s)中蜂窝所受到的实时载荷E对位移增量ds积分得到蜂窝总吸能量后,再除以蜂窝芯块的总质量Q得到质量比吸能,计算公式如下:
式中,sess分别对应受压方向的位移终点与位移起点. 比吸能也可以表达为:
式中,Δρ为蜂窝结构相对密度,ρs为基体材料密度,为蜂窝单位体积吸收的能量.
根据多胞结构理论,蜂窝结构的相对密度可由其实体面积与其横断面面积的比值给出. 因此,该星形蜂窝结构的相对密度可由下式给出,即:
式中,As为蜂窝结构胞元实体部分面积,At为其横断面面积. 根据1.1节给出的传统星形蜂窝胞元几何参数,得其相对密度Δρ≈0.154.
冲击速度是影响蜂窝结构吸能效率的决定性因素,当冲击速度超过第一临界速度时,蜂窝结构开始形成局部变形带. 第一临界速度为:
式中,cε)为切线模量,可以表示为:
式中,σ′ε)表示蜂窝结构线弹性阶段的弹性模量.
随着冲击速度继续增加,局部变形更加明显,局部变形带由冲击端以冲击波的形式向固定端传播. 多胞材料变形表现出冲击波特征时的波速称为第二临界速度[24],可由下式给出:
式中,σ0为蜂窝结构的准静态平台应力.
根据第一、第二临界速度,蜂窝结构的动态响应根据冲击速度可分为三个区域:
(1)区域1:v<ver1<ver2,蜂窝结构开始出现准静态变形,且变形范围较广.
(2)区域2:ver1vver2,蜂窝结构开始出现局部变形,变形模式介于准静态变形模式与动态冲击波变形模式之间,同时具备两者的部分特征.
(3)区域3:ver1<ver2<v,蜂窝结构的局部变形带以冲击波的形式从冲击端向固定端逐层传播,蜂窝结构的变形表现为动态冲击波变形模式,且变形局部加深. 根据Ruan[25]的分析,蜂窝结构在不同冲击速度下的变形模式存在三种不同模态,并将其分别命名为X-mode、V-mode和I-mode.
本文中,对于壁厚t=0.5 mm的星形蜂窝结构(α=75°,β=60°,),第一临界速度ver1≈15.6 m/s,第二临界速度ver2≈75 m/s,故选择3,10,20,60,120 m/s作为代表冲击速度,将冲击速度介于区域1、2、3时分别称为低速、中速、高速冲击.
蜂窝材料为铝合金Al6016,密度为2700 kg·m-3,杨氏模量为70 GPa,泊松比为0.33. 在一定的冲击速度下,铝材对应变率效应不敏感,故不考虑应变率对材料属性的影响. 塑性段真实应力与塑性应变的关系采用Al6016真实应力-应变曲线[26],并经过相应的公式转变而得,即:
式中,σt为真实应力,εN为名义应变,为真实塑性应变,E为材料的弹性模量. 铝合金Al6016真实应力σt与真实塑性应变表1所示. 冲击蜂窝的刚板视为刚体,在Abaqus中材料类型选择为离散刚性,并采用R3D4单元进行离散.
本文采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件. 为了保证计算的稳定性,在网格控制属性中将单元形状设置为四面体并采用进阶算法. 经过多次精度测试并考虑计算机的运行效率,最终确定网格的近似全局尺寸为0.5 mm. 采用四节点缩减积分S4R壳单元对星形蜂窝结构进行离散,壳体厚度设置为0.5 mm. 对于接触,在法向行为中,将接触定义为硬接触,防止蜂窝结构在冲击过程中发生穿模;在切向行为中,蜂窝与刚板之间采用自动面-面接触,摩擦系数设为0.02[27];蜂窝自身变形产生的接触采用自动单面接触. 当刚性板沿竖直方向冲击蜂窝体时,模型底部保持固定,左右两侧保持自由,边界条件与文献[28]完全相同. 此外,为了保证变形的平面应变状态,限制模型中所有网格节点的面外位移. 为了保证模型的稳定性,蜂窝结构在xy方向上分别有12和13个胞元[22]. 三种蜂窝结构的计算模型如图4所示,将传统星形蜂窝结构、内旋型星形蜂窝结构、外旋型星形蜂窝结构分别定义为Model 1、Model 2、Model 3. 三种计算模型除了自身几何结构不同外,其它用于有限元分析的参数完全一致.
