Article(id=1244239605369778475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684425600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774579438773, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774579438773, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774579438773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774579438773, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244239603624952467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774579438358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774590203812, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244239605667574063, articleId=1244239605369778475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Modeling of Temperature Rise for Projectile Penetrating into Concrete Target and Analysis of Influencing Factors, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During penetration, the temperature of the projectile will sharply rise due to the large amount of heat generated by the sliding friction between the projectile and the target. High temperature can soften the projectile, potentially change its shape, penetration mechanism, and further affect the penetration ability. In order to study the temperature rise of the projectile during high-speed penetration, a two-part temperature rise calculation model of the penetration is established. In the first part, the heat flux data set of the projectile at different positions in the process of penetration is obtained according to rigid body dynamics theory and the friction heat generation mechanism. The second part takes the heat flux data set as the boundary condition and calculates the temperature distribution of the projectile based on heat conduction theory and the finite difference algorithm. The stability of the model is discussed from the two aspects of time step and projectile mesh, and appropriate values are selected. The calculation model of temperature rise is used to study the heat flux and temperature distribution of the projectile, and the factors influencing the temperature rise of the projectile are discussed and analyzed. The results show that the temperature rise is obvious during high-speed penetration, but it only lasts for a very short time, and the high temperature is mainly distributed near the surface of the projectile head. The position of the highest surface temperature outside the projectile during penetration is related to the shape of the projectile. During the penetration time, the ratio of the heat conduction distance to the radius of the projectile decreases with the increase of the size of the projectile. The research results are useful for the design and material selection of high-speed penetration projectiles.

, correspAuthors=Yong Peng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuangyang Yu, Yong Peng, Rong Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244239619009655368, articleId=1244239605369778475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=弹体侵彻混凝土靶体的温升计算模型及其影响因素分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

弹体侵彻过程中由于摩擦产生大量热量,导致弹体温度大幅升高,可能改变弹体形态及侵彻过程的作用机理,进而影响弹体的侵彻能力. 为研究高速侵彻作用下弹体的温升,建立了一种弹体侵彻与热传导并行计算的温升计算模型:首先根据弹体运动方程与摩擦生热机理获得弹体不同位置在侵彻全过程中的热流数据集,再基于热传导理论并结合有限差分算法计算弹体不同时刻、不同位置处的温度分布. 基于提出的温升计算模型,研究了弹体运动过程中产生的热流密度以及弹体温度分布情况,并对影响弹体升温的因素进行讨论分析,结果表明:侵彻过程温升非常明显,高温主要分布在弹体表面附近;仅考虑摩擦生热时,侵彻过程中弹体外表面最高温度的位置与弹头形状有关;在侵彻时间内,弹体中热传导距离与弹体半径的比值随弹体尺寸的增加而减小.

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**E-mail:.
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(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Penetrator warhead friction temperature rise calculation based on micro element method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244274771035271709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239605369778475, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=45, issue=02, pageStart=17, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=12, authorNames=农奥兵, 马硕, 杨帆, 马洪亭, 马丹丹, journalName=兵器材料科学与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=农奥兵, 马硕, 杨帆, 马洪亭, 马丹丹. 解析法求解电磁炮发射过程轨道的产热量[J]. 兵器材料科学与工程, 2022, 45(02): 17-25., articleTitle=解析法求解电磁炮发射过程轨道的产热量, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244274771114963487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239605369778475, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=45, issue=02, pageStart=17, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Nong A B, Ma S, Yang F, Ma H T, Ma D D, journalName=Ordnance Material Sciience and Engneering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(Nong A B, Ma S, Yang F, Ma H T, Ma D D. 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Body and target parameter

