Article(id=1321944790804058834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1321944712408314326, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250730, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=1762358400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793105798673, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793105798673, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793105798673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793105798673, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321944712408314326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='821', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793105779983, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793105779983, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=993, endPage=1005, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321944793425498835, articleId=1321944790804058834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Formation Mechanism of Carbonation Profiles in Cement Pastes by Pre-Conditioning, columnId=1321944713276535255, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Special Issue on Genes and AI-Based Design of Cement-Based Materials—Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction Early-age carbon dioxide (CO2) curing of concrete is an innovative carbon utilization technology, enabling resource-oriented utilization of carbon dioxide that allows carbon neutrality. Thus, it is a promising technology for the concrete industry. Enhancing carbonation reactivity contributes to the promotion of CO2 curing technology. Among all the influencing factors, previous studies showed that water loss during pretreatment could be one of the most important parameters affecting carbonation degree and mechanical properties of concrete.
In a previous work, water loss was primarily evaluated based on the overall water loss of specimens. Note that water loss varies significantly at different depths due to the complex pore structure and heterogeneity of cement-based materials. This causes depth-dependent carbonation reaction, forming gradients in both water content and carbonation degree. However, the existing studies neglect water loss gradient and its impact on carbonation. This is mainly due to a lack of direct visualization and continuous tracking of moisture distribution and carbonation products inside concrete by conventional testing methods, making it difficult to accurately characterize water loss gradients and carbonation gradients. A more precise and efficient water loss and carbonation characterization method is required.
This study was to apply X-ray imaging technology to non-destructively and quantitatively track the formation of water loss gradients and carbonation gradients in cement-based materials at different pre-drying durations.
Methods This study cast cube specimens with the size of 40 mm for compressive strength tests and specimens with the sizes of 10 mm × 20 mm × 40 mm for X-ray imaging tests. The raw materials consisted of water and P.O.42.5 cement at a water-to-binder ratio of 0.4. X-ray imaging technology was employed to capture projection images of the 20 mm × 40 mm face of the specimens before and after pre-drying and accelerated carbonation.
Image processing for water loss distribution and carbonation distribution included field non-uniformity correction, normalization, image registration, grayscale difference calculation, water loss distribution characterization, attenuation coefficient variation calculation, carbonation-water signal decoupling and carbonation distribution characterization.
Furthermore, a phenolphthalein alcohol solution was used to validate carbonation depths determined by X-ray imaging. The mechanism of different water loss gradients on carbonation behavior was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The porosity changes of carbonated specimens under different water loss gradients was characterized by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, thereby elucidating the formation mechanisms of water loss gradients and carbonation gradients. The 3-d compressive strength of the specimens was determined using a universal testing machine.
Results and discussion Based on the X-ray projection images, water loss mapping and water loss-depth curves are obtained, revealing a decrease of water loss with increasing depth. Besides, the overall water loss increases with prolonging pre-drying duration. A substantial water loss difference appears between the surface and internal sample core, forming a distinct water loss gradient. The peak water loss and the water loss gradient both increase with extended drying.
In addition, 2D mapping of attenuation coefficient variation caused by carbonation and the corresponding variation along the depth can be acquired, introducing carbonation gradient and total attenuation coefficient change as indicators for carbonation behavior. Among all the samples, the sample CC18-0 exhibits the shallowest carbonation depth, with the maximum carbonation degree appearing at the surface. Carbonation depths of sample CC18-1.5/3/6 show a slight increase with drying time, while the decline rate within the partially carbonated zone remains consistent. Finally, the sample CC18-24 achieves the maximum carbonation depth of approximately 6.6 mm, while its peak carbonation degree is the lowest. Moreover, prolonged drying time leads to a significant decrease in the carbonation gradient, dropping progressively from 0.0088 mm-1 for the sample CC18-0 to 0.0061 mm-1 for the sample CC18-24 (a maximum reduction of 30.7%). In addition, the total attenuation coefficient change within the carbonated zone also increases with drying time (from 0.093 to 0.138).
A comparison of carbonation depths determined by X-ray imaging, thermogravimetric analysis, and the phenolphthalein test indicates that X-ray imaging is a more precise carbonation testing method. Furthermore, the porosity of carbonated specimens decreases as water loss during pre-treatment increases. The sample CC18-24 has the lowest porosity of approximately 25.29%. Eventually, the early-age strength of carbonated cement pastes slightly improve from hydrated samples.