利用三维软件SolidWorks对上述三种胞元绘制草图并构建模型,图5(a)、(b)、(c)分别为三种蜂窝结构的三维图. 模型在xy方向上分别有12和14个胞元. 数值研究表明,当蜂窝结构在xy方向内填充胞元数目超过10时,其动态响应趋于稳定[22]. 特别地,在z轴方向设置三种模型的厚度为20 mm.
在显式动力学模拟过程中,一般用沙漏能占系统总能量的比例作为判断模型是否可靠的依据,规定沙漏能不能超过系统总能量的5%[29]. 为验证本文所建立的有限元模型的可靠性,对传统星形蜂窝结构进行不同冲击速度下的刚性板冲击,并且提取其能量曲线,如图6所示. 由图6可知,在不同的冲击速度下,模型的沙漏能始终小于总能量的5%,验证了本文所建立的有限元模型的可靠性.
为了进一步验证本文所建立的有限元模型的可靠性,根据韩会龙等[11]的研究建立相同的有限元模型,在保证待检验有限元模型的材料属性和边界条件与其研究一致的前提下,在平面内对传统星形蜂窝进行模拟冲击,图7为在3 m/s、20 m/s、120 m/s的刚板冲击下本文与文献[10]所建立的传统星形蜂窝变形模式对比图. 由图可知,在不同冲击速度下,两模型的变形模式基本吻合,进一步证明了本文所建立的有限元模型是可靠的.
基于临界冲击速度理论以及计算结果,选取了3 m/s、10 m/s、20 m/s、60 m/s和120 m/s五个冲击速度作为代表冲击速度. 图8图12为三种模型在不同冲击速度下的变形模式对比图,展示了模型在多个应变点处(ε=0.2、ε=0.4、ε=0.6、ε=0.8)的宏观变形模式.
v=3 m/s的低速冲击下,三种模型的宏观变形模式如图8所示. 由图可知,三种模型在变形过程中都有着明显的负泊松比效应,都是先在某一区域产生特定的变形带并发生“颈缩”现象,进而影响到其它区域,最终随着冲击的进行被压实. 在冲击的初始阶段(ε=0.2),模型1是靠近固定端处的两侧胞元迅速向中心收缩,产生塑性变形并形成“倒V”形密实带,而模型2与模型3是靠近冲击端处的胞元首先发生塑性变形,与模型1区别显著. 模型2在应变ε=0.2时,不同于模型1除了变形区域胞元变化明显其它区域胞元没有明显变化的现象,模型2明显变形带的其它区域胞元也发生轻微旋转,相比最下层没有发生变化的胞元行的宽度,该模型整体都显得更窄,说明此时模型整体出现负泊松比效应. 随着冲击的进行,在应变ε=0.4时模型2左右两列胞元出现了3处较为明显的凹陷,并在凹陷处形成了3条较为致密的变形带,模型整体呈现出“()”形. 产生这种现象的原因是:由于模型2的每个胞元都非轴对称,上下两连接杆对其的压缩和支撑应力相当于对其中心施加一个力矩,进而造成胞元的旋转. 胞元在旋转一定角度后才会发生内凹变形,并且随着自身不对称性的增加,相同冲击速度下胞元的旋转程度愈加剧烈. 在应变ε=0.6时,模型整体进一步向中部收缩,与模型1不同的是,此时模型2最上层的胞元没有发生明显的变形. 随着最终被压实,模型2同样在两侧有多个胞元变形程度较小,未完全参与到吸能过程. 模型3的变形表现出“层层压溃”、“双向汇集”、“I形传递”的特点,相比于其它两种模型,其变形更加平稳、规律. 变形时,胞元参数θ率先变大,导致各胞元发生了不同程度的旋转变形,而后才是压缩压实. 在冲击的初始阶段,模型3的大部分胞元就发生了旋转变形,从应力集中高的区域到应力集中低的区域的过渡没有明显边界,这与结构设计之初的设想是吻合的. 在应变ε=0.6时,模型3下半区域变形带的收缩程度要小于最先发生变形的上半区域变形带,负泊松比效应微弱,说明胞元连接角度在影响胞元变形的同时也改变了模型的应力分布,削弱了模型整体的负泊松比效应. 与模型2相同,模型3的胞元在变形时也是先发生旋转变形,而后才是内凹变形,不同的是,模型3在旋转过程中胞元自身结构没有发生变化,只是胞元在空间上发生旋转. 在冲击初始阶段模型3胞元变形吸能的参与度高于模型1,应力承载较为均匀,加载初期不易有典型变形带产生,中后期变形带以“I”形为主. 综合对比这三种模型的宏观变形模式可知,两种新型蜂窝结构在变形带形成之前,各自胞元都发生了自旋转来吸收能量,展现出了与传统蜂窝结构不同的吸能特点. 当达到某一应变值后,相邻的星形蜂窝胞壁相互接触、重叠,有使新型蜂窝变为传统星形蜂窝的趋势,此时以星形蜂窝胞元的内凹变形为主.
