Article(id=1244239605512384813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685635200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774579438808, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774579438808, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774579438808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774579438808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244239603624952467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774579438358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774590203812, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244239607227855156, articleId=1244239605512384813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Target Damage Zone under Hypervelocity Impact, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In hypervelocity impact problems, it is difficult to accurately obtain the crater morphology under certain conditions. Studying the damage zone can compensate for this limitation and serve as an important basis for understanding the impact mechanism and validating numerical simulations. However, there has been limited research on numerical simulation of the damage zone due to the lack of experimentally validated criteria. This paper presents a summary of the existing quantitative measurement results for the damage zone. The findings reveal that, for the same target, the depths of the damage zone obtained through multiple microscopic testing methods are relatively consistent, which facilitates the analysis of the damage zone. Based on the iSALE code, the applicability of total plastic strain (TPS), damage factor (D), and peak pressure as criteria for assessing the damage zone is analyzed. The results indicate that, TPS=0.1 is appropriate as a damage criterion, D=1 could be used as a damage criterion with caution, while peak pressure is not a suitable damage criterion. Through parametric analysis, it is found that the damage zone gradually decreases with increasing porosity and target strength.

, correspAuthors=Gang Zhou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bingwen Qian, Gang Zhou, Chunlin Chen, Mingrui Li, Pengfei Gao, Kehui Wang, Xianghui Dai, Ming Li, Kun Ma, Chongxin Wu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244239612047110555, articleId=1244239605512384813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=超高速撞击条件下靶体损伤区的数值模拟分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超高速撞击问题中,靶体损伤区研究能够弥补部分实验中难以精确获取成坑形貌的问题,为撞击机理研究和数值模拟的校验提供重要依据. 损伤区的数值模拟研究开展较少,主要原因是缺乏经过实验验证的损伤区判据. 本文总结了已有的损伤区定量测量实验结果,发现对于同一种靶体,多种切片显微测试方法得到的损伤区深度比较吻合,这给损伤区分析提供了便利. 基于iSALE程序模拟分析了累计塑性应变、损伤因子和峰值压力作为损伤区判断参数的适用性,认为TPS=0.1适合作为损伤判据;D=1可以作为损伤判据,但误差较大需谨慎使用;峰值压力不适合作为损伤判据. 通过参数化分析发现,随着孔隙率增大和靶体强度增大,损伤区深度逐渐减小.

, correspAuthors=周刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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Comparison of the experimental results of the damage zone measurement in the MEMIN project with the simulation results of the damage zone under different damage zone criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号靶体弹体直径(mm)弹体速度(m/s)成坑深度(mm)损伤区深度(mm)
A6-5126砂岩2.54.81.117.7
D3-3298砂岩104.565.583.3
A20-5339石英岩2.55.431.0618.1
编号TPS=0.1对应的损伤区深度和误差(mm)D=1对应的损伤区深度和误差(mm)Pmax=Yucs对应的损伤区深度和误差(mm)
A6-512617.5(-1.1%)23.2(31.1%)16.8(-5.1%)
D3-329872.1(-13.4%)94.5(13.5%)67.5(19.0%)
A20-533914.8(-18.2%)23.8(31.5%)36.1(99.4%)
