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Article(id=1244239607710204577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689523200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774579439332, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774579439332, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774579439332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774579439332, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244239603624952467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774579438358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774590203812, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244239608473567917, articleId=1244239607710204577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Laser Ablation Characteristics of Prestressed LY12-CZ: An Experimental and Simulation Study, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering that aircrafts are typical targets for laser weapons, and aircraft materials are used under complex mechanical conditions, the response of these materials under laser and prestressing holds significant value in the aeronautic industry. However, current research on material response under combined laser and prestressing mainly focuses on mechanical failure affected by laser irradiation, with limited in-depth understanding of laser ablation characteristics and microscopic mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the laser ablation characteristics of LY12-CZ alloy by means of experiment and simulation. We analyze the ablative morphology under prestressing and characterize microstructure and element distribution in the remaining samples. The Vickers hardness test along the radial direction of the heat source is carried out. In addition, a finite element simulation of laser ablation under prestressing is performed based on the fully coupled thermal-stress analysis method. The experimental findings reveal three distinct structures along the radial direction of the spot: the dendrite structure near the spot, the equiaxed grain structure in the middle, and the original structure far away from the spot. Both the dendrite and equiaxed grain structures exhibit severe segregation of Cu element, while the equiaxed grain structure also experiences high internal stress. The hardness in the dendrite structure is close to 80 HV and increases sharply to around 120 HV in the equiaxed grain structure. In the transition zone from the equiaxed grain structure to the original structure, the hardness decreases first and then increases. Prestressing does not have an obvious effect on the distribution of microstructure, element segregation, and hardness after laser ablation. Simulation results indicate that the temperature field is not significantly influenced by the applied prestress. The thermal stress caused by the rise in irradiation temperature is much higher than the applied prestress, leading to the formation of burn-through cavities and local thermal softening of the material. It is found that prestressing does not significantly alter the laser ablation characteristics of LY12-CZ alloy.

, correspAuthors=Jianghua Shen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhiqin Du, Yu Zhang, Xianzhe Shi, Yuzhong Hui, Jianghua Shen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244239621471716159, articleId=1244239607710204577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=预应力加载下LY12-CZ激光烧蚀特性的实验与模拟研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

飞行器是激光武器的主要打击目标，对常用航空材料激光辐照响应的研究具有重要价值. 本文通过实验和有限元模拟的手段，研究了预应力加载下，1080 nm连续激光烧蚀LY12-CZ铝合金的失效机理. 实验结果表明，激光烧蚀沿光斑径向存在三种组织，分别为近光斑的枝晶组织、中部的等轴晶组织及远离光斑的原始组织；其中，枝晶、等轴晶组织中存在严重的Cu元素偏析，且等轴晶组织还存在较高的内应力. 有限元模拟的结果表明，温度场对所施加的预应力并不敏感；烧穿孔洞形成的一个原因是局部因热软化和高水平热应力造成的屈服；预应力不能显著改变激光的烧蚀特性.

, correspAuthors=沈将华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail：.
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figureFileSmall=/y5psBkg6emqW1nvKMNdlg==, figureFileBig=e/C948jbhQd0qrtLz9hGJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274771106579338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239607710204577, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition of LY12

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ElementSiFeCuMnMgCrNiZnTiothersAl
wt. %0.50.53.8-4.90-0.91.2-1.80.50.50.250.150.15Balance
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LY12的成分

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ElementSiFeCuMnMgCrNiZnTiothersAl
wt. %0.50.53.8-4.90-0.91.2-1.80.50.50.250.150.15Balance
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Ablated hole radius and rough band width of each sample

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Load conditionLoad（kN）Hole radius（mm）Rough band width（mm）
Tension23.8-
48.54.88
64.45.63
Compression20.33.02
47.94.33
68.32.68
Average5.534.11
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各试样烧蚀孔半径与粗糙带宽度

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Load conditionLoad（kN）Hole radius（mm）Rough band width（mm）
Tension23.8-
48.54.88
64.45.63
Compression20.33.02
47.94.33
68.32.68
Average5.534.11
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预应力加载下LY12-CZ激光烧蚀特性的实验与模拟研究
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堵志钦 1 , 张宇 1, 2 , 师先哲 1 , 惠煜中 1 , 沈将华 1, 3, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(1): 38-51
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(1): 38-51
预应力加载下LY12-CZ激光烧蚀特性的实验与模拟研究
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堵志钦1, 张宇1, 2, 师先哲1, 惠煜中1, 沈将华1, 3, **
作者信息
  • 1西北工业大学航空学院，西安，710072
  • 2中国飞机强度研究所结构冲击动力学航空科技重点实验室，西安，710065
  • 3陕西省冲击动力学及工程应用重点实验室，西安，710072

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**E-mail：.
