Article(id=1244239608544871087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693411200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774579439530, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774579439530, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774579439530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774579439530, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244239603624952467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774579438358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774590203812, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=88, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244239609350177465, articleId=1244239608544871087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Mechanism Analysis of the Influence of Adhesive Layer on Scratch Damage of Polymethylmethacrylate Coating, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence of adhesive layer thickness and adhesion strength on the scratch damage of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coating, scratch experiments were systematically conducted on PMMA coatings with different adhesive layer thicknesses and adhesion strengths. A constitutive model considering the competition between shear yielding and brittle fracture was employed to describe the mechanical behavior of PMMA coating. The scratch behavior of PMMA coating was simulated using the finite element method. The physical mechanisms behind the complex scratch damage modes were revealed. The results show that, different from the coating structures with a zero-thickness adhesive layer, the deformation of the finite-thickness adhesive layer leads to local bending of the PMMA coating, resulting in the formation of internal cracks in the bottom region of the coating beneath the scratch tip. An adhesive layer with strong adhesion strength restricts the deformation of the coating during scratching, preventing severe buckling of the coating in front of the scratch tip and avoiding the formation of longitudinal cracks that penetrate through the coating along the thickness direction. Increasing the coating thickness can enhance the resistance of the coating to bending and buckling during scratching, thereby delaying the formation of the internal and longitudinal cracks. These findings contribute to the understanding of the scratch mechanism and further improvement of the scratch resistance and functional integrity of PMMA coatings.

, correspAuthors=Han Jiang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hongbin Cai, Tianyuan Liu, Zhuoran Yang, Qian Cheng, Han Jiang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244239622105056085, articleId=1244239608544871087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=粘接层对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯涂层刮擦破坏的影响及机理分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究粘接层厚度和粘接强度对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)涂层刮擦破坏的影响,对不同粘接层厚度和粘接强度的PMMA涂层开展了系统的刮擦实验. 采用考虑剪切屈服和脆性断裂竞争行为的本构模型描述PMMA的力学行为,进行了PMMA涂层刮擦行为的有限元模拟,揭示了复杂刮擦破坏模式的物理机理. 研究结果表明:与零厚度粘接层的涂层相比,有限厚度粘接层的变形使PMMA涂层在刮擦过程中出现局部弯曲,导致刮头下方涂层底部区域形成内部裂纹;具有强粘接强度的粘接层可限制涂层在刮擦过程中的变形,避免刮头前方可能产生的严重屈曲,进而防止涂层底部形成沿厚度方向贯穿涂层的纵向裂纹;增加涂层厚度可以提高涂层在刮擦过程中的抗弯曲和抗屈曲能力,延缓内部裂纹和纵向裂纹的形成. 这些发现有助了解和改善PMMA涂层的刮擦性能.

, correspAuthors=蒋晗, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**E-mail:.
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Tribology International, 2016, 101: 110-114., articleTitle=Effect of thermal aging on the scratch behavior of poly (methyl methacrylate), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244274773514105391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, awardId=12272326, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12272326), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244274764051755339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244274764060143948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, companyId=1244274764051755339, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic finite element model of PMMA coating scratch, figureFileSmall=CA4yqmNyXQRDmImcQTdS1A==, figureFileBig=4eDTqJq+8YCghFGdLteJng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768195727821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PMMA涂层刮擦有限元模型示意图, figureFileSmall=CA4yqmNyXQRDmImcQTdS1A==, figureFileBig=4eDTqJq+8YCghFGdLteJng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768288002512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Typical scratch damage morphology of PMMA coating of 0.7 mm thickness in structure 1-2: (a) surface scratch morphology, (b) mar, (c) periodic crack, (d) material removal, (e) the relationship between scratch parameters and normal loads, figureFileSmall=2mG5s0gty2Sj/wGmlobElw==, figureFileBig=RBHxSwL6n3EehGaacm6vvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768405443027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图3, caption=结构1-2中厚度为0.7 mm的PMMA涂层的典型刮擦破坏形貌:(a)表面刮擦形貌,(b)mar损伤,(c)周期性裂纹和(d)材料去除,(e)划痕参数与法向载荷的关系图, figureFileSmall=2mG5s0gty2Sj/wGmlobElw==, figureFileBig=RBHxSwL6n3EehGaacm6vvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768497717717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Mean stress, maximum principal stress and craze strain distribution of PMMA coating of 0.7 mm thickness in structure 1-2 at different scratch loads: (a)(b)(c)53 N, (d)(e)54 N, (f)(g)55.5 N, figureFileSmall=uiCieVPLP0NAo4TX7Fz2Qg==, figureFileBig=Jx4omLu4c5u2yHftlVRvhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768589992407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图4, caption=结构1-2中0.7 mm厚的PMMA涂层在不同刮擦载荷作用下的静水张力、最大主应力和银纹应变分布:(a)(b)(c)53 N,(d)(e)54 N,(f)(g)55.5 N, figureFileSmall=uiCieVPLP0NAo4TX7Fz2Qg==, figureFileBig=Jx4omLu4c5u2yHftlVRvhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768694850010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Typical