硅酸盐学报

Al₂O₃/TiO₂协同调控Y₂O₃基陶瓷型芯的制备及其化学相容性

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郭旭森 ¹ , 王安睿 ¹ , 贾子祺 ¹ , 李鑫 ²^,³ , 范红娜 ² , 夏俊超 ¹ , 赵廷磊 ² , 李敏敏 ² , 李海旭 ² , 许西庆 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2026,54(9): 3194-3207

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (9) : 3194 -3207

Al₂O₃/TiO₂协同调控Y₂O₃基陶瓷型芯的制备及其化学相容性

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郭旭森¹, 王安睿¹, 贾子祺¹, 李鑫²^,³, 范红娜², 夏俊超¹, 赵廷磊², 李敏敏², 李海旭², 许西庆¹

作者信息

^1．长安大学材料科学与工程学院，西安 710061

^2．中航装甲科技有限公司，天津 300399

^3．中国航发北京航空材料研究院，先进高温结构材料重点实验室，北京 100095

通讯作者:

许西庆（1990—），男，博士，副教授。

夏俊超（1992—），男，博士，讲师。

作者简介:

郭旭森（2001—），男，硕士研究生。

Chemical Compatibility of Y₂O₃-Based Ceramic Cores Synergistically Modulated with Al₂O₃/TiO₂ Dual Oxides

Xusen GUO¹, Anrui WANG¹, Ziqi JIA¹, Xin LI²^,³, Hongna FAN², Junchao XIA¹, Tinglei ZHAO², Minmin LI², Haixu LI², Xiqing XU¹

Affiliations

^1.School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China

^2.AECC Aegis Advanced Protective Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300399, China

^3.Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China

Corresponding Author:

XU Xiqing (1990-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: xiqingxu@chd.edu.cn;

XIA Junchao (1992-), male, Ph.D., Lecturer. jcxia@chd.edu.cn

GUO Xusen (2001-), male, Master candidate. E-mail: guoxusen2001@163.com

出版时间: 2026-08-19 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250650

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摘要

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Y₂O₃陶瓷型芯因其优异的化学相容性和高温稳定性，被视为钛合金熔模铸造中的关键组件。然而，由于烧结难度大，Y₂O₃陶瓷型芯存在高温性能不足的问题。为使Y₂O₃基型芯在钛合金铸造中具备更优异的机械强度和化学惰性，本工作在Y₂O₃基陶瓷型芯中引入了Al₂O₃/TiO₂复合矿化剂。由于Al₂O₃与Y₂O₃发生反应，生成具有更优高温性能的Al₂Y₄O₉（YAM）相，并形成一种虽结构疏松但机械性能优良的网络结构。TiO₂的加入促进了Al₂O₃与Y₂O₃之间的传质过程，形成稳定的网络结构，该结构能抑制Y₂O₃的烧结收缩，使陶瓷型芯获得足够的高温性能和孔隙率。当添加3%（质量分数）纳米Al₂O₃和0.5% TiO₂（样品A3T0.5）时，Y₂O₃复合型芯展现出优异的力学性能和化学相容性，高温抗弯强度为26.09 MPa，挠度为0.158 mm，开气孔率为37.1%。基于该Y₂O₃复合型芯浇注后的钛合金铸件内腔几乎没有界面反应，内腔表面粗糙度小于2 μm。本工作在钛合金部件的制造中具有良好的应用前景。

关键词

钛合金 / 氧化钇基陶瓷型芯 / 纳米氧化铝和氧化钛 / 复合矿化剂 / 界面反应

Abstract

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Introduction

Titanium alloys are particularly well-suited for the fabrication of high-temperature components in aero-engines due to their low density, high specific strength, and excellent oxidation resistance and fatigue performance. However, the difficulty in sintering and insufficient high-temperature performance of Y₂O₃ ceramic cores are the main problems to restrict their application because of the high chemical activity of titanium. At present, the addition of mineralizers can reduce the sintering temperature to a certain extent. However, this reduction in temperature inevitably results in a decrease in porosity, thereby affecting the leachability of Y₂O₃ ceramic cores. To satisfy the criteria associated with investment casting, a dual-mineralizer system can be added to improve the porosity and sintering performance of Y₂O₃. This study was to investigate the synergistic strengthening mechanism of Y₂O₃-based ceramic cores modified with Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ as dual mineralizers.

Methods

Y₂O₃ powders with different particle sizes were used as a matrix material, and nano-sized alumina (Al₂O₃) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were used as mineralizers. Y₂O₃ ceramic cores with different mixed mineralizer ratios were prepared by a hot-press injection molding method. Key performance parameters of each core sample were obtained based on the aviation industry standard HB 5353. The fracture morphology and element distribution of the cores were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), so as to investigate the synergistic strengthening mechanism of the Y₂O₃-based ceramic cores modified by the dual mineralizers. Meanwhile, a pouring verification was conducted on each ceramic core sample, including wax pressing fracture, the ceramic/metal interface reaction in the alloy after pouring, and the surface quality of the castings.