), ArticleFig(id=1244274764609597799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239605512384813, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MEMIN项目中损伤区测量结果与不同损伤区判据条件下的损伤区模拟结果的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号靶体弹体直径(mm)弹体速度(m/s)成坑深度(mm)损伤区深度(mm)
A6-5126砂岩2.54.81.117.7
D3-3298砂岩104.565.583.3
A20-5339石英岩2.55.431.0618.1
编号TPS=0.1对应的损伤区深度和误差(mm)D=1对应的损伤区深度和误差(mm)Pmax=Yucs对应的损伤区深度和误差(mm)
A6-512617.5(-1.1%)23.2(31.1%)16.8(-5.1%)
D3-329872.1(-13.4%)94.5(13.5%)67.5(19.0%)
A20-533914.8(-18.2%)23.8(31.5%)36.1(99.4%)
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超高速撞击条件下靶体损伤区的数值模拟分析
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钱秉文 , 周刚 ** , 陈春林 , 李名锐 , 高鹏飞 , 王可慧 , 戴湘晖 , 李明 , 马坤 , 吴崇欣
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(1): 29-37
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(1): 29-37
超高速撞击条件下靶体损伤区的数值模拟分析
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钱秉文 , 周刚** , 陈春林, 李名锐, 高鹏飞, 王可慧, 戴湘晖, 李明, 马坤, 吴崇欣
作者信息
  • 西北核技术研究所,西安,710024

通讯作者:

Numerical Simulation of Target Damage Zone under Hypervelocity Impact
Bingwen Qian , Gang Zhou** , Chunlin Chen, Mingrui Li, Pengfei Gao, Kehui Wang, Xianghui Dai, Ming Li, Kun Ma, Chongxin Wu
Affiliations
  • Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, 710024
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.055
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超高速撞击问题中,靶体损伤区研究能够弥补部分实验中难以精确获取成坑形貌的问题,为撞击机理研究和数值模拟的校验提供重要依据. 损伤区的数值模拟研究开展较少,主要原因是缺乏经过实验验证的损伤区判据. 本文总结了已有的损伤区定量测量实验结果,发现对于同一种靶体,多种切片显微测试方法得到的损伤区深度比较吻合,这给损伤区分析提供了便利. 基于iSALE程序模拟分析了累计塑性应变、损伤因子和峰值压力作为损伤区判断参数的适用性,认为TPS=0.1适合作为损伤判据;D=1可以作为损伤判据,但误差较大需谨慎使用;峰值压力不适合作为损伤判据. 通过参数化分析发现,随着孔隙率增大和靶体强度增大,损伤区深度逐渐减小.

超高速撞击  /  损伤区  /  塑性应变  /  损伤因子  /  峰值压力

In hypervelocity impact problems, it is difficult to accurately obtain the crater morphology under certain conditions. Studying the damage zone can compensate for this limitation and serve as an important basis for understanding the impact mechanism and validating numerical simulations. However, there has been limited research on numerical simulation of the damage zone due to the lack of experimentally validated criteria. This paper presents a summary of the existing quantitative measurement results for the damage zone. The findings reveal that, for the same target, the depths of the damage zone obtained through multiple microscopic testing methods are relatively consistent, which facilitates the analysis of the damage zone. Based on the iSALE code, the applicability of total plastic strain (TPS), damage factor (D), and peak pressure as criteria for assessing the damage zone is analyzed. The results indicate that, TPS=0.1 is appropriate as a damage criterion, D=1 could be used as a damage criterion with caution, while peak pressure is not a suitable damage criterion. Through parametric analysis, it is found that the damage zone gradually decreases with increasing porosity and target strength.

hypervelocity impact  /  damage zone  /  plastic strain  /  damage factor  /  peak pressure
钱秉文, 周刚, 陈春林, 李名锐, 高鹏飞, 王可慧, 戴湘晖, 李明, 马坤, 吴崇欣. 超高速撞击条件下靶体损伤区的数值模拟分析. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (1) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.055
Bingwen Qian, Gang Zhou, Chunlin Chen, Mingrui Li, Pengfei Gao, Kehui Wang, Xianghui Dai, Ming Li, Kun Ma, Chongxin Wu. Numerical Simulation of Target Damage Zone under Hypervelocity Impact[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (1) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.055
在陨石成坑、终点毁伤效应等超高速撞击研究领域,研究较多的是成坑特性和靶体内应力波产生传播等问题,近年来成坑周围的损伤区研究也逐渐受到各国学者关注. 损伤区是成坑周围的靶体材料在冲击产生的强烈的剪切、拉伸作用下产生的损伤区域,对揭示成坑机理和能量转化机理都具有重要价值.