Laser Ablation Characteristics of Prestressed LY12-CZ: An Experimental and Simulation Study
Zhiqin Du1, Yu Zhang1, 2, Xianzhe Shi1, Yuzhong Hui1, Jianghua Shen1, 3, **
Affiliations
  • 1School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072
  • 2Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Structure Impact Dynamics, Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China, Xi'an, 710065
  • 3Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Impact Dynamics and Its Engineering Application, Xi'an, 710072
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.056
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摘要
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飞行器是激光武器的主要打击目标，对常用航空材料激光辐照响应的研究具有重要价值. 本文通过实验和有限元模拟的手段，研究了预应力加载下，1080 nm连续激光烧蚀LY12-CZ铝合金的失效机理. 实验结果表明，激光烧蚀沿光斑径向存在三种组织，分别为近光斑的枝晶组织、中部的等轴晶组织及远离光斑的原始组织；其中，枝晶、等轴晶组织中存在严重的Cu元素偏析，且等轴晶组织还存在较高的内应力. 有限元模拟的结果表明，温度场对所施加的预应力并不敏感；烧穿孔洞形成的一个原因是局部因热软化和高水平热应力造成的屈服；预应力不能显著改变激光的烧蚀特性.

激光烧蚀  /  预应力  /  微观组织  /  有限元模拟

Considering that aircrafts are typical targets for laser weapons, and aircraft materials are used under complex mechanical conditions, the response of these materials under laser and prestressing holds significant value in the aeronautic industry. However, current research on material response under combined laser and prestressing mainly focuses on mechanical failure affected by laser irradiation, with limited in-depth understanding of laser ablation characteristics and microscopic mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the laser ablation characteristics of LY12-CZ alloy by means of experiment and simulation. We analyze the ablative morphology under prestressing and characterize microstructure and element distribution in the remaining samples. The Vickers hardness test along the radial direction of the heat source is carried out. In addition, a finite element simulation of laser ablation under prestressing is performed based on the fully coupled thermal-stress analysis method. The experimental findings reveal three distinct structures along the radial direction of the spot: the dendrite structure near the spot, the equiaxed grain structure in the middle, and the original structure far away from the spot. Both the dendrite and equiaxed grain structures exhibit severe segregation of Cu element, while the equiaxed grain structure also experiences high internal stress. The hardness in the dendrite structure is close to 80 HV and increases sharply to around 120 HV in the equiaxed grain structure. In the transition zone from the equiaxed grain structure to the original structure, the hardness decreases first and then increases. Prestressing does not have an obvious effect on the distribution of microstructure, element segregation, and hardness after laser ablation. Simulation results indicate that the temperature field is not significantly influenced by the applied prestress. The thermal stress caused by the rise in irradiation temperature is much higher than the applied prestress, leading to the formation of burn-through cavities and local thermal softening of the material. It is found that prestressing does not significantly alter the laser ablation characteristics of LY12-CZ alloy.

