Article(id=1244239605885677873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684080000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774579438896, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774579438896, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774579438896, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774579438896, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244239603624952467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774579438358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774590203812, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244284757283025532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1244239603624952467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244239608335151426, articleId=1244239605885677873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Insertion and Withdrawal Forces of Electrical Connectors Considering Wear, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Electrical connectors widely used in electrical and electronic devices suffer from severe contact failure problems which determine the reliable service of these devices or even cause their destruction. The insertion and withdrawal forces are significant factors to evaluate the performance and quality of electrical connectors. The wear behavior due to the repeated insertion and withdrawal processes has a non-negligible influence on the forces. Therefore, the forces and wear behavior are investigated in this paper. A simulation model is developed to study and evaluate the performance of electrical connectors. The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the insertion and withdrawal processes and the wear profile of an electrical connector in the application. According to the development of the FEM model of the electrical connector, the equivalent insertion and withdrawal forces with and without the consideration of wear behavior are calculated. Frictional behavior is used to study the insertion and withdrawal forces without considering wear. In cooperation with the adaptive mesh technique of the commercial FEM software ABAQUS, the wear model based on frictional dissipation energy is applied to predict the wear morphology. The characteristics of the insertion and withdrawal procedure are analyzed using the forces vs. time curves. Furthermore, the wear profiles of the contact surface are obtained at different times of the insertion and withdrawal processes, and the effect of wear on the insertion and withdrawal forces of the electrical connector is discussed. The critical number of insertions and withdrawals leading to a larger wear depth is found. The size parameter of the contact component is modified to validate the conclusion of wear influence. It is worth emphasizing that this study is significant to the failure problem of electrical connectors and provides a guideline for the production and application of electrical connectors.

, correspAuthors=Liaoliang Ke, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Youhua Li, Fei Shen, Zhihui Wang, Yiguang Liu, Qian Xing, Liaoliang Ke), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244239612474929580, articleId=1244239605885677873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=计及磨损的电连接器插拔力分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电连接器在工程中使用量大,接触失效情况严重,一旦发生失效则有可能影响设备的正常使用甚至毁坏设备. 针对电连接器接触失效占比率较高,且磨损对插拔力的影响规律未知等问题,本文以国产某型号电连接器为研究对象,建立电连接器的等效有限元模型,使用自适应网格技术和耗散能磨损模型进行磨损模拟,获得不同插拔次数下接触表面的磨损形貌,讨论不同插拔次数下磨损程度对电连接器插拔力的影响. 结果表明,随着插拔次数的增加,电连接器表面的磨损会逐渐严重,插拔力的波动现象也会更加明显,且磨损对电连接器的拔出力影响较插入力更明显.

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**E-mail:.
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Material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件密度(kg/m3弹性模量(GPa)泊松比磨损系数[29](MPa-1
插针8530104.990.3461×10-6
插孔8250130.000.3001×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1244274761933631795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1244239605885677873, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件密度(kg/m3弹性模量(GPa)泊松比磨损系数[29](MPa-1
插针8530104.990.3461×10-6
插孔8250130.000.3001×10-6
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计及磨损的电连接器插拔力分析
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李友华 1 , 沈飞 1 , 王志慧 2 , 刘奕光 2 , 邢前 2 , 柯燎亮 1, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(1): 52-60
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(1): 52-60
计及磨损的电连接器插拔力分析
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李友华1, 沈飞1, 王志慧2, 刘奕光2, 邢前2, 柯燎亮1, **
作者信息
  • 1天津大学机械工程学院,天津,300350
  • 2中国航天标准化与产品保证研究院,北京,100071

通讯作者:

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Insertion and Withdrawal Forces of Electrical Connectors Considering Wear
Youhua Li1, Fei Shen1, Zhihui Wang2, Yiguang Liu2, Qian Xing2, Liaoliang Ke1, **
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350
  • 2China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100071
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.024
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电连接器在工程中使用量大,接触失效情况严重,一旦发生失效则有可能影响设备的正常使用甚至毁坏设备. 针对电连接器接触失效占比率较高,且磨损对插拔力的影响规律未知等问题,本文以国产某型号电连接器为研究对象,建立电连接器的等效有限元模型,使用自适应网格技术和耗散能磨损模型进行磨损模拟,获得不同插拔次数下接触表面的磨损形貌,讨论不同插拔次数下磨损程度对电连接器插拔力的影响. 结果表明,随着插拔次数的增加,电连接器表面的磨损会逐渐严重,插拔力的波动现象也会更加明显,且磨损对电连接器的拔出力影响较插入力更明显.