图9图10分别为在v=10 m/s和v=20 m/s的冲击下,三种模型的宏观变形模式. 对比3 m/s、10 m/s、20 m/s三种冲击速度下三种模型的变形模式发现,随着冲击速度的增加,初始阶段的主要变形区域由固定端向冲击端过渡. 对于模型1,在应变ε=0.2时,在冲击端处形成了聚集性较强的“()”形变形带,在靠近底端也有着向中部聚拢的“Λ”形趋势的胞元. 在应变ε=0.4时,冲击端和靠近固定端处的变形带双向向中部聚合,并且形成了颇为明显的“X”形剪切带. 在应变ε达到0.6时,整个模型处于较为紧致的状态,并且可以发现模型中部区域的凹陷程度最为严重,两自由边界的胞元没有被完全压到模型中. 蜂窝整体以内凹变形为主,基本没有产生胞元的旋转变形. 对于模型2,在压缩初始阶段,除了在靠近冲击端处形成明显的变形带外,中部区域的大部分胞元发生程度剧烈的自旋转,且自上而下,胞元的旋转程度逐渐减弱,说明此时应力是由上而下传递的,这种现象在v=20 m/s时尤为明显. 在应变ε=0.4时,模型2在水平方向上出现了两条明显的压密带,模型中部区域胞元变形程度较小,这是因为平面应力波在传递到靠近底端时发生了集中现象. 随着冲击载荷的施加,胞元的聚集程度变得较为均匀,并且在应变ε=0.8时,整个模型接近被压实,但两侧自由边界仍然有部分胞元未参与到塑性变形过程. 另外,模型2在变形带下方区域的胞元也发生了旋转变形,并且自上而下胞元的旋转程度越来越弱,这一现象说明具有内旋转性的胞元在变形时先发生旋转吸能再发生内凹吸能. 与低速冲击相比,此时模型2有更多的胞元通过自身旋转来吸收能量,而且没有出现明显的胞元压密带. 对于模型3,虽然还是率先在冲击端处发生了明显的“颈缩”现象,但同时在固定端也出现了程度较轻的负泊松比现象,这是在v=3 m/s时所没有的. 随着应变的增大,变形区域同样表现为双向汇集(ε=0.4),不同的是,此时模型上方平面应力波的传递速度远大于下方,并且上方变形区域的下边界不再为低速冲击时的“I”形,而是呈“V”形向下方传递. 与前两种模型相同,在应变ε=0.6时,模型整体表现为一种均匀的聚合态. 在应变ε=0.8时,模型接近被压实. 不同的是,模型3由于没有产生明显的“颈缩”现象,两侧胞元没有被排斥在外,几乎所有的胞元都发生了明显的塑性变形. 另外胞元在变形过程中内凹机制与旋转机制共存,胞元同时发生内凹吸能与旋转吸能. 对比模型1和模型2的变形形式,发现后者的胞元在塑变前发生了很大角度的旋转,它们在旋转过程中吸收了很多应力集中区域传递的冲击力,这也是冲击初始阶段胞元没有被压密的原因.