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编号弹体直径(mm)长度(mm)CRH质量(kg)弹体密度(kg/m3靶体强度(MPa)靶体密度(kg/m3
1[10]26.9242.420.906780036.22370
2[11]80.01528.476137800392250
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弹体靶体参数

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编号弹体直径(mm)长度(mm)CRH质量(kg)弹体密度(kg/m3靶体强度(MPa)靶体密度(kg/m3
1[10]26.9242.420.906780036.22370
2[11]80.01528.476137800392250
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弹体侵彻混凝土靶体的温升计算模型及其影响因素分析
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余双洋 , 彭永 ** , 陈荣
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(1): 16-28
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(1): 16-28
弹体侵彻混凝土靶体的温升计算模型及其影响因素分析
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余双洋, 彭永** , 陈荣
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  • 国防科技大学理学院,长沙,410073

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Modeling of Temperature Rise for Projectile Penetrating into Concrete Target and Analysis of Influencing Factors
Shuangyang Yu, Yong Peng** , Rong Chen
Affiliations
  • College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.042
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弹体侵彻过程中由于摩擦产生大量热量,导致弹体温度大幅升高,可能改变弹体形态及侵彻过程的作用机理,进而影响弹体的侵彻能力. 为研究高速侵彻作用下弹体的温升,建立了一种弹体侵彻与热传导并行计算的温升计算模型:首先根据弹体运动方程与摩擦生热机理获得弹体不同位置在侵彻全过程中的热流数据集,再基于热传导理论并结合有限差分算法计算弹体不同时刻、不同位置处的温度分布. 基于提出的温升计算模型,研究了弹体运动过程中产生的热流密度以及弹体温度分布情况,并对影响弹体升温的因素进行讨论分析,结果表明:侵彻过程温升非常明显,高温主要分布在弹体表面附近;仅考虑摩擦生热时,侵彻过程中弹体外表面最高温度的位置与弹头形状有关;在侵彻时间内,弹体中热传导距离与弹体半径的比值随弹体尺寸的增加而减小.

侵彻  /  弹体  /  温升  /  混凝土  /  摩擦生热

During penetration, the temperature of the projectile will sharply rise due to the large amount of heat generated by the sliding friction between the projectile and the target. High temperature can soften the projectile, potentially change its shape, penetration mechanism, and further affect the penetration ability. In order to study the temperature rise of the projectile during high-speed penetration, a two-part temperature rise calculation model of the penetration is established. In the first part, the heat flux data set of the projectile at different positions in the process of penetration is obtained according to rigid body dynamics theory and the friction heat generation mechanism. The second part takes the heat flux data set as the boundary condition and calculates the temperature distribution of the projectile based on heat conduction theory and the finite difference algorithm. The stability of the model is discussed from the two aspects of time step and projectile mesh, and appropriate values are selected. The calculation model of temperature rise is used to study the heat flux and temperature distribution of the projectile, and the factors influencing the temperature rise of the projectile are discussed and analyzed. The results show that the temperature rise is obvious during high-speed penetration, but it only lasts for a very short time, and the high temperature is mainly distributed near the surface of the projectile head. The position of the highest surface temperature outside the projectile during penetration is related to the shape of the projectile. During the penetration time, the ratio of the heat conduction distance to the radius of the projectile decreases with the increase of the size of the projectile. The research results are useful for the design and material selection of high-speed penetration projectiles.

penetration  /  projectile  /  temperature rise  /  concrete  /  the generation of heat by friction
余双洋, 彭永, 陈荣. 弹体侵彻混凝土靶体的温升计算模型及其影响因素分析. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (1) : 16 -28 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.042
Shuangyang Yu, Yong Peng, Rong Chen. Modeling of Temperature Rise for Projectile Penetrating into Concrete Target and Analysis of Influencing Factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (1) : 16 -28 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.042
钻地侵彻一直是国内外学者研究的热点[1,2]. 随着弹体侵彻速度的提高,弹靶相互作用愈加剧烈,弹靶之间由于摩擦产生的热量会使弹体温度升高,弹体将出现热软化甚至熔化的情况,直接影响侵彻机理和弹体的侵彻性能. 因此,研究钻地弹侵彻混凝土靶体过程中的温度变化具有重要的意义.
