硅酸盐学报

基于过渡金属的电解海水制氢催化剂研究进展

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王红霞 ¹ , 陈艳 ¹ , 韩楠 ¹ , 王安哲 ¹ , 苏猛 ¹ , 李佳 ² , 杨天让 ²

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(1): 312-327

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2026 , 54 (1) : 312 -327

基于过渡金属的电解海水制氢催化剂研究进展

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王红霞¹, 陈艳¹, 韩楠¹, 王安哲¹, 苏猛¹, 李佳², 杨天让²

作者信息

^1．北京电力设备总厂有限公司，北京 102401

^2．华北电力大学能源电力创新研究院，北京 102206

通讯作者:

陈艳（1991—），女，博士，高级工程师

杨天让（1990—），男，博士，副教授。

作者简介:

王红霞（1994—），女，博士，工程师。

Research Progress on Transition Metal Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Seawater

Hongxia WANG¹, Yan CHEN¹, Nan HAN¹, Anzhe WANG¹, Meng SU¹, Jia LI², Tianrang YANG²

Affiliations

^1.Beijing Power Equipment Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 102401, China

^2.Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

Corresponding Author:

CHEN Yan (1991-), female, Ph.D., Senior Engineer. E-mail: ychen1991@163.com

YANG Tianrang (1990-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: tianrangyang@ncepu.edu.cn

WANG Hongxia (1994-), female, Ph.D., Engineer. E-mail: 651601929@qq.com

出版时间: 2026-01-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250666

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摘要

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电解海水制氢技术以丰富的海水资源为原料生产绿氢，既能有效解决海上可再生能源的就地消纳问题，又可节约宝贵的淡水资源，是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的重要技术途径。然而，海水中复杂的离子成分会引发阳极竞争反应、电极腐蚀失活以及活性位点堵塞等问题，严重制约了电解效率和电解槽使用寿命。因此，开发具有高催化活性、高选择性和高稳定性的过渡金属基电解海水催化剂成为该技术产业化应用的关键。本文首先阐述了电解海水的基本原理，深入分析了海水中杂质离子对催化剂性能的影响机制。随后系统总结了构建高性能电解海水催化剂的有效设计策略，包括提高催化活性、增强选择性和改善稳定性的方法；接着详细综述了Ni、Co、Fe、Mo等过渡金属基电解海水催化剂的最新研究成果，分析了不同催化剂的结构-性能关系，总结了用于电解海水的制氢装备。最后对该领域的发展现状进行了总结，并对未来研究方向进行了展望。

关键词

电解海水 / 过渡金属基催化剂 / 析氢反应 / 析氧反应

Abstract

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Currently, fossil energy accounts for more than 80% of the global energy supply, and its excessive use has led to serious environmental pollution and carbon emission problems. Developing green hydrogen as a clean energy carrier is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality. Using electricity from renewable energy sources to electrolyze water for hydrogen production is an ideal approach. However, traditional electrolysis relies on high-purity fresh water, which exacerbates water shortages. China is rich in marine resources, and the coupling of renewable energy sources such as offshore wind power with seawater electrolysis can efficiently and locally absorb fluctuating electrical energy, having both economic and environmental advantages. Nevertheless, the complex components in seawater severely limit the electrolysis efficiency and the lifespan of the electrolyzer. The catalyst is the core challenge for technological breakthroughs. Transition metal-based materials have become the focus of research due to their abundant reserves, low cost, and corrosion resistance. Therefore, this review elaborately discusses the research progress of transition metal catalysts for seawater electrolysis.

Firstly, this review discusses the principles and challenges of direct seawater electrolysis. Seawater electrolysis is similar to pure water electrolysis, involving two half-reactions, namely the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode. However, compared with pure water electrolysis, the catalysts for seawater electrolysis face more challenges. The composition of seawater is very complex and varies by region. It has been measured that the total concentration of all ions in seawater is, on average, 3.5%(in mass fraction), among which the ions with relatively high contents include Cl^-, Br^-, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, etc. In addition to the above ions, there are also numerous microorganisms and plankton in seawater, which may lead to side reactions at the cathode and anode, corrosion by chloride ions, deposition of microorganisms and metal ions, and poisoning of the catalyst, reducing the efficiency of water electrolysis and the lifespan of the equipment.