scratch damage morphology of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 1-2: (a) surface scratch morphology, (b) mar, (c) longitudinal crack, (d) micro-radial crack, (e) angular crack, (f) micro-angular crack, (g) the relationship between scratch parameters and normal loads, figureFileSmall=bzi28uArW0ayno5zRuYrfQ==, figureFileBig=t5dEaduvT6p7bOelXj/H4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768757764573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图5, caption=结构1-2中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层的典型刮擦破坏形貌为:(a)表面刮擦形貌,(b)mar损伤,(c)纵向裂纹,(d)微小放射状裂纹,(e)角裂纹,(f)微小角裂纹,(g)划痕参数与法向载荷的关系图, figureFileSmall=bzi28uArW0ayno5zRuYrfQ==, figureFileBig=t5dEaduvT6p7bOelXj/H4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768854233567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Scratch deformation illustration of PMMA coating structures under weak adhesion strength of zero-thickness adhesive layer, figureFileSmall=Xy96H3IHR6qDyxUkSjs1Sg==, figureFileBig=+6T0UAfLpYrYpQCkDZgjOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274768929731041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图6, caption=零厚度粘接层-弱粘接强度PMMA涂层结构的刮擦变形示意图, figureFileSmall=Xy96H3IHR6qDyxUkSjs1Sg==, figureFileBig=+6T0UAfLpYrYpQCkDZgjOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769022005732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Maximum principal stress and craze strain distribution of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 1-2 at different scratch loads: (a)(b): 28.5 N, (c)(d): 29 N, (e)(f): 29.5 N, figureFileSmall=A8kDSZL68g6eaibjU20A/g==, figureFileBig=TvRr1q4S0T9/8+LI7TuBeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769097503205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图7, caption=结构1-2中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层在不同刮擦载荷下的最大主应力和银纹应变分布:(a)(b):28.5 N,(c)(d):29 N,(e)(f):29.5 N, figureFileSmall=A8kDSZL68g6eaibjU20A/g==, figureFileBig=TvRr1q4S0T9/8+LI7TuBeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769193972201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Maximum principal stress and craze strain distribution of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 1-2 at different scratch loads: (a)(b): 30.5 N, (c)(d): 31 N, figureFileSmall=gTldEjoCL3VqyDEG3YYDKA==, figureFileBig=z4JVodwS6Xqw1HsD4Mj0hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769307218409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图8, caption=结构1-2中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层在不同刮擦载荷下的最大主应力和银纹应变分布:(a)(b):30.5 N,(c)(d):31 N, figureFileSmall=gTldEjoCL3VqyDEG3YYDKA==, figureFileBig=z4JVodwS6Xqw1HsD4Mj0hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769424658924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Critical normal loads of scratch damage for PMMA coatings in structure 1-2, figureFileSmall=PDnhZvel/L+2rcJR0rE9sQ==, figureFileBig=pHil8tn+s2sUe9hSg25fkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769529516526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图9, caption=结构1-2中PMMA涂层刮擦破坏的临界法向载荷, figureFileSmall=PDnhZvel/L+2rcJR0rE9sQ==, figureFileBig=pHil8tn+s2sUe9hSg25fkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769630179824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Typical scratch damage morphology of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 2-1: (a) surface scratch morphology, (b) mar, (c) internal crack, (d) periodic crack, (e) material removal and (f) puncture, (g) the relationship between scratch parameters and normal loads, figureFileSmall=Yvsw0tDK9avupC4m4hcbfw==, figureFileBig=G9To1JKTnOlzRzkB8Cksjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769735037427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图10, caption=结构2-1中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层的典型刮擦破坏形貌:(a)表面刮擦形貌,(b)mar损伤,(c)内部裂纹,(d)周期性裂纹,(e)材料去除,(f)穿刺破坏,(g)划痕参数与法向载荷的关系图, figureFileSmall=Yvsw0tDK9avupC4m4hcbfw==, figureFileBig=G9To1JKTnOlzRzkB8Cksjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769814729204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Scratch deformation illustration of PMMA coating structures under strong adhesion with different adhesive layer thicknesses, figureFileSmall=nXT/pK+A7H7y3od1pPr+6A==, figureFileBig=VonDKvQZDoRBlM3IYOussQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769886032374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同粘接层厚度的PMMA涂层结构在强粘接强度下的刮擦变形示意图, figureFileSmall=nXT/pK+A7H7y3od1pPr+6A==, figureFileBig=VonDKvQZDoRBlM3IYOussQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274769965724153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Maximum principal stress and craze strain distribution of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 2-1 at different scratch loads: (a)(b): 13 N, (c)(d): 15 N, (e)(f): 17 N, figureFileSmall=5Bsx5iZt1c4oA4AmCvwhEg==, figureFileBig=8MEKP8mbPDWZiycx+Lp1nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770041221627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图12, caption=结构2-1中0.2 mm厚度的PMMA涂层在不同刮擦载荷下的最大主应力和银纹应变分布:(a)(b):13 N,(c)(d):15 N,(e)(f):17 N, figureFileSmall=5Bsx5iZt1c4oA4AmCvwhEg==, figureFileBig=8MEKP8mbPDWZiycx+Lp1nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770116719102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Maximum principal stress and craze strain distribution of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 2-1 at different scratch loads: (a)(b): 18 N, (c)(d): 19 N, figureFileSmall=Xd5OlRrOClMqxRohGHH9pg==, figureFileBig=UpEVIE+dmNXMelCxIZTqdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770188022274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图13, caption=结构2-1中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层在不同刮擦载荷下的最大主应力和银纹应变分布:(a)(b):18 