硅酸盐学报

B₂O₃/K₂O对Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂玻璃的结构与电学性能的影响

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彭乃勇 ¹ , 徐振 ¹ , 张显 ¹ , 马骁兵 ¹ , 张丹丹 ² , 洪智 ² , 肖晓 ² , 赵文潇 ² , 陆平 ² , 许银生 ²

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2026,54(10): 3740-3749

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (10) : 3740 -3749

B₂O₃/K₂O对Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂玻璃的结构与电学性能的影响

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彭乃勇¹, 徐振¹, 张显¹, 马骁兵¹, 张丹丹², 洪智², 肖晓², 赵文潇², 陆平², 许银生²

作者信息

^1.国网安徽省电力有限公司淮北供电公司，安徽　淮北　235000

^2.武汉理工大学硅酸盐科学与先进建材全国重点实验室，武汉　430070

通讯作者:

徐振（1981-），男，高级工程师

许银生（1984-），男，研究员。

作者简介:

彭乃勇（1979-），男，高级工程师。

Effect of B₂O₃/K₂O on Structure and Electrical Performance of Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂ Glass

Naiyong PENG¹, Zhen XU¹, Xian ZHANG¹, Xiaobing MA¹, Dandan ZHANG², Zhi HONG², Xiao XIAO², Wenxiao ZHAO², Ping LU², Yinsheng XU²

Affiliations

^1.State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd. Huaibei Power Supply Company, Huaibei 526000, Anhui, China

^2.State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

Corresponding Author:

XU Zhen (1981-), male, Senior Engineer. E-mail: xuz241x@ah.sgcc.com.cn

XU Yinsheng (1984-), male, Professor. xuyinsheng@whut.edu.cn

PENG Naiyong (1979-), male, Senior Engineer. E-mail: pengny1434@ah.sgcc.com.cn

出版时间: 2026-09-02 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260711

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摘要

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绝缘子材料作为高压电力运输的重要组成部件，能够隔绝电流和电压，有效地保护器件的安全。然而，传统的玻璃绝缘子材料存在使用寿命短、成本高、表面缺陷（气孔）多等问题。因此，急需开发具有高电气强度、高机械性能的绝缘材料。本工作基于常见的钠钙硅（Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂，NCS）玻璃体系作为研究对象，研究了不同添加剂（B₂O₃、K₂O）掺杂量（摩尔分数）对NCS玻璃结构、光学、机械性能和电学性能的影响。结果表明：B₂O₃适量添加可提高机械强度和电击穿强度，但过量可能破坏网络结构。通过混合碱效应，在玻璃中引入K₂O的部分取代Na₂O可以优化网络结构，提升热稳定性，获得兼具高机械强度（抗弯强度>110 MPa）、优异绝缘性（室温下的体积电阻率>10¹⁰ Ω·m，介电损耗<0.003 @50 Hz）及高电气强度（击穿强度>32 kV/mm）的绝缘材料，有望成为制造高性能、长寿命高压绝缘子的理想选择之一。

关键词

绝缘子材料 / 钠钙硅玻璃 / 电学性能 / 高压电力运输

Abstract

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Introduction

Insulating materials play a crucial role in high-voltage power transmission, protecting equipment and ensuring the reliability of the power grid by effectively isolating current and voltage. Conventional ceramic insulators (such as porcelain or aluminium oxide insulators) are widely used in high-voltage power transmission, but they have inherent limitations, including a short service life, high manufacturing costs and many surface defects, which are likely to cause electrical breakdown in the material. Furthermore, defects such as internal porosity in ceramics can lead to deterioration of their mechanical and electrical properties. In contrast, glass insulators, owing to their exceptional mechanical strength and excellent stability, have become one of the materials of choice for long-span transmission lines. Among these, sodium-calcium silicate (NCS) glass offers significant advantages, including high transparency, excellent physicochemical stability, ease of manufacture, and low cost, and thus holds great potential for application in the field of high-voltage power transmission and transformation equipment. However, the mechanical strength and electrical properties of NCS matrix glass are insufficient to meet the demands of modern power equipment for high electrical strength, high mechanical strength and low dielectric loss. Therefore, the glass composition was optimized, and the NCS matrix glass system was modified by doping with B₂O₃ and K₂O. The evolution of the network structure, optical transparency, mechanical strength and electrical properties with varying doping ratios was investigated to develop a material suitable for high-performance, long-life, high-voltage insulators.