图11图12分别为在v=60 m/s和v=120 m/s的冲击下,三种模型的宏观变形模式. 对于模型1,在冲击初始阶段(ε=0.2),靠近冲击端处的胞元首先发生塑性变形,但与低速、中速冲击载荷下表现不同的是,模型本身的负泊松比特征几乎没有出现,并且在整个冲击过程中没有出现过“X”形剪切变形带,而是呈水平“I”形被逐层压缩至密实. 分析模型2和模型3的变形过程,由于高速冲击带来的惯性效应,在冲击端附近胞元发生大变形的时候,应力波没能在短时间内传播到模型的下方区域,故而也表现为和模型1相似的变形特点. 与冲击速度v=60 m/s时相比,在冲击速度v=120 m/s时冲击惯性效应明显加剧,各蜂窝模型的胞元变形呈现出层层压溃至密实的状态,其变形区域的胞元在刚发生变形时就几乎被完全压实,变形程度显得尤为剧烈,变形模式与胞元形状关系微弱. 在冲击端处产生局部变形带,局部变形带内的胞元以内凹变形为主,靠近固定端的胞元以旋转变形为主. 当应变达到某一值时,靠近固定端的部分新型蜂窝转变为传统星形蜂窝.
为进一步分析各模型的变形模式以及产生这种现象的原因,分析各模型在被压缩至密实的过程中各自胞元的具体塑变机理是极其重要的. 三种模型的胞元微观变形模式如图13所示. 其中三种模型在冲击速度v=20 m/s、应变ε=0.2时胞元变化差异显著,故以此种情况进行分析.
图13(a)可知,在中速20 m/s的冲击下,模型1胞元的主要变形方式为在竖直方向上的进一步压缩,以内凹变形为主,且应力由上层胞元沿着连接杆向下层胞元传递,胞元在水平方向上的位置几乎不变. 由图13(b)可知,在变形初期,模型2胞元的变形方式以整体旋转为主,而后以内凹变形为主. 原因是上下胞元间应力的传播造成连接杆的弯曲和轴向压缩,而后连接杆将力传递给相邻胞元的胞壁. 由于每个胞元都非轴对称,上下两连接杆对其的压缩和支撑应力相当于对其中心区域施加力矩,进而造成胞元旋转,胞元在旋转一定角度后才会发生内凹变形. 由图13(c)可知,外旋型蜂窝模型也是胞元本身先发生旋转变形,而后才是内凹变形,但旋转的胞元自身结构没有发生变化,只是胞元整体在空间上发生了旋转. 由于胞元间连接杆本身是弯曲的,其在受到轴向力时会更容易围绕节点发生弯曲变形,所以模型3在受到冲击时,胞元间连接杆会进一步弯曲诱导变形,应力敏感度更高,即更“软”,这也是在中低速冲击下模型3总是表现为整体先发生聚拢而后应力集中区域变形剧烈的原因,但较早的胞元相遇碰撞也会导致应力波动程度变大. 综合三种模型的宏观变形模式及微观变形模式可知,新型蜂窝结构在被冲击时胞元都是先发生自身旋转变形然后发生内凹变形,宏观上具有更强的负泊松比效应.
图14为两种新型蜂窝结构在20 m/s冲击速度下的应力云图(名义应变为0.2). 由图14可知,新型蜂窝胞元顶点处的应力最大,故新型蜂窝胞元的顶点处最先屈服并产生塑性铰,而塑性铰产生于新型蜂窝胞元的顶点处正是新型蜂窝胞元旋转变形的主要原因.
图15给出了冲击速度v=20 m/s时正方形蜂窝与传统星形蜂窝典型的名义应力-应变曲线. 其中,名义应力σ为刚板作用在模型上的压缩反力与试件初始横截面面积的比值;名义应变ε为模型在y方向的压缩位移δ与初始竖向高度L的比值. 受到面内冲击时,正方形蜂窝的面内冲击过程(如图15(a))可划分为三个阶段:线弹性区、平台区和密实化区,与文献[23]所述一致. 与正泊松比蜂窝结构不同,负泊松比蜂窝结构的面内冲击过程(如图15(b))可划分为4个阶段:线弹性区、平台区、平台应力增强区和密实化区. 首先是时间短暂的线弹性阶段,在碰撞初期应力快速变大,应力应变关系满足广义胡克定律,应力在达到一定值后进入持续时间较长、应力相对稳定的平台区同时发生大的压缩应变,该时间段为变形的第二阶段,吸收大部分的能量. 在平台区的后段,随着应变增大,应力不再保持稳定,而是随着应变以一定的斜率逐渐增大,这一阶段称为平台应力增强阶段. 第四阶段是密实阶段,随着冲击的进行,所有胞元的胞壁完全贴合在一起,模型被逐渐压实. 应变值在达到密实应变后,应力快速拔高,孔格间隙迅速减小,直至最终蜂窝结构完全密实. 造成星形蜂窝和正方形蜂窝冲击响应特性存在差异的原因主要是星形蜂窝中的双向内凹层级结构所带来的负泊松比效应.