N,(c)(d):19 N, figureFileSmall=Xd5OlRrOClMqxRohGHH9pg==, figureFileBig=UpEVIE+dmNXMelCxIZTqdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770242548228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Critical normal loads of scratch damage for PMMA coating in structure 2-1, figureFileSmall=yF6Ikv7PGfr6e+gpIST4BA==, figureFileBig=FTXyUOy4IKQ/Jv7KMmBXEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770393543176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图14, caption=结构2-1中PMMA涂层刮擦破坏的临界法向载荷, figureFileSmall=yF6Ikv7PGfr6e+gpIST4BA==, figureFileBig=FTXyUOy4IKQ/Jv7KMmBXEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770494206475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Typical scratch damage morphology of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 2-2: (a) surface scratch morphology, (b) mar, (c) internal crack, (d) longitudinal crack, (e) micro-radial crack, (f) angular crack, (g) micro-angular crack, (h) the relationship between scratch parameters and normal loads, figureFileSmall=7VAd84cLeUdJ12vVlIwwKg==, figureFileBig=DmNnpk6RyCzw4yyVTMaFog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770557121038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图15, caption=结构2-2中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层的典型刮擦破坏形貌:(a)表面刮擦形貌,(b)mar损伤,(c)内部裂纹,(d)纵向裂纹,(e)微小放射状裂纹,(f)角裂纹,(g)微小角裂纹,(h)划痕参数与法向载荷的关系图, figureFileSmall=7VAd84cLeUdJ12vVlIwwKg==, figureFileBig=DmNnpk6RyCzw4yyVTMaFog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770632618513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Scratch deformation illustration of PMMA coating structures with finite-thickness adhesive layer under different adhesion strengths: (a1) weak adhesion and (a2) strong adhesion. Maximum principal stress and craze strain distribution of 0.2 mm thick PMMA coating in (b1)(c1) structure 2-2 and (b2)(c2) structure 2-1, figureFileSmall=IIt1gwYLE0luREA9i1tKxA==, figureFileBig=Twmwsp0YttQjaxbK3YSf6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770708115988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图16, caption=有限厚度粘接层PMMA涂层结构在不同粘接强度下的刮擦变形示意图:(a1)弱粘接和(a2)强粘接.0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层在(b1)(c1)结构2-2和(b2)(c2)结构2-1中的最大主应力和银纹应变分布, figureFileSmall=IIt1gwYLE0luREA9i1tKxA==, figureFileBig=Twmwsp0YttQjaxbK3YSf6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770796196375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Critical normal loads of scratch damage for PMMA coatings in structure 2-2, figureFileSmall=/flTgap16kGavDI1vze+dg==, figureFileBig=xXHT9lnx0UNd4g5Rg0mM1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770880082457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图17, caption=结构2-2中PMMA涂层刮擦破坏的临界法向载荷, figureFileSmall=/flTgap16kGavDI1vze+dg==, figureFileBig=xXHT9lnx0UNd4g5Rg0mM1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274770955579932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig. s1, caption=Typical scratch damage morphology of PMMA coating of 0.7 mm thickness in structure 1-2 in the repetition experiments: (a)(e) surface scratch morphology, (b)(f) mar, (c)(g) periodic crack and (d)(h) material removal, figureFileSmall=RFjwmfaVzLEPXdwlTRMv3w==, figureFileBig=t6kU4myleEgkzgnAeVevDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274771035271710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图s1, caption=结构1-2中厚度为0.7 mm的PMMA涂层刮擦重复实验的典型刮擦破坏形貌:(a)(e)表面刮擦形貌,(b)(f)mar损伤,(c)(g)周期性裂纹和(d)(h)材料去除, figureFileSmall=RFjwmfaVzLEPXdwlTRMv3w==, figureFileBig=t6kU4myleEgkzgnAeVevDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274771114963488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig. s2, caption=Typical scratch damage morphology of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 1-2 in the repetition experiments: (a)(g) surface scratch morphology, (b)(h) mar, (c)(i) longitudinal crack, (d)(j) micro-radial crack, (e)(k) angular crack and (f)(l) micro-angular crack, figureFileSmall=HcvlYiDRbXN/0Nko8pdV0w==, figureFileBig=Dvy5cuyVQWQN/d57RHkDzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274771207238177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图s2, caption=结构1-2中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层刮擦重复实验的的典型刮擦破坏形貌为:(a)(g)表面刮擦形貌,(b)(h)mar损伤,(c)(i)纵向裂纹,(d)(j)微小放射状裂纹,(e)(k)角裂纹,(f)(l)微小角裂纹, figureFileSmall=HcvlYiDRbXN/0Nko8pdV0w==, figureFileBig=Dvy5cuyVQWQN/d57RHkDzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274772721381924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig. s3, caption=Typical scratch damage morphology of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 2-1 in the repetition experiments: (a)(g) surface scratch morphology, (b)(h) mar, (c)(i) internal crack, (d)(j) periodic crack, (e)(k) material removal and (f)(l) puncture, figureFileSmall=SUpIQrUUGtGDmdFjYrWfJw==, figureFileBig=ikXBCChnojSNGkY9iTtMDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274772813656613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图s3, caption=结构2-1中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层刮擦重复实验的的典型刮擦破坏形貌:(a)(g)表面刮擦形貌,(b)(h)mar损伤,(c)(i)内部裂纹,(d)(j)周期性裂纹,(e)(k)材料去除,(f)(l)穿刺破坏, figureFileSmall=SUpIQrUUGtGDmdFjYrWfJw==, figureFileBig=ikXBCChnojSNGkY9iTtMDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274772889154087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Fig. s4, caption=Typical scratch damage morphology of PMMA coating of 0.2 mm thickness in structure 2-2 in the repetition experiments: (a)(h) surface scratch morphology, (b)(i) mar, (c)(j) internal crack, (d)(k) longitudinal crack, (e)(l) micro-radial crack, (f)(m) angular crack and (g)(n) micro-angular crack, figureFileSmall=PpZJoX3fTKXvvDQEL18Jhw==, figureFileBig=0f3GerfMmgML/O+N8F+8fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274772981428776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=图s4, caption=结构2-2中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层剪切屈服和脆性断裂竞争的典型刮擦破坏形貌:(a)(h)表面刮擦形貌,(b)(i)mar损伤,(c)(j)内部裂纹,(d)(k)纵向裂纹,(e)(l)微小放射状裂纹,(f)(m)角裂纹,(g)(n)微小角裂纹, figureFileSmall=PpZJoX3fTKXvvDQEL18Jhw==, figureFileBig=0f3GerfMmgML/O+N8F+8fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244274773065314856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Coating structures used in the study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号结构PMMA厚度(mm)粘接层厚度(mm)