laser ablation  /  prestress  /  microstructure  /  finite element simulation
堵志钦, 张宇, 师先哲, 惠煜中, 沈将华. 预应力加载下LY12-CZ激光烧蚀特性的实验与模拟研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (1) : 38 -51 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.056
Zhiqin Du, Yu Zhang, Xianzhe Shi, Yuzhong Hui, Jianghua Shen. Laser Ablation Characteristics of Prestressed LY12-CZ: An Experimental and Simulation Study[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (1) : 38 -51 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.056
正文
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0　引言
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激光，即受激辐射光放大. 基于其高相干性、良好方向性和高能量密度等优点，激光被运用于定向能武器开发武器之中，以实现快速、高精度、远程打击[1]. 此外，激光武器仅消耗电能，可极大节省打击成本[2,3]. 飞行器是激光武器的主要打击目标，而铝合金具有比强度高、比刚度高、耐腐蚀的优良特性[4]，因此常用于飞机的蒙皮、隔框、长梁和桁条等结构件. 这些结构在飞机受到激光武器攻击时首当其冲. 因此，对航空结构铝合金激光辐照响应的研究具有重要价值.
激光辐照结构引起的破坏表现在两个方面，其一是因烧蚀和组织变化而形成的微裂纹等缺陷导致的力学性能和承载能力的降低；其二是热、力载荷联合作用下，结构宏观受力和变形状态的重新分布导致的破坏[5]. 而实际激光武器打击目标时，靶材往往处于复杂的工况中，如预应力载荷等，这些复杂工况对靶材的热、力性能或其温度场、应力场产生影响，进而导致靶材复杂多样的热力耦合失效模式. 因而针对铝合金在激光-力联合加载下材料的失效特性，国内外学者展开了一些研究[6-8]. 陈伊铭等[9]研究了7075铝合金激光与外载荷联合加载下的失效行为，对进行了不同预载荷与不同激光功率密度下的联合加载实验，发现在相同的预载荷下，激光功率密度的增大会导致失效时间非线性下降，在一定的功率密度下，失效温度随预载荷的增大先增大后减小. Jelani等[10]研究了Al-6061和Al-7075铝合金在预应力和激光加热同时作用下的失效响应，发现屈服应力随着激光功率密度的增加而减小，试样的承载能力在增加的热载荷或拉伸载荷下降低. 但目前而言，对激光-力联合加载失效的研究大多集中在辐照温升引起的力学破坏上，缺乏对影响激光烧蚀特性的研究；此外对激光-力联合加载失效的研究往往只对宏观破坏特性进行研究，缺乏微观机制上的深入理解.
针对目前激光-力联合加载失效中存在的局限性，本文将通过实验和有限元（Finite element method，FEM）模拟的方法，研究预应力加载下LY12-CZ铝合金的激光烧蚀特性. 首先进行预应力加载下的LY12-CZ激光烧蚀实验，综合分析宏观的烧蚀特征，并进行烧蚀剩余靶材的微观组织表征和硬度测试，以深入了解LY12-CZ的激光烧蚀特性，分析其中存在的微观机制. 然后，基于实验的工况建立FEM模型，进行预应力加载下LY12-CZ铝合金的激光烧蚀仿真，计算靶材的温度场和应力场，以分析预应力在激光烧蚀过程中的作用效果.
1　实验与仿真方法
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1.1　实验方法
本文采用的实验材料为LY-12-CZ，即经过淬火和自然时效的LY12，是典型的Al-Mg-Cu系合金，其成分如表1所示. 实验装置和实验过程与张宇等[11]的工作类似. 实验装置如图1（a）所示，激光烧蚀系统包括光纤激光器、摄像机、双色辐射测温仪、漫反屏、光电探测器. 采用大科激光DK-YMM-12000光纤激光器实施激光辐照，激光波长为1080 nm，最高功率为12 kW. 激光器产生连续波激光，通过调焦镜调整光斑大小后照射施加不同预应力的试样，其照射位置如图1（b）. 辐照实验开始前，为了明确辐照的功率密度，首先要确定激光直径. 为此，采用漫反屏收集激光束，并用海康威视MV-CE050-31GM摄像机拍摄，以测量靶面处激光光斑的直径，而后结合激光功率，从而确定功率密度. 激光功率密度I0的计算公式如式（1）：
其中为P0为激光器的输出功率，P为激光热源功率，r0为测得的激光光斑半径，α0为光斑直径内的能量占全部能量的比例，取0.632. η0为激光透过率，理想情况下，激光透过率为1.