三种模型在不同冲击速度下的应力-应变曲线如图16所示. 当三种蜂窝结构在面内方向受到外界冲击时,模型的应力-应变曲线与传统正泊松比蜂窝结构的并不相同. 在3 m/s的低速冲击下,三种模型的应力-应变曲线如图16(a)所示,由图可知,三种模型在碰撞初期均没有出现明显的峰值应力,这与多胞材料受到冲击时有较高的初始峰值应力不同. 在应变ε=0.4之前,三种模型的应力值大小及曲线波动程度相差不大;在应变ε=0.4之后,在相同应变时刻,模型1的应力总是大于其余两种模型. 由于在冲击过程中模型所吸收的能量等于冲击力与在该力方向上的位移的乘积,而应力-应变曲线在对应应变上的积分为模型单位体积吸收的能量,说明在低速冲击的后半程,模型1能吸收更多能量. 虽然模型2的应力值小于模型1,但是其曲线更加光滑,应力更加均匀.
图16(b)(c)分别为在10 m/s、20 m/s的冲击下,三种模型的应力-应变曲线,由图可知,三种模型的应力-应变曲线有了更为明显的变化阶段. 与低速冲击相比,作为线弹性阶段与平台阶段分界标志的初始峰值应力开始出现,且应力波动程度与低速冲击相比更加剧烈. 由图16(b)可知,模型2有着最高的初始峰值应力,模型1次之,模型3最低. 进入平台区,三者应力变化水平相当,区别在于模型1在应变ε=0.25、0.5、0.59、0.65时应力有较大程度的跳跃现象,降低了模型整体的吸能水平. 在该冲击速度下,模型2的应力-应变曲线仍然最为平滑,说明该模型吸能更加平稳. 由图16(c)可知,在v=20 m/s的冲击下,三种模型应力-应变曲线的波动程度进一步加剧,模型3的初始峰值应力最高,模型2次之,模型1最小. 在平台区,模型1和模型3的应力波动程度相当,模型2的应力波动程度最小,甚至在应变ε=0.15到ε=0.32之间曲线变成了一条水平的线段,几乎没有波动,是最理想的吸能状态. 在应变ε=0.32之后,模型2在固定应变点仍具有最高的应力值,能在塑变过程中吸收足够的冲击能量. 模型1在应变ε=0.7时,出现了二次峰值应力,会对蜂窝结构造成二次损害.
图16(d)(e)分别为在60 m/s、120 m/s的冲击下,三种模型的应力-应变曲线,由图可知,其应力-应变曲线的变化趋势与中低速冲击时显著不同,吸能状态完全发生改变. 由图16(d)可知,三种模型在碰撞初期出现了大小为16 MPa左右的极大峰值应力,是中速冲击时的5倍左右. 在平台区,各模型应力值明显高于中低速冲击时的应力值,说明在高速冲击时,模型本身能够吸收更多的能量,但同时曲线的波动程度也更大,以模型3为最,模型1与模型2相差不大. 由图16(e)可知,在高速冲击下,3条曲线形状相似,震荡程度极其剧烈,符合高速冲击时惯性效应所带来的影响. 结合前文三种模型的变形模式来看,此时胞元微观结构对蜂窝结构压缩吸能过程的影响已经微乎其微.