1-1*PMMA/Steel(Strong adhesion)
1-2PMMA/Steel(Weak adhesion)0.2,0.3,0.5,0.70
2-1PMMA/Adhesive/Steel(Strong adhesion)0.2,0.3,0.5,0.70.02
2-2PMMA/Adhesive/Steel(Weak adhesion)0.2,0.3,0.5,0.70.02
), ArticleFig(id=1244274773153395241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本文所研究的PMMA涂层结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号结构PMMA厚度(mm)粘接层厚度(mm)
1-1*PMMA/Steel(Strong adhesion)
1-2PMMA/Steel(Weak adhesion)0.2,0.3,0.5,0.70
2-1PMMA/Adhesive/Steel(Strong adhesion)0.2,0.3,0.5,0.70.02
2-2PMMA/Adhesive/Steel(Weak adhesion)0.2,0.3,0.5,0.70.02
), ArticleFig(id=1244274773224698410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material parameters for coating structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数
Coating(PMMA)[20]弹性参数:E=2.8 GPa,ν=0.33,kE=0.053
剪切流动参数:μR=7.7 MPa,λL=1.71,A=167 K/MPa,θ=293 K,α=0.32,h=1.1 GPa,s0=20 MPa,scv=31.7 MPa,b=790,g0=6×10-3ηcv=0.00025
银纹流动参数:c1=0.2 MPa,c2=785.56 MPa2c3=46.7 MPa·s,scraze=200 MPa,m=0.05,
Adhesive(Acrylate)[29]E=50 MPa,ν=0.42
Substrate(304 Steel)[11]E=200GPa,ν=0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1244274773342138924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239608544871087, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PMMA涂层结构中所使用到的材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数
Coating(PMMA)[20]弹性参数:E=2.8 GPa,ν=0.33,kE=0.053
剪切流动参数:μR=7.7 MPa,λL=1.71,A=167 K/MPa,θ=293 K,α=0.32,h=1.1 GPa,s0=20 MPa,scv=31.7 MPa,b=790,g0=6×10-3ηcv=0.00025
银纹流动参数:c1=0.2 MPa,c2=785.56 MPa2c3=46.7 MPa·s,scraze=200 MPa,m=0.05,
Adhesive(Acrylate)[29]E=50 MPa,ν=0.42
Substrate(304 Steel)[11]E=200GPa,ν=0.3
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粘接层对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯涂层刮擦破坏的影响及机理分析
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蔡鸿彬 , 刘天远 , 杨卓然 , 程前 , 蒋晗 **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(1): 88-110
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(1): 88-110
粘接层对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯涂层刮擦破坏的影响及机理分析
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蔡鸿彬, 刘天远, 杨卓然, 程前, 蒋晗**
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学力学与航空航天学院应用力学与结构安全四川省重点实验室,成都,610031

通讯作者:

Mechanism Analysis of the Influence of Adhesive Layer on Scratch Damage of Polymethylmethacrylate Coating
Hongbin Cai, Tianyuan Liu, Zhuoran Yang, Qian Cheng, Han Jiang**
Affiliations
  • Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.048
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为研究粘接层厚度和粘接强度对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)涂层刮擦破坏的影响,对不同粘接层厚度和粘接强度的PMMA涂层开展了系统的刮擦实验. 采用考虑剪切屈服和脆性断裂竞争行为的本构模型描述PMMA的力学行为,进行了PMMA涂层刮擦行为的有限元模拟,揭示了复杂刮擦破坏模式的物理机理. 研究结果表明:与零厚度粘接层的涂层相比,有限厚度粘接层的变形使PMMA涂层在刮擦过程中出现局部弯曲,导致刮头下方涂层底部区域形成内部裂纹;具有强粘接强度的粘接层可限制涂层在刮擦过程中的变形,避免刮头前方可能产生的严重屈曲,进而防止涂层底部形成沿厚度方向贯穿涂层的纵向裂纹;增加涂层厚度可以提高涂层在刮擦过程中的抗弯曲和抗屈曲能力,延缓内部裂纹和纵向裂纹的形成. 这些发现有助了解和改善PMMA涂层的刮擦性能.

刮擦  /  聚合物  /  涂层  /  粘接层  /  破坏机理

To investigate the influence of adhesive layer thickness and adhesion strength on the scratch damage of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coating, scratch experiments were systematically conducted on PMMA coatings with different adhesive layer thicknesses and adhesion strengths. A constitutive model considering the competition between shear yielding and brittle fracture was employed to describe the mechanical behavior of PMMA coating. The scratch behavior of PMMA coating was simulated using the finite element method. The physical mechanisms behind the complex scratch damage modes were revealed. The results show that, different from the coating structures with a zero-thickness adhesive layer, the deformation of the finite-thickness adhesive layer leads to local bending of the PMMA coating, resulting in the formation of internal cracks in the bottom region of the coating beneath the scratch tip. An adhesive layer with strong adhesion strength restricts the deformation of the coating during scratching, preventing severe buckling of the coating in front of the scratch tip and avoiding the formation of longitudinal cracks that penetrate through the coating along the thickness direction. Increasing the coating thickness can enhance the resistance of the coating to bending and buckling during scratching, thereby delaying the formation of the internal and longitudinal cracks. These findings contribute to the understanding of the scratch mechanism and further improvement of the scratch resistance and functional integrity of PMMA coatings.

scratch  /  polymer  /  coating  /  adhesive layer  /  damage mechanism
蔡鸿彬, 刘天远, 杨卓然, 程前, 蒋晗. 粘接层对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯涂层刮擦破坏的影响及机理分析. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (1) : 88 -110 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.048
Hongbin Cai, Tianyuan Liu, Zhuoran Yang, Qian Cheng, Han Jiang. Mechanism Analysis of the Influence of Adhesive Layer on Scratch Damage of Polymethylmethacrylate Coating[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (1) : 88 -110 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.048
随着材料工业的发展,聚合物涂层的应用越来越广泛[1]. 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)涂层因具有优异的光学性能、良好的耐腐蚀性和低廉的成本,广泛应用于微电子、医药和车辆等领域[2-4]. 然而,PMMA涂层在运输和服役过程中不可避免地会受到刮擦作用,刮擦破坏不仅会影响产品的美观性,甚至会降低涂层的使用寿命和功能完整性. 因此,PMMA涂层的刮擦行为值得研究.