为研究激光辐照对LY12铝合金组织和性能的影响，研究预应力在组织演化中的作用，采用6种不同预应力状态的工况展开实验研究，包括3个拉伸工况（2 kN，4 kN，6 kN拉力），3个压缩工况（2 kN，4 kN，6 kN压力），并采用300 W/cm2功率、30 mm直径的激光对其辐照，辐照时间为30 s. 激光烧蚀后，对试样剩余部分进行微观表征. 采用的微观表征手段包括扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscope，SEM）、电子背散衍射（Electron Backscattered Diffraction，EBSD）、透射电子显微镜（Transmission Electron Microscope，TEM）. 此外，还对试样进行了硬度测试（HV0.1），测试区域大小为50 mm×1 mm，测试点间距为2 mm×0.5 mm，具体测试位置如图2所示.
1.2　模拟方法
激光烧蚀过程中，靶材温度变化速率极大，在空间上存在明显的温度梯度，因此很难对靶材整体的温度场和应力场进行实时有效的监测. 而FEM模拟可以基于已知的材料参数和激光的参数，对靶材的温度和应力进行计算. 基于一定的热源模型，采用完全热力耦合的FEM进行分析以得到随时间变化的温度场和应力场.
模拟采用八节点六面体热分析单元. LY12铝合金相当于2024铝合金，模拟所使用的材料参数具体如图3所示[12]，其中（a）为热膨胀系数、比热等物理性能，（b）为不同温度下的应力应变关系. 模型、网格划分如图4（a）（b）所示. 为了提高计算效率和计算精度，采用了疏密不同的网格划分方法. 对于模拟的中心区域也即激光光斑中心区域，使用最密集网格，网格尺寸约为1 mm，如图4（a）所示；对于热影响区域也即激光光斑外围的区域，使用相对稀疏一些的网格，网格尺寸约为2 mm；对于远离热源的区域，使用最稀疏的网格，网格尺寸约为5 mm. 模拟模型与实验板材一致，尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×2 mm. 为获取与实验相对应位置的温度、应力等信息，在施加辐照表面选出节点作为路径L，如图4（a）所示. 模型工况除与实验相同的工况外，还包括了无预应力加载的工况，合计7种工况. 激光热源模型可以简化为高斯面热源，如图4（c）所示. 在相同的位置，热源大小正比于激光功率. 热源Q可表示为式（2）[13]：
其中η为热效率，P为激光热源功率，r0为激光光斑半径，（x，y）为照射面上任一点相对光斑中心的位置坐标. 结合式（1），可表示为式（3）：
热量在靶材内部以热传导的形式传递. 若理想化地假设靶材由一种均匀分布且具有各向同性的材料组成，其密度、比热和传热系数在相同温度下为常数，则其内部热传导过程按照导热的基本定律Fourier定律，应满足式（4）的关系：
其中ρ为靶材密度，c为靶材比热容，T为靶材温度，κ为靶材热导率，q为热传导的热流密度.
激光辐照的过程中，除去靶材内部的热传导，还存在靶材与外界环境的换热，以热对流和热辐射的形式进行. 因此热传导的热流密度还可表示为式（5）：
其中qc为热对流的热流密度，qr为热辐射的热流密度. 根据Newton定律，靶材与外界的热对流按式（6）定义：
其中h为对流换热系数，T为靶材温度，T0为外界环境温度. 而根据Stefan-Boltzmann定律，靶材与外界间的热辐射按式（7）定义：
其中ε为靶材的表面反射率，k为玻尔兹曼常数. 热力耦合后，单元的平衡方程可以表示为式（8）的形式：
其中F为节点力向量，B为应变矩阵，D为单元弹性矩阵，C为温度应力矩阵，u为单元应变向量，dΩ为单元体积，T为温度向量.