损伤区研究的第一个重要作用是弥补部分实验中难以精确获取成坑形貌的问题. 在传统的成坑研究中,根据成坑形貌参数可以分析成坑过程和揭示撞击机理. 但是有些情况下难以精确测量成坑形貌参数,例如因靶体表面剥落难以精确测量瞬态成坑直径[1];因坑底回弹作用难以精确测量坑深[1];陨石成坑中因改造阶段的存在难以精确瞬时坑的直径和深度等[1]. 损伤区的形貌与瞬时坑形成过程密切相关,受靶体自由面作用和成坑改造阶段的作用影响较小. 因此,损伤区的研究能够为瞬时坑和最终成坑机制的分析提供依据,也能为成坑数值模拟和理论分析的校核提供关键参数.
损伤区研究的第二个重要作用是能够为精确分析撞击能量的转化提供依据. 在超高速撞击能量转化机理研究中,弹体动能转化为以下几部分能量:成坑和损伤区的变形能、以应力波的形式携带的向靶体内部传播的动能、残余弹体的动能和内能、飞溅产物和融化气化相变等过程中耗散能量等,其中成坑和损伤区的变形能和内能在总能量中占绝大部分[1]. 因此,为了更准确的分析能量的转化机理,也需要深入认识损伤区的形成机理.
损伤区的分析对揭示撞击成坑机理和能量转化机理研究都具有重要价值,但目前关于损伤区的实验研究和数值模拟工作不够系统充分. 在实验方面,仅有德国的MEMIN项目进行了初步的损伤区研究,Buhe等人[2,3]、Winkler等人[4,5]在MEMIN项目中,对撞击后的靶体进行切片显微分析,采用孔隙率测量、裂纹长轴方向统计分析、粒子尺寸分布统计分析等方法对损伤区尺寸进行了测量和分析,将多种测量方法得到的损伤区深度进行对比,得到了可信度较高的损伤区深度数据,为损伤区分析提供了关键的实验数据.
损伤区的分析包括理论分析和数值模拟. 理论分析需要考虑动态损伤,难度较大. 数值模拟目前是损伤区分析的重要手段,目前开展相关工作较少,且与实验结果吻合的并不好[4]. 损伤可以用很多参数(损伤因子D、塑性应变、压力等)来描述,但目前并未找到能够评价损伤区并推广到不同工况的合适参数,即目前缺乏针对特定材料模型的损伤判据.
本文拟总结MEMIN项目中的损伤区分析的实验结果,基于iSALE软件和Collins强度模型进行损伤区的数值模拟分析,利用损伤区实验测试结果验证数值模拟方法和损伤区判据的有效性,并在此基础上分析其他靶体参数对损伤区的影响规律.
Buhe等人[2,3]为了分析撞击后的靶体损伤区,利用两种不同尺寸(直径2.5 mm和10 mm)的弹体开展了相似条件下的超高速撞击砂岩靶实验,定义损伤区深度的是靶体表面到达损伤区最深处的距离. Buhe对撞击后的砂岩靶进行了切片显微分析,发现砂岩靶成坑下方的损伤区可以分为三个以撞击点为中心的同心壳层区域. 一是拉伸损伤区,在坑底部,因成坑回弹形成的一个拉伸破坏的薄层,该区域内材料表现出拉伸损伤的特征,该区域的孔隙率可能比基体材料的孔隙率更大. 二是晶粒大范围的压碎和压实的区域,该区域出现晶粒内部的裂纹,孔隙率低于基体. 三是局部变形区域,该区域内材料可见显著的变形损伤,还可见剪切带、晶粒间裂纹、孪晶等,孔隙率低于或近似等于基体. 以上三个区域,都可以认为是损伤区.
在损伤区中,Buhe利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜等对撞击后的靶体材料进行显微分析,观察分析了损伤区的形貌;还利用孔隙率测量、裂纹长轴方向统计分析、粒子尺寸分布统计分析等方法对损伤区进行了表征和测量. Buhe发现对于某一实验,采用多种损伤区测量方法得到的损伤区的深度基本接近,这给损伤区分析提供了便利.
Buhe进行的2.5 mm直径的钢弹以4.8 km/s速度撞击砂岩靶实验,得到的损伤区深度为17.7 mm;进行的10 mm直径的钢弹以4.6 km/s的速度撞击砂岩靶实验,得到的损伤区深度为83.3 mm. 不同尺寸的实验中,体现出一定的尺寸效应,即弹体直径增大,比例成坑深度(成坑深度与弹体直径的比值)增加,进而比例损伤区深度(损伤区深度与弹体直径的比值)也增加.