学者们采用实验和模拟的手段已对块体聚合物材料的刮擦行为及其相关影响因素开展了广泛研究,包括材料的力学性能、刮擦工况和环境等因素的影响,详见Sue等[5,6]、Jiang等[7,8]和Liu等[9,10]的讨论. 由于聚合物涂层结构是复杂的多层结构,其刮擦行为比块状材料更为复杂,涉及脱粘分层、涂层和基底的塑性变形或开裂等复杂破坏模式[11]. 现有的涂层结构研究工作中,根据制备方法不同,可按照粘接层厚度将涂层结构分为零厚度和有限厚度两种类型(图1[12]. 在零厚度粘接层涂层结构中,粘接层主要起到调节界面粘接强度的作用. 通过提高粘接强度,可以有效延缓涂层脱粘分层现象的发生[13]. 此外对于有限厚度粘接层涂层结构,粘接层的变形和破坏也是非常重要的影响因素[14-16]. Zhang等发现,有限厚度粘接层的引入使PMMA涂层在刮擦时的弯曲程度加剧,导致最大主应力增大,造成涂层刮擦破坏提前[16]. Hossain等发现,有限厚度粘接层可以降低PETA涂层刮擦过程中所受拉应力的大小,延迟其涂层开裂. 当载荷较大时,有限厚度粘接层的塑性变形又会导致涂层犁削破坏提前发生[15]. 考虑到粘接层的变形和粘接强度对涂层结构刮擦破坏行为的复杂性,而现有研究中多仅针对某一类涂层结构进行分析,难以全面分析粘接层的厚度和粘接强度对涂层结构刮擦破坏的影响. 为了揭示PMMA涂层的刮擦破坏机理,进一步优化PMMA涂层的刮擦性能,需要系统地研究粘接层厚度/粘接强度与PMMA涂层刮擦破坏行为之间的关系.
有限元方法(FEM)是分析聚合物涂层复杂刮擦破坏机理的有效数值方法[11,15-18]. Wittmann等[17]采用各向同性线弹性本构模型表征聚氨酯涂层的变形行为,根据应力状态分析了刮擦过程中裂纹形成的过程. Jiang等[11]采用分段线性弹塑性本构模型研究了软-硬和硬-软聚合物涂层结构的刮擦破坏机理. Yang等[18]采用考虑应变率影响的弹塑性本构模型研究了涂层结构在球形和锥形刮头作用下的刮擦破坏机理. 然而,PMMA材料的变形响应受应力状态影响较大,在压应力状态下,PMMA材料由于剪切屈服表现出良好的韧性;在拉应力状态下,银纹的出现导致PMMA材料最终发生脆性破坏[19]. 考虑到PMMA涂层在刮擦作用下的应力状态十分复杂,上述研究使用的本构模型无法合理考虑PMMA材料在刮擦过程的剪切屈服与脆性断裂共存与竞争机制,难以准确分析PMMA涂层的刮擦破坏模式. Jiang等[20]提出了考虑剪切屈服和脆性断裂竞争的本构模型,成功用于PMMA块体材料的刮擦破坏行为的数值模拟. 可引入该本构模型探究PMMA涂层的刮擦破坏机理.
本研究制备了不同粘接层厚度和粘接强度的PMMA涂层,并开展了系统的刮擦实验,研究了粘接层的厚度和粘接强度对涂层刮擦行为的影响. 采用考虑剪切屈服和脆性断裂竞争行为的本构模型,进行了PMMA涂层的刮擦有限元模拟,揭示了复杂刮擦破坏模式的物理机理,帮助理解聚合物涂层结构的刮擦破坏行为,可以帮助设计具有优良刮擦性能的涂层结构.
实验中使用的涂层材料是商用PMMA薄膜(AFT01,CST MATERIALS),由东莞市惊鸿塑胶有限公司提供. 试样的长度和宽度为10 cm,共采用了四种涂层厚度,分别为0.2、0.3、0.5和0.7 mm. 为消除加工造成的热力学历史,将PMMA试样放置于85 ℃的高温环境箱(DZ-2BCⅡ,TAISITE INSTRUMENT)中热处理3小时,然后从环境箱中取出,空冷至室温.
表1所示,为探讨涂层的厚度和粘接强度对PMMA涂层刮擦行为的影响,可分为四种PMMA涂层结构. 其中,对于PMMA涂层结构1-1,作为最常见的涂层结构,已经有许多相关研究进行了讨论[21-23]. 由于其刮擦破坏行为较为单一,该涂层结构的刮擦行为主要通过文献总结进行讨论,不开展相关实验. 对于PMMA涂层结构1-2,PMMA涂层被直接放置于厚度为2 mm的不锈钢基底上. 由于界面作用主要为PMMA与基底之间的范德华力,可被认为是弱粘接强度的零厚度粘接层的PMMA涂层结构. 对于PMMA涂层结构2-1和2-2,在PMMA和不锈钢基底之间使用粘接剂(Super 75,3M)进行粘接,作为有限厚度粘接层的PMMA涂层结构. 对于强粘接的涂层结构2-1,在完成粘接后让其固化24小时,以达到最佳的粘接性能和稳定性,其粘接强度通过单搭接剪切实验测得为0.37 N/mm,具体测试方法详见文献[24]. 对于弱粘接涂层结构2-2,将粘接剂喷涂在不锈钢基底并放置24小时后,对粘接层表面喷涂一层极薄的聚四氟乙烯(571,OKS)以达到弱粘接效果.