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　宏观烧蚀情况
各个试样的烧蚀口如图5所示. 可以看出经过激光辐照，各个靶材产生了不同程度的烧蚀现象，辐照中心处的靶材基本都被蚀除. 由边缘向辐照中心，剩余靶材的厚度逐渐减小，蚀除区域周边的靶材很薄，并发生氧化. 此外，在烧蚀孔下方存在实心鼓包，这说明靠近辐照中心的靶材处发生熔化，受重力作用向下流动，最终在一侧堆积，此外也可能存在靶材因升温软化而造成的塑形变形. 除施加2 kN拉应力的试样，在烧蚀区域的外侧，还存在一圈粗糙带. 其外侧为原始组织. 使用等效半径作为烧蚀口尺寸的特征尺寸，其计算方式如式（9）：
其中r为等效半径；S为烧蚀口面积，用数字照片中烧蚀口像素数转换获得. 在上、左、右三个位置测量粗糙带的宽度，以平均值作为最终的粗糙带宽度值. 表2统计了各个试样烧蚀口的等效半径与粗糙带的宽度. 烧蚀口等效半径的离散性较大，平均值为5.53 mm；粗糙带的宽度的平均值为4.11 mm.
2.2　微观表征
SEM表征的结果表明，对于不同工况下的试样，存在完全相同的三种组织，不同试样组织分布的差异仅在于组织的分界位置. 图6为4 kN拉伸载荷试样不同位置的SEM图，（a）（b）（c）为从辐照中心向远离辐照中心变化的组织. 从SEM图片上可观察到，在激光辐照引起的温度梯度下，LY12-CZ铝合金微观组织形态的显著变化. 图6（a）为辐照区附近出现类似铸造后的花瓣状的枝晶组织，说明这一区域的LY12曾发生熔化-凝固的相变过程. 此外，还能发现晶间存在明显的亮白色组织，而在晶内这种组织分布很少，这表明了枝晶的晶间存在第二相分布. 图6（b）为距离辐照中心稍远处的等轴晶组织. 可发现其晶间同样存在一定的第二相，而晶内有更多第二相存在. 图6（c）为远离辐照中心的区域，呈现与未经辐照试样相同的原始组织，其第二相随机分布，明显的等轴状组织几乎消失. 对于不同的试样，这些组织出现的位置存在差别. 图6（d）展示了枝晶组织区与等轴晶组织区的位置关系，枝晶组织区靠近辐照中心，等轴晶组织区相对而言远离辐照中心. 这体现出辐照中心靶材熔融、稍远处靶材受热影响再结晶、最远处靶材基本不受热影响的激光辐照响应规律.
图7以辐照中心为0 mm位置，统计了部分试样的蚀除区和枝晶组织、等轴组织、原始组织的分界线. 由于原始组织占比较高，略去了26 mm以上的部分. 可以看出，枝晶组织的分布基本处于激光光斑的范围之内；另外，等轴组织占有最少的比例，同时也基本对应了宏观层面观察到的粗糙带. 各组织分布与预加力大小没有明显关联，但各组织分界线的位置基本在一个平均值附近波动.5.53 mm、16.20 mm、20.68 mm分别为蚀除区与枝晶区、枝晶区与等轴组织区、等轴组织区与原始组织区的分界线的平均位置.
激光辐照对试样组织的影响还包括同一试样不同组织中元素分布的差异，对此可采用能谱仪（Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy，EDS）展开分析. 对于同种组织，不同试样中的元素偏析情况基本一致. 图8（a）（b）为原始组织的SEM与Cu元素的EDS分析图. 可以发现，原始组织中Cu分布较为均匀，其只在部分晶界处有聚集. 图8（c）（d）枝晶组织的SEM与Cu元素的EDS分析图. 由EDS结果可以看出，枝晶组织中几乎所有的晶界处均存在铜富集，这可能是第二相在凝固过程中的偏析现象. 由于激光辐照前后巨大的温度差异，材料熔融后快速冷却，其中发生不平衡结晶，Cu元素扩散不充分，先结晶的主干和后结晶的支干及晶间产生明显的成分差异，形成晶界偏析，而这样的偏析往往会带来LY12强度和塑性的下降[14].