In response to the above challenges, this review summarizes the strategies for the development of seawater electrolysis catalysts. For OER catalysts, the primary consideration is the suppression of chlorine-related chemical reactions. Developing catalysts that can achieve high OER selectivity and high activity at a lower overpotential and designing catalysts for reactions under alkaline conditions are ideal solutions to avoid the oxidation reaction of Cl^-. Secondly, anode catalysts need to have good corrosion resistance, and resistance to Cl^- corrosion can be achieved by designing a Cl^- barrier layer. For HER catalysts, developing highly active HER catalysts can promote the HER kinetic process and improve the efficiency of seawater electrolysis. At the same time, the cathode also faces the problems of Cl^- corrosion and the deposition of metal ion impurities (such as Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺) that can block the active catalytic sites. Designing metal oxide, hydroxide, and anion barrier layers on the surface of the catalyst can effectively solve the above problems.

In recent years, in order to reduce the overpotential of the electrolysis process and improve the electrolysis efficiency, selectivity, and the lifespan of the catalyst, researchers have made great efforts in the field of developing seawater electrolysis catalysts and designed various catalysts, including noble metal electrode materials such as Ir and Pt, as well as non-noble metal electrode materials such as Ni and Co. Noble metal catalysts have excellent performance but have low reserves and high costs, making large-scale application difficult. Transition metal-based materials have become a research hotspot due to their abundant reserves, low cost, and corrosion resistance. This review elaborately discusses the research progress of transition metal catalysts for seawater electrolysis, such as those based on Ni, Co, Mo, Mn, and Cr. This article also compares and analyzes various hydrogen production equipment used for electrolyzing seawater.

Conclusion and Outlook

Although researchers have made significant progress in the development of catalysts for direct seawater electrolysis, there are still many challenges to be overcome for their practical application. Whether for direct or indirect seawater electrolysis, developing electrocatalysts with high activity, high selectivity, and long-term stability at industrially relevant current densities is a prerequisite. However, even though various strategies have been adopted to design anode catalysts with high selectivity and durability, the corrosion effect and competitive reactions remain the main challenges for seawater electrolysis at high current densities. In the future, when designing catalysts, it is crucial to have an in-depth understanding of the degradation mechanisms caused by soluble ions and other impurities in seawater, which is essential for maximizing the activity of the catalyst/electrode, extending the lifespan of the electrolyzer, and reducing the operating cost. Secondly, the composition of real seawater is complex and varies globally, which has a significant impact on the efficiency and lifespan of seawater electrolyzers. Despite a great deal of effort, there is currently no breakthrough strategy that can completely avoid the influence of complex components on direct seawater electrolysis. It is urgent to study the specific impacts of ions and impurities on these membrane materials and their degradation mechanisms during the seawater electrolysis process. In addition, combining technologies such as photovoltaic/wind power generation, seawater electrolyzers, fuel cells, ammonia synthesis, and methanol synthesis is of great significance for solving the energy and freshwater supply problems in offshore and remote areas.

Key words

seawater electrolysis / transition metal based catalysts / hydrogen evolution reaction / oxygen evolution reaction

引用本文

王红霞, 陈艳, 韩楠, 王安哲, 苏猛, 李佳, 杨天让. 基于过渡金属的电解海水制氢催化剂研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (1) : 312 -327 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250666

Hongxia WANG, Yan CHEN, Nan HAN, Anzhe WANG, Meng SU, Jia LI, Tianrang YANG. Research Progress on Transition Metal Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Seawater[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (1) : 312 -327 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250666

基金

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国家重点研发计划课题(2022YFB4002303)
内蒙古自治区科技“突围”项目资助(2024KJTW0013)

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2026年第54卷第1期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250666

接收时间：2025-09-08
首发时间：2026-10-27
出版时间：2026-01-20

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收稿日期：2025-09-08
修回日期：2025-09-30

基金

国家重点研发计划课题(2022YFB4002303)

内蒙古自治区科技“突围”项目资助(2024KJTW0013)

作者信息

^1．北京电力设备总厂有限公司，北京 102401

^2．华北电力大学能源电力创新研究院，北京 102206

通讯作者:

陈艳（1991—），女，博士，高级工程师

杨天让（1990—），男，博士，副教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250666

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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