根据ASTM/ISO刮擦测试标准[25,26],采用西南交通大学高分子材料力学性能课题组自主研发的刮擦测试仪器(STS MarkⅢ)进行刮擦实验. 刮擦实验中采用直径为1 mm的球形刮头,刮擦距离为60 mm,刮擦速度为100 mm/s. 对于结构1-2和2-2中的0.2 mm厚的涂层,刮擦载荷为1-60 N的线性增加载荷. 其余结构的刮擦载荷为1-150 N的线性增加载荷. 所有刮擦实验均在室温下进行,每个工况开展至少三组重复实验. 为了清楚地观察涂层结构2-1的破坏模式,使用除胶剂(Citrus Base Adhesive Remover,3M)对刮擦后试样的涂层进行剥离. 使用光学扫描仪(LiDE 110,CANON)以3200 dpi的分辨率捕获划痕整体形貌,并使用光学显微镜(MP20,MSHOT)对典型刮擦破坏模式进行观察.
通过商业有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit对PMMA涂层结构的刮擦进行模拟. 为节约计算时间,建立了如图2所示的半对称模型. 基底尺寸为20×4×1 mm3,涂层和粘接层的厚度与刮擦实验设置相同. 考虑到刮头刚度远大于PMMA涂层,刮头被设定为解析刚体. 基底、涂层和粘接层均使用三维八节点减缩单元(C3D8R)进行网格划分. 为提高计算效率,刮擦路径周围的网格被细化为0.04×0.04×0.04 mm3. 对于边界条件,涂层结构对称平面施加对称约束条件. 基底的底部约束Z方向的位移,刮擦路径方向上的两个端面约束X方向的位移. 刮头施加1-75 N的线性增加的载荷,刮擦速度为100 mm/s,刮擦距离为15 mm. 刮头和PMMA之间的摩擦系数为0.28. 采用双线性内聚力模型表征界面的粘接行为,强粘接强度设置与实验测量一致的0.37 N/mm,弱粘接强度设置为极小值2×10-5 N/mm.
为表征PMMA涂层的变形与破坏行为,本文采用考虑剪切屈服与脆性断裂竞争机制的本构模型[20],通过VUMAT子程序进行数值实现,本构模型的细节详见Jiang等的工作[20]. 对于剪切屈服过程,模型基于自由体积理论,定量描述不同率下的非线性粘塑性响应[27]. 其中,有效塑性伸长λp表征剪切屈服的程度. 当达到临界有效塑性伸长时,发生韧性破坏. 对于脆性断裂过程,参考Gearing和Anand工作[28],分别对银纹萌生、扩展和断裂三个阶段进行描述,并银纹萌生准则修正为考虑应变率影响的形式,
其中c1c2c3均为材料参数,σ1为最大主应力,σ1,cr是银纹萌生的临界值,σm为静水张力,是变形率张量的大小. εcraze为银纹应变,当达到临界值时,材料将发生脆性断裂. 基底和粘接层的变形行为均简化为线弹性模型描述. PMMA、粘接层和基底的材料参数可参考文献[11,20,29]获得,如表2所示.
现有研究中针对零厚度粘接层-强粘接强度涂层结构刮擦行为已开展了较为充分的研究[21-23]. 研究发现由于强粘接强度使粘接界面在刮擦过程中难以发生失效,当涂层材料为脆性时,随刮擦载荷增加在涂层表面依次观察到光滑变形(也被称为mar损伤)、周期性裂纹和材料去除现象. 此外,增加涂层厚度可以一定程度地提高涂层承受刮擦载荷的能力,减少涂层变形和延迟破坏的发生,但不会明显改变破坏模式.
图3所示为结构1-2中0.7 mm厚PMMA涂层的典型刮擦破坏形貌. 随着法向载荷的增加,依次观察到三种不同的刮擦破坏模式:在低载荷下,PMMA涂层表面出现mar损伤;随着载荷增加,PMMA涂层表面出现周期性裂纹;当载荷达到某一临界值时,PMMA涂层进入材料去除阶段. 重复实验的典型刮擦破坏形貌图见附录材料图s1. 不同破坏模式的出现也伴随有划痕宽度W和深度H的增大(图3e),当发生材料去除时,H的增大较W更为显著. 值得注意的是,实验中0.7 mm厚和0.5 mm厚(本文未展示)的PMMA涂层的刮擦破坏模式与块状PMMA的刮擦破坏模式相似[30],说明当涂层较厚时,粘接层对刮擦破坏的影响可忽略不计.
图4为结构1-2中厚度为0.7 mm的PMMA涂层的有限元模拟结果. PMMA涂层表面周期性裂纹形成的机理与Jiang等[20]描述的块体PMMA刮擦破坏模式形成机理相似,刮头后方PMMA涂层表面受静水张力影响(图4(a)),当最大主应力达到临界值时(图4(b)),PMMA开始萌生银纹(图4(c));随着刮擦载荷增大,银纹应变逐渐增加并最终达到失效值,涂层表面出现脆性裂纹(图4(e)),并伴随最大主应力的释放(图4(d));此后,刮擦载荷的继续增大再次造成涂层表面产生新的裂纹(图4(f)),这种粘-滑现象的形成很好地解释了实验观察到的周期性裂纹现象(图4(g)). 此外,由模拟结果可知,当涂层厚度足够大时(厚度为0.7 mm),粘接层处的应力状态对PMMA涂层表面影响较小,因此该涂层结构发生与块状材料相似的破坏模式.