Results and discussion

The sintering process is typically categorized into three distinct stages. The early stage of sintering is marked by the occurrence of bond merging and rearrangement, as well as the predominance of point contact between particles. The middle stage of sintering is marked by the transition from point contact to face contact between the particles and the pores. This progression leads to a further narrowing of the contact area, while maintaining the connection of pores with the surroundings. The late sintering stage is characterized by persistent mass transfer, grain growth, and the pores changing to closed pores, culminating in increased density. The resulting Al₂Y₄O₉(YAM) phase exerts a partial inhibition effect on the particle interface migration during the late-stage sintering process due to the incorporation of Al₂O₃ into Y₂O₃. However, a minimal shrinkage alteration occurs under these dual counteracting mechanisms due to the nano-sizes of Al₂O₃ particles. The incorporation of TiO₂ into Y₂O₃ during the middle stage of sintering results in a significant enhancement of the rate of TiO₂ diffusion into Y₂O₃. This is attributed to the continuous promotion of the mass transfer process by the point defects generated during this stage. The degree of densification exhibits a substantial increase from the middle stage of sintering to the late stage of sintering, accompanied by an increase in the strength of the sample.

In addition, no obvious oxide layer or phase transformation appears in the titanium alloy cast for the sample A3T0.5. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns demonstrate that the titanium alloy is composed of α-Ti and β-Ti phases-phases typically formed during the cooling process of TC4 castings. No characteristic peaks associated with residual Y₂O₃ or interfacial reaction products occur in the XRD patterns. The cross-sectional and internal compositions of the titanium alloy remain pure, without any signs of element infiltration from the ceramic core. This can be attributed to two critical factors, i.e., the Y₂O₃ ceramic core modified by dual mineralizers exhibits a high sintering density, efficiently suppressing the diffusion of core-derived elements into the molten alloy; and Y₂O₃ inherently possesses exceptional chemical inertness, resulting in a weak chemical reactivity with titanium alloy even under the elevated temperatures encounters during casting. Consequently, the inner cavity surface of the as-cast titanium alloy attains favorable quality, fully complying with the service requirements for aerospace castings.

Conclusions

Al₂O₃ reacted with Y₂O₃ to form YAM phase with a better high temperature performance, and formed a looser network structure as Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ contents increased. The addition of TiO₂ could promote the mass transfer process between Al₂O₃ and Y₂O₃, a stable network structure that resisted the sintering shrinkage of Y₂O₃, achieving sufficient high-temperature performance and porosity. The optimal composition of the Y₂O₃ ceramic cores obtained was the addition of 3% of nano-sized Al₂O₃ and 0.5% of nano-sized TiO₂. The shrinkage of the ceramic cores in the length, width, and height directions was 1.86%, 2.33%, and 2.27%, respectively. The high- and room-temperature flexural strengths were 26.09 MPa and 24.25 MPa, respectively. The deflection was 0.158 mm, and the open porosity was 37.1%. Titanium alloy castings of the sample A3T0.5 exhibited a surface roughness of < 2 μm within the inner cavity. These castings could lack a distinct hardening layer as well as the limited penetration of elements from the ceramic matrix into the titanium alloy surface. This could meet a demand for Y₂O₃ ceramic cores in titanium alloy casting for the production of qualified titanium alloy castings.

Key words

titanium alloy / yttrium oxide-based ceramic core / alumina/titanium oxide / composite mineralizer / interfacial reaction

引用本文

郭旭森, 王安睿, 贾子祺, 李鑫, 范红娜, 夏俊超, 赵廷磊, 李敏敏, 李海旭, 许西庆. Al₂O₃/TiO₂协同调控Y₂O₃基陶瓷型芯的制备及其化学相容性. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (9) : 3194 -3207 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250650

Xusen GUO, Anrui WANG, Ziqi JIA, Xin LI, Hongna FAN, Junchao XIA, Tinglei ZHAO, Minmin LI, Haixu LI, Xiqing XU. Chemical Compatibility of Y₂O₃-Based Ceramic Cores Synergistically Modulated with Al₂O₃/TiO₂ Dual Oxides[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (9) : 3194 -3207 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250650

基金

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国家自然科学基金(52102062)
中央高校基础研究基金(CHD300102312406)
西安市科技计划(23LLRH0004)

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2026年第54卷第9期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250650

接收时间：2025-07-08
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-08-19

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出版历史

收稿日期：2025-07-08
修回日期：2025-10-04

基金

国家自然科学基金(52102062)

中央高校基础研究基金(CHD300102312406)

西安市科技计划(23LLRH0004)

作者信息

^1．长安大学材料科学与工程学院，西安 710061

^2．中航装甲科技有限公司，天津 300399

^3．中国航发北京航空材料研究院，先进高温结构材料重点实验室，北京 100095

通讯作者:

许西庆（1990—），男，博士，副教授。

夏俊超（1992—），男，博士，讲师。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250650

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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