三种模型在不同冲击速度下的平台应力表现如图17表2所示. 平台阶段在整个冲击压缩过程中历时最久,几乎决定了整个模型的吸能水平. 由图17可知,三种模型的平台应力均随冲击速度的增加而增大,说明在一定范围内,冲击速度越大,模型吸收能量越多. 对比表2内数据,在低速3 m/s的冲击下,三种模型的平台应力相差较小,为0.1 MPa左右. 随着冲击速度的增加,各模型平台应力之间的差别开始显现出来. 在中速20 m/s的冲击下,模型2的平台应力最大,约比模型1高1.4 MPa,比模型3高0.6 MPa. 在60 m/s的冲击下,模型1的平台应力最大,约为6.4 MPa. 在120 m/s的冲击下,模型3的平台应力实现了反超,约为17 MPa.
图18表3是三种模型的密实应变和冲击速度的关系,密实应变代表着模型被压实时的时间节点,该值越大,说明模型具有更长的吸能历程. 由图18表3可知,密实应变同样是随着冲击速度的增加而增加,并且低速冲击时增加得快,高速冲击时增加得慢. 在中低速冲击条件下,模型2有着更大的密实应变值,胞元胞壁Ls1Ls2长度差在一定程度上增大了模型的密实应变. 随着冲击速度的增加,惯性效应加剧,在冲击端处产生局部坍塌的变形带,冲击端处产生的局部变形胞元逐渐增加,三种模型的密实应变值增加变慢并逐渐接近.
图19表4是三种模型在不同冲击速度下的压缩载荷效率φc值,该数据是由公式(12)计算得到,代表了蜂窝结构初始峰值力与平台力二者之间的差异. φc越接近于1,说明蜂窝结构初始峰值力与平台力越接近,碰撞初期的平稳性越好. 观察可知,三种模型在中低速冲击时的φc值最为接近1,这与图16中各模型在中低速冲击下的应力-应变曲线初始峰值应力较小的现象吻合. 在一定冲击速度范围内,随着冲击速度的增加,在60 m/s时各模型压缩载荷效率值逐渐降低,而后在120 m/s时,压缩载荷效率又发生了回升,这一现象同样可以在图16(d)和图16(e)中找到解释. 在图16(d)中,各模型出现较高的初始峰值应力,在图16(e)中,初始峰值应力略微增加,但平台应力有了大幅度的提升. 模型3的φc值在冲击速度为20 m/s和60 m/s时与其它两种模型有很大不同,结合三种模型的应力-应变曲线来看,在冲击速度v=20 m/s时,模型3有着较高的初始峰值应力. 在冲击速度v=60 m/s时,该模型的初始碰峰值应力与平台应力几乎相当,但是模型3应力-应变曲线在平台阶段的波动程度远大于另外两种模型.
图20是三种模型的平台载荷均匀度值ωf与冲击速度之间的关系,表5是由公式(13)计算出的三种模型在不同冲击速度下的平台载荷均匀度值ωf. ωf值越接近于0代表模型吸能特性越好. 由图20表5可知,在中低速冲击下,模型的平台载荷均匀度的数值更接近于0,表明此时平台阶段的应力变化幅度较小,平稳度更高. 当冲击速度从20 m/s增加到60 m/s时,三种模型平台载荷均匀度均有了大幅度的提高,说明相比于平台应力的变化程度(表2中冲击速度从20 m/s增加到60 m/s时,平台应力增加了接近2倍),平台峰值应力有着更大程度地提高. 需要注意的是,在120 m/s的高速冲击下,三种模型的平台载荷均匀度值却出现了下降,结合图16模型应力-应变曲线可知,这并不意味着高速冲击下模型的平台应力更为平稳,原因为在60 m/s的冲击下,三种模型在应变ε=0.4至应变ε=0.8期间出现了比初始峰值应力更高的二次峰值应力,这也是导致此时ωf值如此大的原因. 另外,各模型的平台应力波动程度也是随着冲击速度的增加而增加的.