不同于结构1-2中厚的刮擦破坏结果,较薄的PMMA涂层(厚度为0.2 mm)随载荷增加依次出现四种复杂的刮擦破坏模式:mar损伤、纵向裂纹、角裂纹和碎裂(图5). 在纵向裂纹和角裂纹出现之前,在涂层底部可以观察到微小放射状裂纹和微小角裂纹. 在PMMA涂层表面出现mar损伤之后(图5(b)),PMMA涂层在刮擦路径中心区域出现沿厚度方向穿透涂层的纵向裂纹(图5(c)),且在涂层底部区域可以观察到密集的微小放射状裂纹(图5(d)). 因此,可以合理猜测纵向裂纹起源于微小放射状裂纹:在较低载荷下,裂纹从涂层的底部中心开始萌生,并发生偏转,形成微小放射状裂纹;当载荷达到一定阈值时,裂纹沿涂层厚度方向贯穿涂层,并沿着刮擦方向扩展,形成纵向裂纹;载荷的继续增加造成PMMA涂层纵向裂纹两侧周期性地出现与刮擦方向呈60°夹角的角裂纹(图5(e)). 由于在涂层底面观察到60°微小角裂纹的存在(图5(f)),角裂纹的形成可能与纵向裂纹的形成机理类似;最终,当PMMA涂层不能再承受载荷时,形成大块涂层碎裂. 重复实验的典型刮擦破坏形貌图见附录材料图s2. 划痕宽度W和深度H随刮擦法向载荷的增大而显著增大,且当形成纵向裂纹时,WH的增长幅度逐渐变大(图5(g)). 当发生碎裂时,涂层破坏严重,划痕宽度和深度不可测量.
对于零厚度弱粘接结构,涂层厚度的差异造成了刮擦过程中涂层内部的应力分布的差异. 刮头的拖拽和挤压作用使厚涂层的主要损伤区域集中在涂层表面,而薄涂层会在刮头前方区域发生屈曲(图6(a1)和图6(a2)),从而形成了不同的脆性裂纹萌生区域. 有限元结果表明,结构1-2中2 mm厚的PMMA涂层在刮擦作用下产生屈曲变形,涂层屈曲处底部区域同时受到静水张力(图6(b1))和拉应力作用(图6(b2)),从而造成该位置处银纹萌生(图6(b3)).
当涂层底部银纹开始萌生之后(图7(b)),最大主应力(位置A)的大小随着法向载荷的增大而增大(图7(a)). 当银纹应变达到失效判据时,涂层底部出现裂纹(图7(d)),且该裂纹并未贯穿涂层. 在该裂纹的顶部(位置B)和前方(位置C)区域(图7(c))可以观察到最大主应力集中,并再次萌生银纹(图7(d));当该处银纹应变满足失效判据发生断裂时,图7(c)中的裂纹将沿厚度和刮擦方向扩展. 同时,随着刮头的挤压作用增大,刮头前方涂层进一步屈曲,最大主应力峰值区域(位置D)出现在纵向裂纹的前方区域(图7(e)),纵向裂纹将沿刮擦方向继续扩展,形成实验观察到的纵向裂纹(图7(f)).
图8为结构1-2中0.2 mm厚PMMA涂层的底部响应. 在纵向裂纹形成后,涂层底部区域(图8(a))可以观察到最大主应力集中区(位置A),出现银纹萌生区域(图8(b));随着载荷的增加涂层在该位置因银纹断裂而出现脆性裂纹(图8(d)),并伴随有最大主应力的释放(图8(c)中位置B);此后,位置B处的最大主应力集中区域会产生新的银纹萌生区域,形成实验观察到的周期性出现的角裂纹.
对比结构1-2中不同厚度的PMMA涂层的刮擦破坏临界法向载荷(图9)发现,增加涂层厚度(从0.2 mm增加到0.3 mm)有助于延迟纵向裂纹的形成,这是因为PMMA涂层厚度的增加使得其在厚度方向上具有更大的刚度,减少了涂层的屈曲程度. 当厚度继续增加(0.5 mm),PMMA涂层的刮擦破坏模式变得与块体PMMA相似,仅在表面发生刮擦破坏,而厚度的进一步增加不再对刮擦破坏模式产生显著影响. 因此,在接下来的章节中,厚涂层的刮擦破坏行为将不再进行讨论,重点分析薄涂层的刮擦破坏模式.
结构2-1中0.2 mm厚PMMA涂层的典型刮擦破坏形貌如图10所示. 随着载荷增加,PMMA涂层的表面依次出现:mar损伤、周期性裂纹、材料去除和穿刺破坏,也导致划痕宽度W和深度H显著增大,使得刮擦破坏更为显著(图10(g)),当发生穿刺破坏时,划痕参数无法测量. 此外,在载荷较小时,涂层内部能观察到内部裂纹的存在(图10(c)),并且在整个刮擦过程中,内部裂纹与其它刮擦破坏模式共存,直到穿刺破坏发生. 重复实验的典型刮擦破坏形貌图见附录材料图s3.
图11(a1)和图11(a2)所示,在刮头的作用下,零厚度粘接层涂层结构中只有涂层发生明显变形. 而有限厚度粘接层涂层结构,不仅刮头下方的粘接层发生明显变形,涂层也会在底部产生明显弯曲变形,这可能导致涂层脆性断裂的提前. 如图11(b1)所示,有限元模拟结果表明弯曲变形导致刮头下方涂层底部所受静水张力为正,且在同一位置,最大主应力达到银纹萌生的临界值(图11(b2)),银纹开始萌生(图11(b3)).
图12为结构2-1中0.2 mm厚的涂层的裂纹扩展模拟结果. 软粘接层的变形响应使得最大主应力出现在底部(位置A)(图12(a))并产生相应的银纹萌生区(图12(b));银纹应变随着刮擦过程持续增加,最终造成涂层底部出现裂纹(图12(d)),此时拉应力集中于裂纹的前方(位置B)(图12(c)),并在该区域产生新的银纹萌生区(图12(d)). 需要强调的是,不同与结构1-2中出现的贯穿厚度的纵向裂纹,由于粘接层提供了足够强的粘接强度,抑制了刮头前方涂层发生屈曲,裂纹仅能沿刮擦方向扩展,不能沿厚度方向扩展,最终导致实验观察到的内部裂纹的形成(图12(f)).
