硅酸盐学报

陕西出土汉代铅釉陶的原料及烧制工艺

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施佩 ¹ , 郭子琪 ¹ , 殷宇鹏 ² , 耿庆刚 ² , 杨利平 ² , 王小蒙 ²^,³ , 王芬 ¹ , 朱建锋 ¹ , 王卓 ¹ , 张彪 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2026,54(9): 3232-3241

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (9) : 3232 -3241

陕西出土汉代铅釉陶的原料及烧制工艺

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施佩¹, 郭子琪¹, 殷宇鹏², 耿庆刚², 杨利平², 王小蒙²^,³, 王芬¹, 朱建锋¹, 王卓¹, 张彪¹

作者信息

^1．陕西科技大学材料科学与工程学院，地下文物保护材料与技术教育部重点实验室，新材料陕西实验室，西安 710021

^2．陕西省考古研究院，西安 710109

^3．山西大学考古文博学院，太原 030006

通讯作者:

张彪（1990—），男，博士，副教授。

作者简介:

施佩（1990—），女，博士，副教授。

Raw Materials and Firing Techniques of Han Dynasty Lead-Glazed Pottery Unearthed in Shaanxi

Pei SHI¹, Ziqi GUO¹, Yupeng YIN², Qinggang GENG², Liping YANG², Xiaomeng WANG²^,³, Fen WANG¹, Jianfeng ZHU¹, Zhuo WANG¹, Biao ZHANG¹

Affiliations

^1.Shaanxi Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Underground Cultural Relics Protection Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China

^2.Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi'an 710021, China

^3.School of Archaeology and Museology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

Corresponding Author:

{ZHANG} Biao (1990-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: zhangbiao@sust.edu.cn

SHI Pei (1990-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: shipei7121@163.com

出版时间: 2026-08-18 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250772

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摘要

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通过X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、热膨胀仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等，对汉代铅釉陶样品的化学组成、物相、烧成气氛及温度等进行系统分析，探讨其原料组成与烧制工艺。结果表明，所有样品胎体的化学组成和物相均与墓葬区黏土相近，故所用制胎原料均为当地黏土。釉色分为黄、绿、黄绿3种，黄釉以制胎黏土提供的Fe₂O₃为主着色剂，绿釉以青铜提供的CuO为主着色剂，黄绿釉的Fe₂O₃与CuO含量均介于二者之间。由于黏土的熔点高于青铜，黄釉需减少富硅原料并增加富铅原料来降低釉的熔融温度，导致黄釉表现为“硅低铅高”的特征，绿釉则相反，黄绿釉居于两者之间。尽管着色剂种类和釉料配方存在差异，但3种釉色的样品均采用氧化气氛烧制而成，烧成温度控制在850~950 ℃之间。

关键词

汉代 / 铅釉陶 / 原料 / 烧制工艺

Abstract

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Introduction

This study systematically analyzed the chemical composition, phase, firing temperature and atmosphere of Han Dynasty lead glazed pottery unearthed from the Yangguanzhai Site, China, through X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectrometer (Raman), thermal expansion meter, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), etc., and explored its raw material composition and firing process. The results show that the chemical composition and phase of all sample bodies are similar to those of the clay in the burial area of the Yangguanzhai site, so the raw materials used for making the bodies are all local clay. The glaze colors are divided into three types, i.e., yellow, green and yellow-green. The yellow glaze mainly uses Fe₂O₃ provided by the clay for making the body as a coloring agent, while the green glaze mainly uses CuO provided by bronze as a coloring agent. The content of Fe₂O₃ and CuO in the yellow-green glaze is between the two. Because the melting point of clay is higher than that of bronze, yellow glaze needs to increase lead-rich raw materials and reduce silicon-rich raw materials to lower the melting temperature of the glaze, resulting in yellow glaze showing the characteristic of "high lead and low silicon", while green glaze is the opposite, with yellow-green glaze lying between the two. Although there are differences in the types of colorants and glaze formulas, the samples of the three glaze colors are all fired in an oxidizing atmosphere at the firing temperatures controlled at 850-950 ℃.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition and phase composition of the body and glaze in 29 samples to investigate their raw materials and firing techniques by XRF, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and other techniques.