Winkler等[4]开展了2.5 mm直径的钢弹以5 km/s的速度撞击大理岩和石英岩实验,利用晶粒裂纹方向、晶粒间裂纹密度、孔隙率、晶间边界打开比例等参数进行靶体损伤区范围的分析,发现这几种方法得到的损伤区范围并无显著偏差. 发现径向裂纹、拉伸裂纹和晶粒内部裂纹是不含孔隙靶的正常破坏响应. 在石英岩靶中,成坑下方发现大量的沿着剪切带的强烈的局部变形,表现为晶粒的粉碎. 在大理石靶中,成坑下方发现很多孪晶,以及裂隙的扩展. Winkler总结得到的大理岩中的损伤区深度为10.1 mm,石英岩中的损伤区深度为18.1 mm.
因此,不同材质、孔隙率的靶体,损伤区的微观表征各不相同,但是针对某一种靶体采用多种损伤区分析方法,得到的损伤区深度参数比较吻合,这给损伤区分析提供了便利.
本文采用iSALE2D冲击物理程序[6]分析超高速撞击条件下靶体损伤区,iSALE2D是基于SALE[7]编写的. SALE是流体动力学程序,为了分析固体超高速撞击过程,引入了弹塑性本构方程,断裂模型和多种状态方程[8,9],近期还引入了强度模型和孔隙率模型等,能够更准确的描述超高速撞击过程[6,10]. 数值模拟中,弹靶的材料状态方程采用分析状态方程[11,12]. 在几何建模方面,弹体的半径方向有10个单元,靶体的几何尺寸与实验用靶体一致,划分为500×750个网格. 这种网格划分能够兼顾准确性与运算效率[13].
为了描述成坑过程,需要选择合适的材料本构模型. 我们采用了Collins提出的描述岩石的本构模型[10],该模型考虑了损伤对强度的影响. 屈服面与围压P有关,还与材料的变形、损伤历程有关. 定义D是损伤因子,D=0代表岩石完好,D=1代表岩石完全破坏. 完整岩石的屈服强度为
Yi0是零围压下的内聚力,Yim是极限围压下的强度,可以用雨贡纽弹性极限表示[1]βi是摩擦系数,P是围压. 完全损伤材料的强度表示为
Yd0是损伤材料在零围压下的内聚力,Ydm是损伤材料在极限围压下的强度,βd是损伤材料的摩擦系数. 对于部分损伤材料,材料强度可以表示为
Collins损伤模型定义损伤因子D是拉伸损伤因子Dt和剪切损伤Ds的和,即
其中,剪切造成的损伤Ds的定义如下:
其中εp是累积塑性应变(Total Plastic Strain,TPS),总是为正. 定义是所有时间步的塑性应变绝对值的和,即
其中Δtn是第n步的时间步长,是某一时间步下的应变率的不变量. εf是临界破坏塑性应变. 在简单损伤模型中,可以定义εf为常数,例如0.05[15]. 在Collins损伤模型中,定义εf是随压力变化的分段线性函数.
pbdpbp分别是脆性-韧性转变压力和脆性-塑性转变压力. 在Collins模型中,pbd认为是损伤应变5%时的压力,pbp认为是损伤应变10%时的压力.
Collins等[10]认为拉伸损伤是单元中单个特征裂纹的增长累计导致的,假设裂纹以cg的速度增长,单元的拉伸损伤可以定义为
其中dx和dy是单元的尺寸. 在Collins的损伤模型中,一般认为裂纹扩展速度是体声速的40%,即cg=0.4cB.
在上文分析中,与靶体损伤密切相关的两个参数分别是损伤因子D和累积塑性应变(TPS). 图1是恒定应变率条件下考虑损伤的应力-应变曲线. 从图1可以看出D与TPS之间的关系. 当应变小于0.01时,D=0,应力随应变线性增加;当应变约为0.01时,应力达到屈服极限,随后损伤因子D逐渐增加,屈服极限逐渐降低;当应变增加到0.05附近时,损伤因子增加到1,之后不再增加,屈服极限不再显著降低,基本保持不变.