The design of water loss gradients in cement-based materials prior to carbonation can be achieved via controlling the pre-drying duration. In general, short pre-drying period results in a gentle water loss gradient due to the larger pores and lower resistance to moisture migration. The high surface water content impedes CO2 diffusion, causing the carbonation reaction to be dominated by the transport rate of CO2. As a result, carbonation mainly occurs near the surface, leading to a high carbonation degree that is limited to a shallow depth. In contrast, a prolonged pre-drying promotes a higher hydration degree and pore refinement, which hinders outward moisture migration. This leads to a sharp increase in water loss at the surface, forming a steep water loss gradient. The low surface water content broadens the pathways for CO2 diffusion, facilitating a deeper carbonation penetration. Meanwhile, the presence of continuous water films in the internal regions enhances the dissolution efficiency of calcium ions, resulting in a gradual carbonation gradient. The steep water loss gradient drives CO2 to diffuse inward, thereby increasing the overall carbonation degree, which is evidenced by higher CO2 uptake and calcium carbonate content. The increased calcium carbonate content further refines the pore structure, significantly reducing the total porosity of the matrix, which in turn enhances the compressive strength.
Conclusions The samples subjected to shorter drying durations exhibited less and more uniform moisture losses from surface to interior. The relatively high residual moisture at the surface favored in-situ carbonation but limited CO2 transport inwards, resulting in a higher surface carbonation degree with a shallower carbonation depth. Conversely, the samples dried longer experienced a greater moisture loss and an increased surface drying. The lower surface moisture facilitated CO2 diffusion and slowed down calcium ion dissolution, leading to a relatively lower surface carbonation degree yet a greater carbonation depth. It was indicated that a steep moisture loss gradient promoted CO2 diffusion, enhancing the overall carbonation degree of cement pastes. This significantly reduced total porosity, which consequently improved the compressive strength.
, authors=Shuxian HONG, Xinxi YU, Longyan ZHOU, Qiaoqiao JIANG, Yi PENG, Xu WANG, Shengxin FAN, Biqin DONG, authorsList=Shuxian HONG, Xinxi YU, Longyan ZHOU, Qiaoqiao JIANG, Yi PENG, Xu WANG, Shengxin FAN, Biqin DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengxin FAN, authorNote=
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FAN Shengxin (1990-), male, Ph.D., Assistant Professor. E-mail:
sxfan@szu.edu.cn, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321944795002557141, articleId=1321944790804058834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=CN, title=基于干燥处理调控的水泥基材料碳化梯度形成机制, columnId=1321944713503027673, journalTitle=硅酸盐学报, columnName=水泥基材料基因与智能设计专题—研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
利用二氧化碳养护水泥基材料可以提高其密实性及力学性能，是制备绿色低碳建筑材料的可行方案，需要形成有效的性能调控方法。然而，由于表征技术的缺乏，目前仍然缺乏有效调控孔隙含水空间分布及碳化梯度的方法，进而未能有效实现性能调控。因此，本工作利用X射线成像技术追踪监测水泥基材料失水前后密度变化和碳化前后衰减系数变化，并结合酚酞、热重和低场核磁的测试结果进行对比验证，最后揭示了预干燥时间对失水梯度和碳化梯度的影响机制，及其对早期强度的调控机制。结果表明，较短干燥周期样品总失水量少且失水梯度平缓（表面与内部失水均匀），此时表面的高残余含水量有利于原位碳化反应，但限制了CO2向内部的传输，进而形成较高的表面碳化程度及较浅的碳化深度，即陡峭的碳化梯度。而长干燥周期样品总失水量大且失水梯度陡峭（表面失水量增大），表面的低残余含水量有利于CO2扩散，但会抑制钙离子溶解，最终表面碳化程度相对较低但碳化深度增大，即形成平缓的碳化梯度。陡峭的失水梯度驱动CO2向内部扩散，提升整体碳化反应程度，可显著降低总孔隙率，孔隙率的降低提升了材料抗压强度。
, authors=洪舒贤, 余欣禧, 周隆炎, 江侨侨, 彭毅, 王煦, 范圣新, 董必钦, authorsList=洪舒贤, 余欣禧, 周隆炎, 江侨侨, 彭毅, 王煦, 范圣新, 董必钦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=范圣新, authorNote=
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范圣新（1990—），男，博士，助理教授。
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