激光辐照对试样组织的影响还包括同一试样不同组织中位错密度的差异，这一差异可能带来不同的内应力分布，进而导致试样中不均匀的力学特性. 图9为2 kN压缩试样的核平均取向差（kernel average misorientation，KAM）分布图，其中（a）为等轴晶区，（b）为枝晶区. 从KAM分布图中可看出，枝晶区整体的局部取向差高于等轴晶区. 基于KAM，可以按式（10）[15]计算材料的几何必须位错（geometrically necessary dislocation，GND）密度ρGND：
其中a为常数，取2，b为柏氏矢量，x为单位长度，θ为相应的KAM. 计算得（b）中等轴晶区的位错密度为1.29×1013 m-2，（d）中枝晶的位错密度为5.14×1012 m-2. 而根据泰勒硬化定律，GND对内应力σGND的贡献可表示为式（11）[16]：
其中M为泰勒因子，α为取决于位错类型和相互作用的材料常数，G为剪切模量. 结合KAM分布与式（10）（11）可知，等轴晶区内应力较大，而枝晶区的内应力较小，这可能是由于等轴晶区在辐照过程中与枝晶区同样达到了较高的温度，而在辐照结束后具有比枝晶区更高的冷却速率，从而形成了较高的内应力.
2.3　硬度测试
硬度测试的结果表明，所有试样的硬度具有相似的硬度分布规律，在相同组织区域具有相近的硬度水平. 图10为2 kN压缩试样中，距离辐照中心不同位置的硬度分布. 可发现，枝晶区的硬度较低，在80 HV左右；等轴晶区硬度陡升，达120 HV左右. 枝晶区与等轴晶区的硬度差异存在两区域内应力的差异的原因，这与2.2节关于内应力的讨论相对应. 由图10还可知，等轴晶区到原始组织区域的硬度首先出现一定下降，然后恢复到一个较稳定的水平. 这可能是由于靠近辐照区的原始组织仍受到一定热影响，内应力得到了降低；而远离辐照区的原始组织为淬火-自然时效的LY12合金组织，内应力较高，从而表现出较高的硬度.
2.4　FEM模拟
图11（a）为2 kN压缩载荷模型在30 s时的温度场，其余模型中也出现相似的温度场分布. 可看出模型中温度出现中心高，四周低的特点，这与激光热源分布相关. 图11（b）为30 s时，各模型路径L上距辐照中心位置与温度的关系. 温度的空间分布出现与高斯分布相似的形状，这对应了激光功率密度的高斯分布. 平行于y轴的划线标明了距离辐照中心5 mm、15 mm、20 mm的位置，它们对应了实验中蚀除区与枝晶区、枝晶区与等轴组织区、等轴组织区与原始组织区的分界；平行于x轴的划线对应了LY12铝合金的熔点650 ℃.15 mm线与650 ℃线在曲线中对应的位置非常接近，表明模拟的熔融区外沿线与实验中枝晶区外沿线基本一致，这证明了模拟结果的可信度. 图11（b）中，各模型的温度-位置曲线基本一致，说明温度的变化对于预加应力大小并不敏感.
图12（a）（b）（c）（d）分别为辐照中心及距离辐照中心5 mm、15 mm、20 mm处，不同试样的温度随时间的变化. 可以发现，各试样的温度变化趋势基本一致，温度的变化对于预加应力大小并不敏感. 对于不同的位置，试样的升温速率都呈现减小的趋势，这是由于随着温度升高，LY12的热导率逐渐降低；而越靠近辐照中心的位置，升温速率整体越高，这是由于激光的局部功率密度由中心向递减. 各试样的各个位置在温度接近于熔点时都存在平台段，升温速率明显下降，这是固液相变吸热导致的结果. 各位置的温度-时间曲线基本一致，同样说明温度的变化对于预加应力大小并不敏感.
激光辐照中由于靶材温升，靶材内部存在复杂的三维应力. Von Mises等效应力可以体现复杂应力状态下材料的应力水平，评价材料的失效情况. 本文利用Von Mises等效应力描述预应力下激光烧蚀靶材过程中的应力场，其可以表示为式（12）：
其中，为Von Mises等效应力，σx，σy，σz，τxy，τyz，τzx分别为应力张量的六个分量.