直接测量侵彻过程中弹体的温度较为困难,仅张磊[3]通过一种弹体瞬态温度测试装置对弹体侵彻温升测量进行了尝试,但未获得有效实验数据. 弹体侵彻过程中温度上升的研究主要见诸于数值模拟探讨与理论分析. 赵庚等[4]基于有限元仿真讨论了速度和着角对半穿甲战斗部侵彻钢板温升的影响,陆亚兵[5]探讨了速度、弹头形状和侵彻角度三个影响钻地弹侵彻温升的因素. 也有少量学者通过理论分析方法对弹体的温度进行计算,张丁山等[6]将弹体表面划分为多个等腰三角形,得出了弹体侵彻过程中的闪温,并计算了弹体侵彻结束后的温度. 邵伟等[7]将弹头表面划分为无数小长方条,弹头表面的热量由每个长方条的热量在弹头表面积分得到,对弹头表面热量进行时间积分,再把产生的总热量通过温度转换公式转换为弹头表面温度,得到了弹头温度的时空分布.
总体而言,关于侵彻温升的研究还非常不充分. 弹体侵彻温升测试技术暂无进展;数值模拟与理论计算也还存在较多不足,不同方法计算出的温升差别较大. 现有的理论研究大多使用平均热量、整体热量的概念,仅能计算出某一位置的温度,并没有考虑弹体的运动过程以及温度沿弹体的分布. 本文建立了一种垂直侵彻混凝土弹体摩擦生热的温升计算模型:该模型分为两个部分,第一部分基于侵彻理论和刚体动力学方法对弹体表面受力、弹体运动进行计算,同时根据摩擦生热机理计算瞬态热流密度;第二部分将热流作为边界条件对弹体温度分布进行求解,由此可以得到在侵彻过程中弹体的温度分布. 基于该计算模型,讨论了在侵彻过程中弹体尺寸、弹体形状以及弹体初速度对弹体温度的影响,最终得出弹体尺寸、弹体形状以及弹体初速度对弹体侵彻温升的影响规律.
弹靶之间的摩擦生热与弹体侵彻运动参数直接相关,不同运动时刻,弹体运动速度和弹靶之间的作用力不同,因而产生的热流密度也不同. 所以,为准确计算摩擦生热,必须结合侵彻运动过程,时刻更新摩擦做功的功率,从而获得侵彻过程不同时刻的热流密度. 在获得了弹体不同部位在侵彻全过程中的热流数据集后,再基于热传导理论并结合有限差分算法可建立弹体不同时刻、不同位置处的温度分布计算模型. 根据这一思想,弹体侵彻温升计算模型可以分为两个部分:弹体运动及热流计算模型、弹体温度分布计算模型. 弹体运动及热流计算模型主要包括参数输入、弹体受力分析、热流计算以及弹体的运动计算等部分,该模型向弹体温度分布模型输送热流密度数据集. 弹体温度分布计算模型仅计算弹体温度的分布,将弹体运动及热流计算模型输送的热流密度数据集作为热传导的边界条件,使用差分方法计算侵彻过程中弹体温度分布. 上述弹体摩擦生热计算模型的思路如图1所示.
弹体侵彻混凝土靶体时的受力以及运动状态对于热流的产生起着至关重要的作用,建立正确的弹体运动模型是获得正确热流数据集的前提. 弹体运动及热流计算模型在弹体运动模型的基础上,增加了热流密度数据集计算模块.
弹体运动过程的计算使用差分方法,即将时间划分为等长的时间步,并假设在此微小时间步长内,弹体受力保持不变. 本文仅研究垂直侵彻情况,弹体沿轴线方向做匀加速运动,且不考虑弹体绕轴线的旋转.
将弹体视为实心刚体,在确定的弹体几何尺寸下,将弹体表面划分若干网格,如图2所示. 当网格外法向量与该网格的速度夹角大于90°时,认为该网格不受力,否则弹体表面网格法向受力由Bernard和Creighton阻应力公式与网格面积的乘积得到,其中Bernard和Creighton阻应力公式为[1]
式中,σN为网格沿内法线方向受力大小;VN为网格中心处的法向速度;V为网格中心处的合速度;fc为混凝土靶的单轴抗压强度;ρ为靶的密度.