由于内部裂纹不贯穿涂层,涂层表面仍能承受一定的拉伸应力(图13(a),A位置),在刮头后方的涂层表面上会形成银纹(图13(b)). 随着荷载的继续增加,涂层表面出现类似块体的周期性裂纹(图13(d)),并伴随应力释放(图13(c)). 从模拟结果可以看出,对于有限厚度粘接层的强粘接强度涂层结构,银纹萌生位置的不同造成了涂层刮擦表面破坏和内部裂纹的共存.
图14显示了结构2-1中不同厚度的PMMA涂层的刮擦破坏临界法向载荷. 可以发现,增加PMMA涂层的厚度(0.2 mm到0.3 mm)可增强涂层表面的刮擦性能. 这是因为涂层厚度方向上刚度的增加,使其难以在底部发生弯曲,提升了涂层抵抗内部破坏的能力. 当厚度达到一定阈值后(0.5 mm),表面刮擦性能趋于平稳,且内部裂纹不再出现.
对于结构2-2中的薄PMMA涂层(0.2 mm)(图15),随着载荷的增加,涂层表面依次出现四种不同类型的刮擦破坏模式:mar损伤、纵向裂纹、角裂纹和碎裂. 此外,涂层底部还可观察到内部裂纹、微小放射状裂纹和微小角裂纹. 重复实验的典型刮擦破坏形貌图见附录材料图s4. 可以观察到随着刮擦法向载荷的增大,划痕宽度W和深度H显著增大,且当形成纵向裂纹时,WH的增长幅度逐渐变大(图15h)),而在发生碎裂时,涂层破坏严重,划痕参数无法进行测量.
对比不同粘接强度的有限厚度粘接层的薄PMMA涂层(图10图15),可以发现弱粘接强度使涂层在较小的刮擦载荷时出现内部裂纹. 根据2.2节和2.3节的讨论可知,在相同的载荷作用下,弱粘接强度难以约束涂层的变形,涂层的弯曲程度显著(图16(a1)),模拟结果显示涂层底部承受较大的最大主应力(图16(b1)和图16(b2)),导致涂层底部开始萌生银纹(图16(c1)). 而强粘接强度下可以有效地约束涂层的变形,使涂层变形更加均匀(图16(a2)),减少了涂层的弯曲程度,在相同位置处,涂层在强粘接强度的情况下未萌生有银纹(图16(c2)). 随着法向载荷的增大,弱粘接强度下的银纹应变会继续增大,从而形成内部裂纹.
图17显示了结构2-2中不同厚度的PMMA涂层的刮擦破坏临界法向载荷. 增加涂层厚度可以延缓内部裂纹和纵向裂纹的形成. 对比0.5 mm和0.7 mm厚涂层的临界法向载荷,可以发现内部裂纹的存在对涂层表面刮擦破坏行为没有显著影响. 对比不同粘接层厚度的PMMA涂层在弱粘接强度下的刮擦破坏情况(图9图17). 与零厚度粘接层不同,有限厚度粘接层的存在会导致涂层在刮擦过程中发生弯曲变形,从而导致内部裂纹. 此外,有限厚度粘接层使涂层在刮头的挤压下更容易发生屈曲,导致纵向裂纹更易形成. 对于出现在涂层表面的刮擦破坏,涂层厚度为0.5 mm时即可达到最佳刮擦性能. 然而,为了避免从涂层的底部开始发生破坏,需要0.7 mm的厚度. 可以观察到,形成于涂层底部的刮擦破坏模式对粘接层状态的变化更为敏感.
综上所述,PMMA涂层结构的刮擦破坏模式主要分为三类:拉伸应力引起的表面破坏、弯曲引起的涂层底部起裂和屈曲引起的前方涂层破坏. 通过调节涂层厚度、粘接层的厚度和粘接强度可以有效延迟特定刮擦破坏模式的发生,从而提升对应的临界法向载荷. 在未来工作中可以进一步研究粘接层的力学性能和厚度范围对PMMA涂层结构刮擦破坏行为的影响,为设计具有优异刮擦性能的PMMA涂层结构提供指导. 本文利用仿真模拟结果解释了涂层刮擦破坏不同模式背后的物理机制,并合理地反映了其演化趋势,但是由于高分子材料和粘接层本身的复杂性,仿真与实验结果更为精确的定量对比,尚需结合更准确的材料本构描述在未来工作中进一步开展.
本文实验研究了粘接层厚度和粘接强度对PMMA涂层刮擦行为的影响,采用考虑剪切屈服和脆性断裂竞争行为的本构模型描述PMMA的力学行为,进行了PMMA涂层刮擦行为的有限元模拟,分析了PMMA涂层复杂刮擦破坏模式的物理机理. 可以得到以下结论:
(1)相较于零厚度粘接层,有限厚度粘接层的变形使PMMA涂层在刮擦过程中出现局部弯曲,导致刮头下方涂层底部区域形成内部裂纹,并且这种破坏模式可以与涂层表面的刮擦破坏共存;
(2)具有强粘接强度的粘接层可限制涂层在刮擦过程中的变形,避免刮头前方发生严重屈曲,防止涂层底部形成沿厚度方向贯穿涂层的纵向裂纹;
(3)增加涂层厚度可以提高涂层在刮擦过程中的抗弯曲和抗屈曲能力,延缓内部裂纹和纵向裂纹的形成,且存在一个厚度阈值使涂层获得最佳刮擦性能.
图s1图s2图s3图s4所示分别为结构1-2中0.7 mm厚的PMMA涂层、结构1-2中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层、结构2-1中0.2 mm厚的PMMA涂层和结构2-2中0.2 mm的PMMA涂层的刮擦重复实验的典型刮擦破坏形貌图. 该重复实验结果说明了刮擦实验的可重复性,及刮擦破坏模式的典型性.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12272326)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.048
  • 接收时间:2023-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-31
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国家自然科学基金项目(12272326)
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    西南交通大学力学与航空航天学院应用力学与结构安全四川省重点实验室,成都,610031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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