电连接器  /  磨损分析  /  插拔力  /  有限元模型  /  自适应网格

Electrical connectors widely used in electrical and electronic devices suffer from severe contact failure problems which determine the reliable service of these devices or even cause their destruction. The insertion and withdrawal forces are significant factors to evaluate the performance and quality of electrical connectors. The wear behavior due to the repeated insertion and withdrawal processes has a non-negligible influence on the forces. Therefore, the forces and wear behavior are investigated in this paper. A simulation model is developed to study and evaluate the performance of electrical connectors. The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the insertion and withdrawal processes and the wear profile of an electrical connector in the application. According to the development of the FEM model of the electrical connector, the equivalent insertion and withdrawal forces with and without the consideration of wear behavior are calculated. Frictional behavior is used to study the insertion and withdrawal forces without considering wear. In cooperation with the adaptive mesh technique of the commercial FEM software ABAQUS, the wear model based on frictional dissipation energy is applied to predict the wear morphology. The characteristics of the insertion and withdrawal procedure are analyzed using the forces vs. time curves. Furthermore, the wear profiles of the contact surface are obtained at different times of the insertion and withdrawal processes, and the effect of wear on the insertion and withdrawal forces of the electrical connector is discussed. The critical number of insertions and withdrawals leading to a larger wear depth is found. The size parameter of the contact component is modified to validate the conclusion of wear influence. It is worth emphasizing that this study is significant to the failure problem of electrical connectors and provides a guideline for the production and application of electrical connectors.

electrical connector  /  wear  /  insertion and withdrawal forces  /  finite element model  /  adaptive mesh
李友华, 沈飞, 王志慧, 刘奕光, 邢前, 柯燎亮. 计及磨损的电连接器插拔力分析. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (1) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.024
Youhua Li, Fei Shen, Zhihui Wang, Yiguang Liu, Qian Xing, Liaoliang Ke. Insertion and Withdrawal Forces of Electrical Connectors Considering Wear[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (1) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.024
电连接器在使用中主要起到传递电流、传输信号等作用,一般由两个可相对活动的接触组件组成,可满足电路的接通、保持和断开等工作需求[1,2]. 电连接器在工程中使用量大,品类繁多,质量问题也较为突出,在电连接器失效统计中最主要的问题为接触失效[3-5]. 接触失效主要表现为在多次插拔以及振动、冲击、温度等环境下接触电阻的显著增大甚至连接瞬断[6,7]. 在多次插拔的情况下,接触组件表面反复摩擦,出现材料磨损和氧化,导致插拔力的变化,进而引起接触部位的电传输能力下降,严重时甚至会导致接触失效[8]. 现代化的大型电力系统、自动控制系统、通讯系统等包含的电接触元件在数十万个以上,如果其中一个或者几个工作失效,则将导致整个系统工作紊乱,甚至全部瘫痪,所造成的严重后果将是无法估量的.