为与实验中观察到的损伤区进行类比,我们需要在数值模拟方法中,选择合适的损伤判定参量和该参量下的损伤阈值. 根据上文分析,我们拟选择损伤因子D和累积塑性应变TPS作为损伤判断参量. 其中TPS的阈值重点关注0.01,0.05和0.1,D的阈值分别为0和1.
同时,峰值压力Pmax是较好的损伤判定参量,并且可以拓展到相变分析等领域. 峰值压力Pmax与损伤相关的量分别是无围压屈服强度Yucs和雨贡纽弹性极限HEL(极限围压下的屈服强度). MEMIN实验中,仅测量了靶体的无围压屈服强度,并未直接测量靶体材料的HEL,因此采用公式HEL=Yucs(1-ν)/(1-2ν)得到. 对于砂岩,Yucs=69.6 MPa;对于石英岩,Yucs=292 MPa,HEL=511 MPa.
将以上损伤判定参量和拟定的阈值代入数值模拟中,并与实验得到的损伤区结果进行对比,确定合适的损伤判定参量及该参量下的损伤阈值.
表1是MEMIN项目中进行的损伤区测量的实验参数和实验结果,本节拟利用损伤区实验测试结果验证数值模拟方法和损伤区判据的有效性.
如果以TPS作为损伤判断参量,TPS取值重点关注0.01,0.05和0.1,这些TPS取值依次将撞击坑周边区域区分成若干部分. 随着TPS取值降低,对应区域的深度逐渐增加. 当TPS=0.1时,得到的损伤区深度为17.5 mm,与实验结果吻合很好.
以TPS=0.1作为损伤区的判据,利用数值模拟方法分析不同弹体尺度、不同靶体材料条件下的损伤区深度,并与实验结果进行对比. 当弹体直径增大至10 mm时,数值模拟得到的损伤区深度比实验结果小13.4%. 这与尺度效应有关,即实验中,弹体直径增大,比例成坑深度(成坑深度与弹体直径的比值)增加,进而比例损伤区深度(损伤区深度与弹体直径的比值)也增加. 而数值模拟结果是不考虑尺度效应的,因此对于大尺寸弹体,得到的损伤区深度与实验结果的差值大于小尺寸弹体. 当靶体选为石英岩时,数值模拟得到的损伤区深度比实验结果小18.2%,吻合较好. 因此,在弹体尺寸、靶体材料变化的条件下,采用TPS=0.1作为损伤区的判断依据,得到的损伤区尺寸与实验结果偏差不超过18.2%. 因此,采用TPS=0.1作为损伤区判断依据是合适的.
如果以损伤参数D作为损伤判断参量,D的取值分别为0和1,D=0代表材料无损伤,D=1代表材料完全损伤. 从图2可以看出,0<D<1代表的区域非常小,可以忽略不计. 当D=1时,对应的靶体损伤区深度为23.2 mm,而实验得到的损伤区深度为17.7 mm,模拟结果比实验结果偏大31.1%,说明采用D=1作为损伤区的判定标准,与实验结果有较大偏差. 此外,由于0<D<1代表的区域非常小,因此采用损伤参数D进行损伤区判定,难以根据参数变化进行损伤区域大小的调整.
D=1作为判断损伤区的标准,利用数值模拟方法分析不同弹体尺度、不同靶体材料条件下的损伤区深度,并与实验结果进行对比. 当弹体直径增大至10 mm时,数值模拟得到的损伤区深度比实验结果大13.5%,误差比实验A6-5126的更小,这主要与尺度效应有关. 当靶体选为石英岩时,数值模拟得到的损伤区深度比实验结果大31.5%. 因此,在弹体尺寸、靶体材料变化的条件下,采用D=1作为损伤区的判断依据,得到的损伤区尺寸与实验结果偏差达到13.5~31.5%,偏差较大,但是在不同工况下的偏差都集中在一个较小区间内. 因此,采用D=1作为损伤区判据是可用的,但是需要谨慎使用,且需要利用更多实验数据进行校核.