将相对密度Δρ=0.154,基体材料密度ρs=2.7 g·cm-3代入公式(15),可以得到三种模型在不同冲击速度下的比吸能-应变曲线,如图21所示. 由图21(a)(b)(c)可知,在中低速冲击下,三种模型在应变ε <0.6时,比吸能随应变线性增长,之后进入密实阶段,比吸能迅速增加,说明蜂窝结构在冲击后期单位质量能量吸收量更大. 在应变ε<0.5时,三种模型的比吸能-应变曲线几近重合,但在冲击的后半程,在v=3 m/s和v=10 m/s的冲击下,模型1的比吸能总是大于其余两种模型. 在v=20 m/s的冲击下,模型2的比吸能最大. 由图21(d)(e)可知,在高速冲击下,由于冲击速度过大导致惯性效应增强,密实化前三种模型的比吸能随应变线性增长. 在v=60 m/s时,三种模型的曲线相近;在v=120 m/s的高速冲击下,各模型的吸能能力得以被充分发挥,模型3在外旋机制的作用下,其比吸能全程高于模型1和模型2.
为改善传统星形蜂窝结构在承受面内冲击时的动力学响应,本文针对传统星形蜂窝胞元,对其结构进行进一步优化设计,利用耦合思想给星形蜂窝胞元附加自旋转的变形吸能机制,通过内旋与外旋得到了两种同时具有内凹机制与旋转机制的旋转型蜂窝胞元. 采用显式动力有限元法,对三种蜂窝结构进行有限元数值模拟,对比分析了三种模型的变形模式以及吸能特性,以探究胞元自旋转对结构整体抗冲击性能的影响,得到以下结论:
(1)相比于传统星形蜂窝结构,内旋型蜂窝结构和外旋型蜂窝结构都具有不同的面内变形模式,进而导致三种蜂窝结构变形模式和吸能特性的不同. 旋转型结构的胞元在被冲击时都是先发生自身旋转变形然后发生内凹变形,宏观上具有更强的负泊松比效应. 中低速冲击时,三种模型的应力集中区域率先发生变形,表现为具有负泊松比效应的“颈缩”现象. 模型1的变形带以“X”形为主,模型2的变形带以多条水平“I”形为主,并与未变形区域形成“()”形,模型3更多地表现为均匀向下收缩的特点. 进入密实阶段后,三种模型的两侧都有部分胞元变形不明显,未完全参与吸能,这是由于冲击过程中应力集中区域收缩剧烈,将部分胞元“挤”在模型外导致的. 中高速冲击时,三种模型的负泊松比效应明显减弱,变形模式共同表现为局部变形,模型自冲击端向固定端被逐层压缩至密实.
(2)通过对三种模型代表性胞元微观变形模式的分析,发现各蜂窝模型之所以会在中低速冲击下出现变形模式的差异,是因为在该冲击速度下,模型1的胞元表现为直接收缩,模型2的胞元是先在周围胞元产生的力矩作用下发生旋转,进而收缩,模型3由于胞元间连接杆本身是弯曲的,具有诱导变形作用,所以应力集中区域更容易发生变形,但胞元之间的碰撞也导致了应力波动程度变大.
(3)在低速3 m/s的冲击下,三种模型都没有出现初始峰值应力,应力-应变曲线最为平缓. 随着冲击速度的增加,三种蜂窝模型的应力波动程度加剧. 在中速20 m/s的冲击下,模型2的应力-应变曲线最为平滑,应力均匀度最好. 在高速60 m/s的冲击下,模型3在平台阶段的应力波动程度明显大于其它两种模型.
(4)对于每种模型,其平台应力和密实应变皆随冲击速度的增加而增大. 在中低速冲击下,模型2的平台应力较大;在高速冲击下,模型3的平台应力较大. 对于密实应变,在中低速冲击下模型2的密实应变最大,吸能行程最长,模型3的密实应变最小,吸能行程最短.
(5)中低速冲击下,在应变ε=0.5之前各模型比吸能随应变呈线性增长,在该应变点之后呈非线性快速增加,并且随着速度的提升,该应变点也在逐渐变大. 在低速冲击的后半程,模型1的比吸能比其它两种模型高约0.3 J/g;在中速冲击的后半程,模型2的比吸能最大,比其它两种模型高约0.4 J/g;高速冲击时,各模型的比吸能几乎全程呈线性增长,在60 m/s时各模型在特定应变点的比吸能值差距较大,在120 m/s时模型3的比吸能最大. 整体而言,模型2在中低速冲击下有着更长的吸能行程和更平稳的应力波动表现,在三种蜂窝模型中具有最优良的吸能性能.
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.040
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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    长春理工大学机电工程学院,长春,130022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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