早在20世纪70年代,美国已制定了完善的电连接器可靠性试验方法[9],用于指导电连接器在使用环境中的可靠性试验. Horn等[10]研究了弹片式电连接器插针初始接触部位的形状对插拔力的影响. Sawchyn和Sproles[11]对不同结构参数的电连接器进行了详细分析,发现具有较大接触力的接触件相对来说更能抵抗外界污染环境(如振动、冲击、磨损等)的干扰,能够保持较高的接触可靠性. 在20世纪60年代日本开始针对电连接器进行大量的可靠性试验,到80年代己完成了多次插拔、温度循环、潮热、盐雾、摩擦磨损以及腐蚀气体的单应力摸底试验和多应力组合试验[12]. 同样是20世纪60年代,前苏联、法国、德国等也开始对电连接器的可靠性进行试验和分析,目前在电连接器可靠性方面的研究己经相当成熟[13].
国内对电连接器的研究始于上世纪70年代,华丰企业集团有限公司796厂先后投试了1900余只各种型号规格的电连接器进行单应力、组合应力的可靠性试验,根据试验结果总结了低频电连接器的失效模式[14]. 杨奋为[15,16]通过研究航空电连接器的失效问题,发现接触失效、绝缘失效和机械联结失效是航天电连接器三大重要失效现象. 陈毓彬等[17]针对三种典型电连接器进行试验验证,搭建了分离式连接器的测试系统准确预测分离时间参数. 梁云忠等[18]利用仿真方法与试验进行了电连接器不同插拔深度的接触电阻对比研究. 李玲等[19]利用仿真方法研究了连接结构粗糙表面的微动磨损机理,得出了磨损量与表面粗糙度、材料刚性、微动频率等的定性关系. 王楠[20]对电连接器的应力应变进行了仿真研究,得到了多种情况下的应变图,给出了电连接器易发生断裂的位置.
综合以上国内外的研究可以看出,目前虽然存在大量电连接器的接触磨损与插拔力的研究[21-23],但是缺乏磨损对插拔力影响的相关研究,尤其是在多次插拔的情况下. 电连接器的插拔力变化规律是评价其接触性能与可靠性的一个重要指标[24]. 在使用过程中,摩擦磨损可能会引起电连接器接触不良、瞬断甚至失效[11]. 因此针对插拔力的研究包括:不考虑磨损时,插拔力的变化规律;考虑插拔磨损时,表面磨损程度对插拔力的影响规律. 本文利用仿真方法,建立了电连接器等效有限元模型,获得了不同插拔次数下的接触表面磨损形貌,并得到了磨损对插拔力的影响规律.
仿真模型为国产某型号电连接器,其相关尺寸如图1(a)所示. 接触组件以插针和插孔结构为主,右侧为插针,左侧为插孔,插针插孔的轴向整体长度约几毫米,从图中可以看出插针的直径为0.58 mm,插孔的收口处直径为0.54 mm. 生产电连接器时将相互平行的簧片做收口处理可以在一定程度上保证接触组件的咬合性,以保证良好的接触. 此外,从图上可见插孔内侧有倒角处理,起导向作用,使插针更准确快捷地插入插孔. 本文根据该电连接器的尺寸图建立等效有限元模型进行仿真研究.
有限元建模过程中“相互作用”模块使用的是面对面接触模式,按照两个简单的规则进行主表面与从表面的选择,即(1)主表面的弹性模量一般较大;(2)从表面的网格应较细密[25],照此规则选定插孔的内表面为主面,插针的外表面为从面. 主从面间的法向接触行为是硬接触,切向接触行为是摩擦接触,摩擦系数是0.13[26]. 由于在实际中电连接器的磨损量较小,所以近似认为发生磨损时摩擦系数不变[27,28]. 接触组件的有限元模型如图1(b)所示,两组件参与接触的部分网格较细密,为了准确计算插拔力,固定端的网格也较细密,其余部位则较稀疏. 图2为接触区域网格划分的细化情况,其中插针接触区域单元大小为0.005 mm,插孔接触区域的网格大小为0.01 mm. 在仿真过程中,为实现一次插拔动作,在插孔和插针的远端分别施加固定约束与大小为1.5 mm的轴向往复位移,且设定单次运动时间为1 s.