峰值压力Pmax与损伤相关的量分别是无围压屈服强度Yucs和雨贡纽弹性极限HEL(极限围压下的屈服强度). 对于实验A6-5126,靶体为砂岩,Yucs=69.6 MPa,HEL=121.8 MPa,如图3所示,这两个Pmax的取值将撞击坑周边区域分成若干区域. Pmax对应的深度是15.0 mm;Pmax=Yucs=69.6 MPa对应的深度是16.8 mm,与实验得到的损伤区尺寸吻合更好.
Pmax=Yucs作为损伤区判据,对表1中的其他几个算例进行分析. 对于弹体直径增大至10 mm的情况下,数值模拟得到的损伤区深度比实验结果小19.0%,这与尺度效应有关. 当靶体选为石英岩时,数值模拟得到的损伤区深度与实验结果发生较大偏差,达到99.4%. 这说明Pmax=Yucs作为评判损伤区的标准难以推广到不同靶体.
超高速撞击成坑过程中,产生冲击波膨胀和扩散,并形成开坑. 坑周围的靶体材料损伤,是剪切破坏和拉伸破坏的共同作用. 拉伸破坏是拉伸应力超过拉伸强度出现的破坏模式. 当出现拉伸破坏时,裂纹沿着最大拉伸应力方向的垂直方向扩展,导致快速、非稳定路径的完整破坏. 剪切破坏不同于拉伸破坏条件下的裂纹的连续伸长,剪切裂纹的滑移使应力集中于尖端,在初始裂纹的尖端产生新的裂纹,新裂纹的增殖平行于大部分的压缩应力轴,通过小裂纹增殖、平面外次级裂纹相遇,最终形成复杂的剪切破坏区域. 在超高速撞击成坑下方的损伤区中,剪切破坏起主要作用. 因此,可通过对比累积塑性应变TPS和临界破坏塑性应变εf的关系来确定是否发生损伤.
为了更全面的定义临界破坏塑性应变,我们采用了Evans和Kohlstedt[16]的思想,即考虑剪切破坏发生在三种情况下:脆性、半脆性和塑性,在三种情况下均受围压影响. 低围压下,损伤岩石强度低于完整岩石,零围压下破坏点处的塑性应变0.01,增加到脆-韧转变围压pbd时塑性应变为0.05. 此时岩石破坏是沿着微裂纹方向的不相关的脆性裂纹决定的,有很强的应变局部化. 对于很大的围压,如果围压比剪切强度的2倍还大,此时岩石表现出塑性,此时变形并不是由于裂纹增长或摩擦滑移,而是通过点缺陷的运动、位错、孪晶、晶界滑动. 进一步,随着塑性应变增加,强度并没有降低. 在这个情况下,我们定义在脆性-塑性转变围压pbp时塑性应变为0.1,2倍脆性-塑性转化围压时塑性应变为1.
对于超高速撞击成坑下方的损伤区,围压一般不小于剪切强度. 因此临界破坏塑性应变取值可在0.05~0.1之间. 根据上文分析,由于将TPS=0.1作为损伤区的判定依据,得到的损伤区和实验结果吻合较好. 因此,上文选择的TPS=0.1作为损伤区判断依据是合适的.
损伤因子D考虑了拉伸和剪切破坏的综合作用. 上文给出的损伤区判据TPS=0.1主要考虑的是剪切损伤,其仅与Ds密切相关,并未考虑拉伸损伤. 因此D=1是考虑了剪切和拉伸两种破坏综合作用条件下的损伤判据,相对于TPS=0.1考虑的因素更多. 因此采用D=1作为损伤判据得到的损伤区相对于TPS=0.1得到的损伤区偏大.
表1可知,采用D=1作为损伤判据,当弹体直径2.5 mm,靶体分别为砂岩和石英岩时,模拟得到的损伤区的深度比实验结果均偏大约31%. 这说明采用D=1作为判据得到的损伤区,与实验结果的误差比以TPS=0.1作为判据得到产生的误差更大,但是不同靶体间的一致性较好. 对于难以准确测量的损伤区深度,损伤因子D作为损伤区判据是可用的,但是使用时需要特别注意,且需要利用更多实验数据进行校核.