图13（a）为2 kN压缩载荷模型在30 s时的Von Mises应力场，除4 kN拉伸模型外，其余模型中的应力场分布均表现出相似情况. 可以看出，固支处具有最高的应力水平，而在辐照中心下方存在Von Mises应力最低的区域. 图13（b）为30 s时，各试样路径L上距辐照中心位置与Von Mises等效应力的关系. 可见，各试样的Von Mises等效应力基本呈现先上升，后下降的趋势，先出现一个极大值，然后出现一个极小值，最后在75 mm也即固支处达到最大值. 对预加应力，若以拉应力为正，压应力为负，则随着预应力的增加，Von Mises等效应力极大值的出现位置越靠后，极小值的出现位置越靠后同时值更高. Von Mises等效应力极大值的出现位置在距离辐照中心15～20 mm附近的位置，其应力幅值已超过对应温度下的屈服强度，这对应了EBSD分析中等轴晶区存在较大局部取向差的事实，也对应了硬度测试中相应区域较高硬度的事实.
为比较对试样预加的应力与激光辐照带来的热应力在对应力状态影响中的主导作用，我们还建立了相同尺寸和预先加载2 kN拉应力，但不施加面热源的模型. 图14为施加预应力和热源、仅施加热源和仅施加预应力的模型中，路径L上距辐照中心位置与Von Mises等效应力的关系. 仅施加预应力的模型中，Von Mises等效应力幅值很低. 这说明对于～×100 kN这一数量级的预加载荷，在激光辐照毁伤LY12的过程中发生的力学上的失效以热应力导致的屈服为主，预应力并不能达到因温度升高而降低的屈服强度.
实验预加应力范围在～×101 MPa这一数量级. 结合实验和有限元模拟的结果，可发现在所考虑的预加力范围内，预应力对试样激光辐照过程中的力学响应无明显影响. 为更进一步研究预应力大小对激光辐照下试样力学响应的影响，在对应实验的范围外，我们还拓展了预加力的取值范围. 图15展示了5、10、50、100 MPa预加拉、压应力的模型中，路径L上距辐照中心位置与Von Mises等效应力的关系. 可发现尽管预加应力存在数量级上的差距，Von Mises等效应力的分布规律仍然相似，即先达到一个极大值，然后下降至一个极小值，而后继续上升，在固支处达到最大值. 不同模型中，在对应应力幅值出现的位置存在一定差异，而应力幅值并未出现数量级的变化.
3　结论
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本文通过实验和模拟的手段对预应力加载下LY12-CZ铝合金的激光烧蚀特性展开研究，分析了烧蚀后试样的宏观形态，进行了烧蚀剩余试样的微观组织表征，并展开了FEM模拟. 获得结论如下：
（1）辐照中心处的靶材发生熔化烧穿，受重力作用向下流动堆积形成实心鼓包，靶材中可能存在因升温软化而造成的塑性变形. 烧蚀口等效半径的离散性较大，平均值为5.53 mm. 烧蚀区域的外侧存在粗糙带，与等轴晶组织区基本对应，其平均宽度为4.11 mm.
（2）微观组织表征的结果表明，无论施加预应力的情况如何，激光烧蚀后剩余靶材中存在三种组织，从内到外分别为枝晶组织、等轴晶组织和原始组织. 烧蚀区、枝晶组织区、等轴晶组织区、原始组织区的三个分界线距辐照中心的位置分别约为5.53 mm、16.20 mm、20.68 mm. 受激光辐照的热影响，枝晶、等轴晶中存在元素偏析；由等轴晶区与枝晶区位错密度分布差异可知，等轴晶区还存在较高的内应力，硬度测试的结果对这一结论提供了支持.
（3）FEM模拟的结果表明，熔点以上的区域对应实验中的烧蚀区和枝晶组织区域，温度场对于预应力大小并不敏感，局部因热软化和高水平热应力造成的屈服是烧穿空洞形成的一个原因. 在～×100 kN这一数量级的预加载荷下，LY12在激光辐照毁伤的过程中发生的力学上的失效以热应力导致的屈服为主. 预应力不能显著改变激光的烧蚀特性.
基金
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  • 科研院所项目(D5120200715)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.056
  • 接收时间：2023-07-17
  • 首发时间：2026-03-27
  • 出版时间：2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-07-17
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    1西北工业大学航空学院，西安，710072
    2中国飞机强度研究所结构冲击动力学航空科技重点实验室，西安，710065
    3陕西省冲击动力学及工程应用重点实验室，西安，710072

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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