在仿真时采用ABAQUS中的C3D8R单元划分网格,这是一种8节点线性单元,并使用减缩积分. 此外,为避免自适应网格计算报错,该单元还需采用增强沙漏控制. 插针与插孔均使用线弹性本构模型,材料分别为铅黄铜与铍青铜,具体材料参数在表1中列出.
采用基于摩擦能的磨损计算原理[30]:对于任意接触节点,该节点在第k个时间增量步的局部磨损深度增量为
其中,Δh(mm)为局部磨损深度增量,ϕ(MPa-1)为磨损系数,ΔN为插拔次数,qk(MPa)与Δsk(mm)分别为第k个时间增量步的剪应力与相对滑移量. 在每个时间增量步结束时,沿局部接触表面的法向改变参与接触的节点的坐标值,将该节点坐标值的初始值沿接触表面的内法线方向移动Δh大小,从而将磨损体现在有限元模型的计算中[31]. 这个几何更新过程是作为一个纯欧拉分析实现的.
在ABAQUS/standard中,为了利用子程序UMESHMOTION实现磨损的计算,须在“步骤”模块内分别定义自适应网格区域、自适应网格约束与自适应网格控制,其中自适应网格区域需选择在计算中参与网格重新划分的区域,自适应网格约束决定划分网格的约束类型,可以选择位移约束及速度约束等,而自适应网格控制则决定重新划分网格的时机与规则. 为实现计算时在每个时间增量的平衡迭代后调用自适应网格功能重新划分自适应网格区域的网格,在子程序内需编辑相应的语句使软件根据上述计算原理更改节点坐标,从而能够根据磨损模型模拟材料的损失现象. 在计算过程中值得注意的有:(1)由于磨损过程假定应力和损伤在某区域内ΔN次循环的有限周期内保持不变,因而损伤演化可以被认为是相对于循环次数的分段线性函数,此处可通过改变ΔN的大小直接得到模拟一定次数ΔN后的磨损量;(2)由于ABAQUS在仿真计算时接触对中主面的输出结果不包含剪应力与相对滑移量,考虑两组件的接触表面均发生磨损时,需在子程序中写明相关语句用于提取从面中的剪应力与相对滑移量的数据,并利用线性插值法对主面的相应数据进行近似.
图3是不考虑磨损时的插拔力变化图,从图中可以看出,整个插拔过程中插拔力变化规律可概括为几个阶段.0-0.5 s的插入过程中,接触件在0.3 s时刻曲线趋势有变化时为初始接触状态,在0.35 s再次变为水平时为完全接触状态,此时插针已插入插孔,这之间的过程为过渡阶段,在此阶段中插入力随着插入的过程从0先增长到最大值然后减小到一个稳定值,其最大值表示插入的难易程度,而最大值与稳定值间的差值表示过渡阶段到稳定阶段的猛冲现象程度,即最大值越大表示插入越困难,差值越大表示猛冲现象越严重.0.5-1 s为拔出过程,0.5 s时刻曲线再次变化,0.65 s左右时从水平变为向下弯曲,此阶段拔出力基本没有变化. 插入和拔出过程中,稳定阶段的插拔力大小相等,方向相反. 拔出过程从0.65 s时刻退出完全接触到0.75 s时刻插针完全拔出插孔,拔出力逐渐变小至0,然后变为拔出过程的助力,因此在曲线上0.72 s左右处呈现为一个在拔出方向上的凸起,在这之后插拔力再一次变为0,两接触件分离,完成一次插拔动作. 假如不考虑插拔磨损的影响,每一次插拔的插拔力都遵循上述变化规律.
图4为插拔次数ΔN=1000条件下的接触区域磨损形貌图. 为使磨损变形效果在图中较明显,已设置形变放大系数为10. 从图中可以看到插针插孔发生接触的部位有较明显的磨损行为,有限元模型中的网格节点形成了明显的凹凸不平形貌.