弹体整体受力为所有网格受力的合力:
式中,FxFyFz分别为弹体在xyz方向所受的力;M为网格数目;σixσiyσiz分别为第i个网格垂直于弹体表面的应力在xyz方向的分量;Ai为第i个网格的面积;FfixFfiyFfiz分别为第i个网格摩檫力在xyz方向的分量,其中Ffi=μσAi. 由于对称性,xz方向受力FxFz数值应当为0.
在每个微小时间步内,弹体的速度与位移根据运动方程进行更新:
式中,Vτ+1τ+1时刻的速度;Vττ时刻的速度;m为弹体质量;Δτ为时间步长;Yτ+1τ+1时刻的位移;Yττ时刻的位移.
侵彻过程中热量主要由弹体靶体相互摩擦以及弹体靶体本身的塑性变形作用产生,由于将弹体视为刚体,认为热流密度完全由摩擦产生,网格由于摩擦而产生的热流密度可由下式得到[8]
式中,qi为第i个网格由于摩擦产生的热流密度,单位为W/m2VTi为第i个网格与弹体轴线共面的切向速度.
在每个时间步结束后,对弹体的运动状态进行判断,若弹体保持运动,则进入下一时间步的计算,直至弹体静止,输出网格表面的热流密度,具体流程如图3所示.
弹体温度分布计算模型中首先将1.2节中采集到的热流数据集在弹靶之间进行分配,其中分配至弹体的热流将在每一时间步内作为边界条件对弹体温度的分布进行计算.
弹体、靶体以及弹体运动状态均关于弹体轴线圆周对称,为减少计算量,在计算热量及热传导时,仅讨论沿弹体轴向的一列网格. 假设由于摩擦作用而产生的热流分布在弹体表面网格,且规定弹尾温度仅沿内法线方向传导、弹头温度仅沿弹头弹尾交界面圆圆心传导,将弹体表面按照网格划分为若干互不干扰的一维热传导问题,如图4所示.
弹靶界面上的热量同时往弹体内部和靶体内部传导,其中向弹体内部传导的热流密度为[9]
式中,qjλjρjcj分别表示热流密度、导热系数、密度以及比热容,符号下标为1时表示弹体,为2时表示靶体.
在任意时间步长,热流密度保持恒定,这样在网格表面每个时间步长内可用第二类边界条件对弹体表面热量向弹体内部传导的情况进行计算,在下一时间步又可将该时间步的温度作为初始条件代入,使用下一时间步的热流密度作为边界条件,如此往复,直至侵彻过程结束时间,可得到侵彻过程中任意时刻弹体表面向内部热传导的温度分布情况. 温度计算的控制方程与边界条件为:
式中,t为弹体温度;a=λ1/(ρ1c1)为弹体热扩散系数;τ为时间;X为弹体表面网格向内部划分的位置坐标.
利用差分方法,利用n时刻k位置及相邻两点的温度求出n+1时刻的k位置的温度,如图5所示,将公式(7)中控制方程转换为时间向前中心差分格式(FTCS差分格式):
式中,β位置α时刻的温度,其中α=n和(n+1),β=(k-1)、k和(k+1);,Δτ为时间步长,ΔX为空间步长.
弹体在侵彻过程中的受力影响着弹体表面产生的热流,热流数据集又作为热传导的条件影响弹体温度的分布计算,保证热流数据集有效的前提是保证弹体在侵彻过程中正确的受力. 而弹体受力目前无法直接测量,可与侵彻深度和弹体侵彻过载实验数据对比来进行间接验证.
从文献[10]与文献[11]中分别选取1组实验结果用于对比侵彻深度和弹体在侵彻过程中的加速度,其中弹体与靶体参数由表1给出,摩擦系数μ取0.01[12]. 图6给出了弹体侵彻深度实验值与采用1.3节模型计算值的对比,从图中可以看出计算结果与实验值吻合较好.
图7对比了图6(b)中两个工况下弹体在侵彻过程加速度的实验值与计算值,其中图7(a)中弹体初始速度为312.5 m/s,图7(b)中弹体初始速度为448.5 m/s. 由图7可以看出,本文计算值与实验值基本吻合.