Results and discussion

Based on the colorimetric parameter analysis of glaze samples, they can be categorized into three types, i.e., yellow, green, and yellow-green. The saturation (C*) of yellow and yellow-green glazes exhibits a significant variation, while green glazes show a greater consistency. This variation is correlated to the types and concentrations of colorants in the glazes. The body color is uniform and stable, with coloration primarily influenced by saturation. All the body samples are colored with Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂, exhibiting the similar chemical compositions and phase characteristics. This indicates that the body material likely originates from the same type of common, easily fusible clay, presumably sourced from the Yangguanzhai site. The chemical composition of the glaze layers reveals that yellow glazes have the lowest SiO₂ content and the highest PbO content, while green glazes exhibit the opposite pattern. This may be related to coloration requirements and the fluxing effect of PbO. The coloring agents originate from bronze, and the glaze materials incorporate clay from the body production process as an iron source. The XRD patterns and Raman spectra further confirm the presence of quartz, feldspar, mica, and hematite phases in both body and glaze. The XPS analysis reveals Fe³⁺ as the predominant iron species. Combined with thermal expansion measurements indicating firing temperatures at 850-950 ℃, these results collectively confirm the samples are fired in an oxidizing atmosphere.

Conclusions

The lead-glazed pottery bodies of the Han Dynasty could be brick red in color, with Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ as colorants. Their chemical composition and phase were highly consistent with the clay of the site, and the components of the bodies with different glaze colors were similar. They had the characteristics of common fusing clay, indicating that the raw materials for making the bodies were taken from the local soil and fired locally. The lead glazed pottery of the Han Dynasty haf three glaze colors, i.e., yellow, green and yellowish-green. The yellow glaze mainly usef Fe₂O₃ as the main colorant, while the green glaze mainly used CuO. The content of Fe₂O₃ and CuO in the yellowish-green glaze was between the two. Since the correlation of Fe₂O₃-TiO₂ in the body and glaze was consistent, and hematite appeared in both glazes, indicating that the clay used for making the body was used as the iron source during glaze production. There could be a positive correlation between CuO and SnO₂ in the glaze, indicating that CuO originated from bronze. Because the melting point of clay was higher than that of bronze, the required PbO content was also higher. Therefore, yellow glaze showed the characteristics of low silicon and high lead, and was prone to "silver glaze" diseases. However, the correlation between SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in the body and glaze was inconsistent, indicating that silicon-rich raw materials such as quartz sand were added to the glaze. The lead-glazed pottery of the Han Dynasty was all fired in an oxidizing atmosphere, with the firing temperature controlled at 850-950 ℃. The analysis showed that although there were differences in glaze colors, the similar process conditions were adopted for the firing temperature and atmosphere.

Key words

the Han Dynasty / lead-glazed pottery / raw material / firing process

引用本文

施佩, 郭子琪, 殷宇鹏, 耿庆刚, 杨利平, 王小蒙, 王芬, 朱建锋, 王卓, 张彪. 陕西出土汉代铅釉陶的原料及烧制工艺. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (9) : 3232 -3241 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250772

Pei SHI, Ziqi GUO, Yupeng YIN, Qinggang GENG, Liping YANG, Xiaomeng WANG, Fen WANG, Jianfeng ZHU, Zhuo WANG, Biao ZHANG. Raw Materials and Firing Techniques of Han Dynasty Lead-Glazed Pottery Unearthed in Shaanxi[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (9) : 3232 -3241 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250772

基金

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国家自然科学基金(52102026)
中央指导地方科技发展基金项目(2024ZY-JCYJ-04-06)
陕西省技术创新引导专项项目(2024QY-SZX-04)
陶渠遗址陶器检测拓展研究项目

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2026年第54卷第9期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250772

接收时间：2025-10-23
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-08-18

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出版历史

收稿日期：2025-10-23
修回日期：2025-11-24

基金

国家自然科学基金(52102026)

中央指导地方科技发展基金项目(2024ZY-JCYJ-04-06)

陕西省技术创新引导专项项目(2024QY-SZX-04)

陶渠遗址陶器检测拓展研究项目

作者信息

^1．陕西科技大学材料科学与工程学院，地下文物保护材料与技术教育部重点实验室，新材料陕西实验室，西安 710021

^2．陕西省考古研究院，西安 710109

^3．山西大学考古文博学院，太原 030006

通讯作者:

张彪（1990—），男，博士，副教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250772

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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