图5为沿图4中红色直线方向接触表面在不同插拔次数下的磨损深度对比. 图中横坐标为0的位置为插针与插孔的近端. 从图上可以看到ΔN=100和400时,磨损情况比较均匀,在接触区形成了连续的凹陷,最大深度分别约为0.7 μm和1.3 μm. 随着插拔次数的增加,当ΔN=500时,磨损深度开始出现较明显的变化,继续增加至ΔN=1000时,图中横坐标0.1 mm至0.15 mm之间出现了一个较大的起伏,其原因是该位置处接近插针的头部,在接触过程中会发生猛冲现象,导致磨损较严重,表面愈加凹凸不平,部分节点变形量已达到1微米,最大的变形量已接近12微米,磨损现象十分严重. 这种情况下,若接触件表面有贵金属镀层,此时基本均已磨损消失,可能会导致电阻突增而发生瞬断,影响信号的传输和电流的传导,以及电连接器的正常使用.
图6(a)为考虑磨损时不同插拔次数ΔN对应的插拔力变化图. 不考虑磨损的结果也放在图中以便对比. 从图中可以看出在插入和拔出阶段插拔力有明显的波动,且波动峰值随着插拔次数增加而增大. 这是由于多次插拔的磨损使得接触表面的形貌变得坑洼不平[32],插针插孔的两接触表面在插拔过程中发生了锯齿形的交错现象,从而导致插拔力波动变化. 除了波动现象,在图中可以看出,与不考虑磨损所获得的插拔力相比,插入力与拔出力均随时间增加呈变小趋势. 约在0.7 s时,拔出过程中两接触件分离时拔出方向出现助力,且随着插拔次数的增加逐渐变小. 此外,可以发现插入过程中最大插入力出现在0.3 s左右,约为0.85 N,几乎不受磨损的影响,如图6(b)所示.
图7为不同插拔次数时插入力在稳定阶段的变化情况. 这里我们定义插拔力的平均波动幅值=|最大幅值-最小幅值|/2. 从图中可见,无磨损时插入力在稳定阶段没有变化,随着插拔次数的增加,插入力的平均波动幅值在变大,ΔN=100,400,1000时的平均波动幅值分别为0.06 N,0.12 N,0.30 N.
图8为不同插拔次数时拔出力在稳定阶段的变化情况. 拔出力在稳定阶段的总体规律与图7中的插入力相似. 但值得注意的是,随着插拔次数增加,拔出力在接近拔出时有明显的变小趋势. 这是由于接触表面磨损情况随着插拔次数愈加严重,插针直径变小,因此拔出过程所需的力会变小. 为证明这一结论,本文减小插针的直径,在不考虑磨损的情况下再次进行仿真. 考虑到插针直径为0.58 mm时的磨损深度已达到10微米左右,并且为使不同直径下的插拔力区别较明显,选取直径d=0.56 mm. 采用与2.1节同样的载荷条件进行仿真,获得的插拔力对比情况如图9所示,可见在插针直径为0.56 mm时,插入力与拔出力均比直径为0.58 mm时小. 由此可见,当插针的直径变小时,插拔力会随之减小.
图6-8可以看出当插拔次数增多时,插拔力的波动会愈发明显,磨损量增大且可能破坏接插件的表面镀层,从而造成瞬断甚至接触失效[2].
本文对某型号电连接器进行了仿真分析,建立了有限元仿真模型,获得了不同插拔次数下接触表面的磨损形貌,讨论磨损程度对电连接器插拔力的影响. 研究发现,随着插拔次数增多插拔力的波动会变得更加明显,磨损情况也会愈加剧烈,这会影响插拔组件的接触性能,造成接触不良、瞬断甚至接触失效.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11725207)
  • 天津市研究生科研创新项目(2022BKY119)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.024
  • 接收时间:2023-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-15
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(11725207)
天津市研究生科研创新项目(2022BKY119)
作者信息
    1天津大学机械工程学院,天津,300350
    2中国航天标准化与产品保证研究院,北京,100071

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gtlxxb/CN/10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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