Methods

The matrix glass composition was an NCS system. Two sets of glass samples were prepared using the high-temperature melting-quenching method. In Group B, B₂O₃ was added at varying molar fractions (0-20%(mole fraction)) while keeping the other components constant. In Group N, using the mixed alkali effect, K₂O was introduced to partially replace Na₂O, while maintaining the total content of Na₂O and K₂O constant. Subsequently, high-purity raw materials (SiO₂, CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, H₃BO₃, K₂CO₃) were thoroughly mixed, placed in an alumina crucible and melted for 2 h at 1400 ℃. The melt was cast into preheated copper molds and annealed at 500 ℃ for 2 h to relieve internal stresses. The glass was cut into samples measuring 10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm and 20 mm × 20 mm × 1 mm, and the surfaces were ground flat using a metallographic grinding and polishing machine. The material structure was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The optical properties were determined by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Mechanical strength was measured using a three-point bending test. The electrical properties included volume resistivity (measured at room temperature using a resistivity meter), dielectric loss, and dielectric breakdown strength (under DC voltage).

Results and discussion

The addition of B₂O₃ significantly alters the glass network structure. When a small amount of B₂O₃ is introduced, its [BO₃] triangular units tend to replace some of the [SiO₄] tetrahedra of SiO₂, forming an irregular boron-oxygen network structure. This structural transformation reduces the proportion of bridging oxygen atoms in the glass network, leading to a decrease in network connectivity. As the B₂O₃ content increases further, [BO₄] tetrahedra gradually form, the number of bridging oxygen atoms increases, the glass network structure becomes denser, and the structural stability of the glass is enhanced. This structural change enhances the rigidity of the network. When 5%(mole fraction) B₂O₃ was added, the breakdown strength of the sample reached a maximum of approximately 31.93 kV/mm, with a flexural strength of 108.37 MPa. However, when the B₂O₃ content was excessive, a large number of [BO₃]/[BO₄] units appeared in the glass, leading to the breaking of the Si-O-Si chains and a decrease in network polymerization, which severely affected glass performance.

Compared to Na⁺ ions, the larger radius of K⁺ ions means that introducing K₂O increases steric hindrance within the glass network, resulting in a denser glass structure and thereby improving flexural strength. When 4% K₂O was added, the sample exhibited a flexural strength of 110.55 MPa, and the dielectric loss reached its lowest value (0.0027). The results indicate that an appropriate amount of K₂O doping for partial replacement of Na₂O can improve the glass's flexural strength and stiffness; however, the introduction of excessive K₂O may lead to an increase in defects within the glass network, thereby reducing the material's mechanical properties.

Conclusions

In summary, the incorporation of an appropriate amount of B₂O₃ into NCS glass, combined with the mixed alkali effect resulting from the substitution of Na₂O by K₂O, is an effective strategy for enhancing the mechanical strength and electrical properties of glass insulating materials. The results indicate that as the B₂O₃ content increases, the material's flexural strength exhibits a marked nonlinear change; when 5% B₂O₃ is added, both the flexural strength and electrical breakdown strength of the material are enhanced. The introduction of an appropriate amount of K₂O (partially replacing Na₂O) alters the polarizability of the glass via the mixed alkali effect, thereby enhancing the material's electrical breakdown strength while maintaining low dielectric loss. When the B₂O₃ and K₂O contents were 5% and 4%, respectively, the prepared sample exhibited high mechanical strength (flexural strength > 110 MPa), excellent insulation properties (room-temperature volume resistivity > 10¹² Ω·m, dielectric loss < 0.003 at 50 Hz) and high electrical strength (breakdown strength > 32 kV/mm). These findings provide a theoretical basis and material-design guidance for glass insulating materials used in high-performance electrical equipment.

Key words

insulator materials / sodium-calcium silicate glass / electrical performance / high-voltage power transmission

引用本文

彭乃勇, 徐振, 张显, 马骁兵, 张丹丹, 洪智, 肖晓, 赵文潇, 陆平, 许银生. B₂O₃/K₂O对Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂玻璃的结构与电学性能的影响. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (10) : 3740 -3749 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260711

Naiyong PENG, Zhen XU, Xian ZHANG, Xiaobing MA, Dandan ZHANG, Zhi HONG, Xiao XIAO, Wenxiao ZHAO, Ping LU, Yinsheng XU. Effect of B₂O₃/K₂O on Structure and Electrical Performance of Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂ Glass[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (10) : 3740 -3749 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260711

基金

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国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目资助(SGAHHB00YWJS-2500539)

参考文献

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2026年第54卷第10期

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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260711

接收时间：2025-09-25
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-09-02

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收稿日期：2025-09-25
修回日期：2025-10-31

基金

国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目资助(SGAHHB00YWJS-2500539)

作者信息

^1.国网安徽省电力有限公司淮北供电公司，安徽　淮北　235000

^2.武汉理工大学硅酸盐科学与先进建材全国重点实验室，武汉　430070

通讯作者:

徐振（1981-），男，高级工程师

许银生（1984-），男，研究员。

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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