总体而言,侵彻运动计算模型可以较为准确的预测弹体侵彻混凝土时的侵彻深度以及弹体的加速度,弹体受力计算相对有效,可以采集到有效的热流数据集.
弹体表面的网格划分与弹体侵彻运动和弹体表面向弹体内部热传导的时间步长对计算结果有着重要的影响. 下面用一个弹体垂直侵彻混凝土靶体的算例,讨论弹体表面网格划分及弹体运动和热传导时间步长对弹体侵彻深度和弹体表面温度计算结果的影响. 弹体、靶体部分参数由2.1节表1中第1组给出;参考文献[13],弹体材料比热取460 J/(kg·K),热传导系数取80 W/(m·K),靶体材料比热取850 J/(kg·K),热传导系数取0.79 W/(m·K),设置弹体初速度为600 m/s.
图8对比了不同网格划分条件下侵彻深度和弹尖处温度计算值的情况. 其中,时间步长为10-5 s,弹体表面网格沿弹体环向划分数目分别为50、100、150、200和250,沿轴向的网格划分数目为沿环向网格划分数目的2倍. 由图8可以看出,在弹体网格环向划分数目小于100时,侵彻深度以及弹尖处的温度相对变化较大;在弹体网格环向划分数目大于100后,侵彻深度以及弹尖处侵彻结束时刻的温度几乎保持不变.
图9给出了不同时间步长对侵彻深度和弹尖处温度计算值的影响. 将弹体环向网格划分数目为150,时间步长分别确定为10-4、10-5、10-6和10-7 s,即可得到各工况下的侵彻深度以及弹尖处侵彻结束时刻的温度. 从图9中可以发现在时间步长到达10-5 s后,再减小时间步长对计算结果影响不大.
综合计算结果以及计算效率等实际情况,为了保证计算结果的准确性以及计算效率的高效性,确定网格环向划分数目为150,时间步长为10-5 s.
弹体温度分布计算模型可以得到弹体温度随时间的变化以及弹体温度分布. 本节弹体温度分布基于2.2节算例中网格环向划分数目为150,时间步长为10-5 s的工况.
图10为侵彻过程中弹头尖端及弹头6等分点处位置温度随时间的变化,可以看到这7个位置温度变化类似,均先随时间的增加而增大,在达到最高点后下降,只是靠近弹尾部分的位置温度上升较小. 可知在侵彻初期侵彻速度较大,由摩擦而产生的热量可以使弹体表面温度快速上升,产生较大闪温,随着侵彻过程的进行,侵彻速度下降,产生的热量已不足以补偿由于热传导而损失的热量,弹体表面温度下降,且下降速率逐步放缓.
图11为侵彻结束时刻弹体表面不同位置的温度分布,可以看出温度仅分布在弹头部分,弹尾部分温度几乎没有发生变化;弹头部分的温度随着离弹尾的距离先增加后减小,在弹头尖端部分约1/3处取得最大值,为1744 K.
图12中为弹头侵彻过程结束时刻弹头尖端及弹头6等分点处位置沿设定热量传导方向的温度分布,可以看出温度靠近表面一端下降很快,温度向内部传导的距离很短,此种情况下,传热的距离为0.0011 m仅占弹体半径的8%,占弹尖传导距离的3%.
图13为侵彻过程中弹头7个位置温度在0~0.04 s的变化,可以看出侵彻过程中距弹尾较近位置温升不明显;弹体表面由于摩擦而产生的的高温持续时间很短,在侵彻结束后弹体温度快速下降,从5 ms后温度下降趋势减缓,在0.04 s时,选取的位置温度集中在350 K附近;此时最大的传热距离为4.6 mm,对于小尺寸的弹体已不能视为一维热传导问题,此时需要考虑温度沿弹体其他方向的传导.
由于实验条件及其他原因的限制,现公开发表的侵彻实验大多为缩比实验,为了探讨弹体尺寸对侵彻过程中弹体温度分布的影响,本节增加了将2.2节中弹体整体缩放为原来的0.5倍、2倍、与4倍的三种工况,并与原工况进行对比.