表1可以看出,采用峰值压力Pmax=Yucs作为损伤区判据,通过数值模拟得到的损伤区与实验结果有很大偏差,不同靶体之间得到的损伤区深度偏差也很大.
超高速撞击条件下,撞击坑下方的损伤区包括剪切损伤和拉伸损伤,其中剪切损伤起主要作用. 剪切损伤与累计塑性应变有关,即与峰值压力和作用时间都相关. 因此,峰值压力不适宜单独作为损伤区的判定参数. 与峰值压力密切相关的相变、拉伸损伤等也许可以采用峰值压力作为判据,但这还需要进一步的验证.
为了分析靶体孔隙率、靶体强度等参数对损伤区深度的影响规律,进一步认识损伤区的产生机制,本节进行了参数化分析,其中孔隙率的变化范围为1%~23.1%,靶体强度的变化范围为0.1Y~10Y.
通过图4可以看出,当其他参数不变,仅有孔隙率增大的情况下,成坑深度逐渐增大,以TPS=0.1作为损伤判据得到的损伤区逐渐减小,以D=1作为损伤判据的损伤区也逐渐减小. 这是由于孔隙率增大,在相同靶体强度的情况下,靶体抵抗成坑的阻力减小,导致成坑深度增大. 此外,孔隙率增大,导致应力波衰减速率大幅增加,撞击能量传递导致的剪切和拉伸破坏程度降低,导致损伤区尺寸降低.
通过图5可以看出,当其他参数不变,仅增加靶体强度的情况下(靶体强度从0.1Y增加到10Y),成坑深度从15.6 mm降至10.2 mm,下降幅度34.6%;以TPS=0.1作为判据的损伤区深度从23.5 mm降至14.6 mm,下降幅度37.8%;以D=1作为判据的损伤区深度从36.5 mm降至14.8 mm,下降幅度59.5%. 以TPS=0.1作为判据的损伤区深度的下降幅度与成坑深度的下降幅度接近,以D=1作为判据的损伤区深度的下降幅度显著大于成坑深度的下降幅度. 根据Forrestal等[17]的分析认为,损伤区深度与成坑深度的比值是与靶体强度有关的常数,靶体强度越大,损伤区深度与成坑深度的比值越小. 因此,D=1作为判据的损伤区深度与Forrestal等[17]的分析更加吻合. 进一步的验证还需要利用相关实验结果进行验证.
本文总结了已有的撞击坑下方的损伤区的定量测量结果,基于iSALE程序模拟分析了累积塑性应变、损伤因子和峰值压力作为损伤区判断参数的适用性,通过参数化分析探究了靶体孔隙率、靶体强度等参数对损伤区深度的影响规律,得到的结论如下:
(1)不同材质、孔隙率的靶体,损伤区的微观表征各不相同,但是针对某一种靶体采用多种损伤区分析方法,如孔隙率分析法、晶粒尺寸分布分析方法、变形微结构分析方法和微裂纹方向统计分析方法等,得到的损伤区深度参数比较吻合,这给损伤区分析提供了便利.
(2)TPS=0.1作为损伤判据,得到的4.56~5.43 km/s超高速撞击条件下靶体的损伤区深度与实验结果吻合很好,推广到不同弹体尺寸、不同靶体材料的条件下,得到的损伤区深度也与实验结果吻合较好,因此TPS=0.1适合作为数值模拟中损伤区的判据;D=1作为损伤判据,在不同弹体尺寸、不同靶体材料条件下,得到的损伤区深度与实验结果的有一定偏差,但是偏差比较接近,因此D=1也可以作为数值模拟中损伤区判据,但需要利用更多实验数据进行校核;峰值压力作为损伤判据,在不同弹体尺寸、不同靶体材料的条件下,偏差很大,因此峰值压力不适宜作为损伤判据.
(3)通过参数化分析发现,随着孔隙率增大和靶体强度增大,损伤区逐渐减小.
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(11802248)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.055
  • 接收时间:2023-06-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-02
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国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(11802248)
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    西北核技术研究所,西安,710024

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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