图14将尺寸缩放后的弹体与原有弹体在侵彻结束时刻弹体表面的温度进行了对比,可以看到缩放后的弹体温度有了明显的变化,温度随着弹体尺寸增加而增加,最高温度并不是成倍增加;表面温度分布的规律与原来一致.
图15为弹体缩放后弹头侵彻过程结束时刻弹头尖端及弹头6等分点处位置沿内部传导方向的温度分布,当缩放比例为0.5倍、1倍、2倍和4倍时传热到达最远距离与弹体半径的比值分别为12%、8%、6%和4%,这说明传导距离与弹体尺寸无关,热传导的最远距离与弹体半径的比值随弹体尺寸增加而减小.
弹头形状是影响温度的影响因素之一,与文献[5]讨论弹头形状为球形、卵形和锥形不同,本节讨论卵形弹CRH为不同值时弹体的温度分布. 根据2.2中算例,其余参数保持不变,增加CRH=1、3和4时三种工况.
图16为侵彻结束后不同CRH弹体表面温度的对比图,图17给出了侵彻结束后弹体表面最高温度以及最高温度所在的位置随CRH的变化,可以看出,弹体表面尖端部分温度随着CRH增加均略有增加,同时弹体表面温度最高点向弹尖移动. 根据式(1)和式(4)分析可知,温度计算是由速度的法向分量与切向分量同时影响的结果,其中法向分量计算出作用在网格表面的法向力,影响着摩檫力的大小;切向分量影响着热流密度的计算,且两分量均为正向影响,在一定位置取得最大值.
图18图19分别为不同CRH时弹体侵彻过程中弹头尖端及弹头6等分点处位置温度随时间的变化及侵彻结束时刻弹体内部温度分布,将图18图10对比,可以看出弹体表面温度随时间的变化规律与上文一致;将图19图12对比可以发现除最高温度不同外,传热距离相似.
速度是侵彻的重要的初始条件,同时速度也对弹体生热起着至关重要的作用. 本节保持其它条件不变,设置弹体速度为400 m/s、600 m/s、800 m/s和1000 m/s四种工况.
图20对比了不同速度时侵彻结束时刻弹体表面温度的分布,与图11一样,表面温度分布的规律与原来类似,只是数值有所变化,这表明速度增加仅将温度按一定规律增加或减小而不改变温度分布的原有规律.
图21为不同速度侵彻结束时刻弹头尖端及弹头6等分点处位置向内部传导方向的温度分布,将其与图12进行对比,传热距离较算例几乎不变,且除图21(a)位置b和位置d有微小变化外,每个位置的传热形式相似.
本文将弹体的运动过程和弹体表面向内部热传导过程通过热流密度数据集结合,建立了一种弹体侵彻与热传导并行计算的温升计算模型,在给定的初始条件下,该模型可以给出弹体的运动情况以及每个时刻弹体的温度分布. 最后,基于该模型讨论了弹头形状、弹体尺寸以及弹体初速度对侵彻过程中温升的影响,结果表明:
(1)侵彻过程中,由于弹靶作用剧烈,弹体表面温度会在短时间内急剧升高,形成短暂的局部的高温,随着侵彻过程的进行,侵彻速度下降,产生的热量已不足以补偿由于热传导而损失的热量,弹体表面温度开始下降并逐步放缓. 由于侵彻作用时间非常短,高温仅分布在弹体表面附近.
(2)仅考虑摩擦生热时,在侵彻过程中弹体外表面最高温度以及其所在的位置与弹头形状有关. 卵形弹弹体头部越尖锐,最高温度越高,最高温度所在位置越靠近弹头尖端.
(3)在侵彻时间内,弹体表面向内部热传导距离与弹体半径的比值随弹体尺寸的增加而减小. 温度的传导不具有尺寸效应,在传热距离相同的条件下,弹体尺寸越大,弹体温度升高的部分就越小.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11902355)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.042
  • 接收时间:2023-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-19
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国家自然科学基金项目(11902355)
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    国防科技大学理学院,长沙,410073

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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