硅酸盐学报

生物过程启示的陶瓷室温/低温致密化技术研究进展

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胡辉冯 , 邹朝勇 , 傅正义

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(9): 3066-3086

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2026 , 54 (9) : 3066 -3086

生物过程启示的陶瓷室温/低温致密化技术研究进展

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胡辉冯, 邹朝勇, 傅正义

作者信息

武汉理工大学，材料复合新技术全国重点实验室，武汉 430070

通讯作者:

邹朝勇（1989—），男，博士，研究员。

傅正义（1963—），男，博士，教授。

作者简介:

胡辉冯（1997—），男，博士。

Research Progress on Bioprocessing-Inspired Room-/Low-Temperature Densification Technology of Ceramics

Huifeng HU, Zhaoyong ZOU, Zhengyi FU

Affiliations

State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

Corresponding Author:

ZOU Zhaoyong (1989-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: zzou@whut.edu.cn;

FU Zhengyi (1963-), male, Ph.D., Professor. zyfu@whut.edu.cn

HU Huifeng (1997-), male, Ph.D. E-mail: hhf@whut.edu.cn

出版时间: 2026-08-18 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250802

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摘要

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陶瓷材料的制备往往需要在超过1000 ℃的高温条件下进行烧结，且难以避免晶粒长大、气孔率增加等问题；而生物可以在室温下制备具有多级结构和优异性能的生物矿物。因此，学习自然生物矿物的形成过程及其致密化策略，将有助于发展在室温或低温条件下制备具有多级结构和优异性能的材料的新技术。基于此，首先介绍了陶瓷低温制备技术的发展现状和挑战，以及贝壳、牙釉质等生物矿物的形成过程；其次阐述了近期生物过程启示的陶瓷材料室温/低温制备技术和高性能复合材料的研究进展；最后，对该技术的未来发展给出了展望。

关键词

低温制备 / 生物矿化 / 复合材料 / 无定形相

Abstract

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Conventional ceramic fabrication typically requires sintering at high temperatures of exceeding 1000 ℃, which inevitably leads to grain growth and increased porosity. Recent advances on low-temperature ceramic processing have reduced the sintering temperature of certain materials at 300-800 ℃. However, this still falls short of the ultimate goal of achieving true room-temperature or genuinely low-temperature fabrication. In contrast, living organisms can produce biominerals, such as tooth enamel and mollusk shells, that exhibit complex hierarchical structures and outstanding mechanical properties under mild environmental conditions, including ambient temperature, pressure, and near-neutral pH value. These biominerals are structurally dense and often combine high strength with high toughness, offering a paradigm and inspiration for materials science. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the formation processes and densification mechanisms of biominerals is of great significance for developing innovative technologies to fabricate high-performance ceramic materials at room or low temperatures.

This review introduces the development and challenges of low-temperature ceramic preparation technologies. It systematically traces the technological evolution in this field, from the early use of hydrothermal hot-pressing for calcium carbonate ceramics to liquid-phase-assisted methods for Li₂MoO₄ ceramics, and further to the expansion into functional ceramic systems. Based on a critical assessment of the advantages and limitations of existing processes, the constraints hindering their broader engineering applications are analyzed.

The review focuses on the strategies employed in biomineralization for room-temperature fabrication, with a particular emphasis on the formation mechanisms of typical biominerals such as shells and enamel. A common feature identified across these processes is the use of amorphous precursor phases. Concurrently, various organic components perform highly specific regulatory roles at different mineralization stages, collectively ensuring a controlled transformation from the amorphous precursor to the final crystalline structure. This biogenic mechanism offers a paradigm-shifting concept for ceramic densification. It is possible to achieve controlled phase transformation and densification at room or low temperatures through the precise design of amorphous precursors and under the regulatory influence of organic components.

This review also discusses recent research progress on bioprocessing inspired techniques for fabricating ceramic materials and high-performance composites at room/low temperatures. Densification methods developed by emulating biomineralization strategies adopt the core concept of using amorphous precursors, thereby enabling the low-temperature fabrication of dense ceramics. A distinctive advantage of this approach lies in its use of the intrinsic structural water within the precursor as a transport medium, eliminating the need for additional liquid phases. This yields structures with more homogeneous compositions and fewer defects, leading to a superior mechanical performance. Furthermore, the integration of hierarchical structural designs can further enhance material toughening and strengthening. This review further summarizes the principles that can guide the improvement of mechanical properties in the design and fabrication of bioprocessing inspired materials. It is evident that achieving high-performance composites is not merely the simple application of a single biomimetic strategy, but rather requires the systematic and synergistic integration of multiple principles, demanding a balanced consideration of various factors in different length scales.

Summary and Prospects

This review systematically distills core strategies derived from biomineralization and translates them into material preparation techniques. It becomes increasingly feasible to fabricate macroscopic composites that combine high hardness, strength, and toughness under near-room-temperature conditions via integrating biomineralization strategies such as 'in-situ phase transformation and densification of hydrated precursors' and 'interfacial engineering of hierarchical structures'. This review provides a theoretical foundation and technical basis for the development of green and sustainable routes to high-performance ceramics. However, the existing research still falls short of replicating the exquisite structures and exceptional properties in biological materials and remains distant from practical applications. Future research should focus on the following directions, i.e., 1) gaining a deeper understanding of the biological formation of structural materials, particularly the kinetic principles governing mass transport, reactions, and assembly, to provide theoretical guidance for artificial synthesis; 2) further expanding the applicability of bioprocessing inspired room/low-temperature ceramic densification techniques to a broader range of material systems; 3) introducing advanced technological approaches to reduce the processing scale to the nanometer level, such as in-situ mineralization growth, layer-by-layer hot pressing of nanofilms, and the incorporation of liquid metal ionic bonds; and 4) employing chemical strategies to construct stronger interfacial bonding, thereby enhancing the densification of composites under low-pressure conditions. These efforts will lay a groundwork for the fabrication of large-scale composites at room or low temperatures.

Key words

low temperature fabrication / biomineralization / composites / amorphous phases

引用本文

胡辉冯, 邹朝勇, 傅正义. 生物过程启示的陶瓷室温/低温致密化技术研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (9) : 3066 -3086 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250802

Huifeng HU, Zhaoyong ZOU, Zhengyi FU. Research Progress on Bioprocessing-Inspired Room-/Low-Temperature Densification Technology of Ceramics[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (9) : 3066 -3086 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250802

基金

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国家自然科学基金面上项目“牙釉质多级结构的跨尺度三维结构表征及其形成和致密化机制研究”(52172287)
国家重点研发计划“变革性技术关键科学问题”重点专项“生物过程启示的陶瓷材料室温制备关键科学问题”(2021YFA0715700)

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排序方式：

2026年第54卷第9期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250802

接收时间：2025-11-01
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-08-18

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收稿日期：2025-11-01
修回日期：2025-12-25

基金

国家自然科学基金面上项目“牙釉质多级结构的跨尺度三维结构表征及其形成和致密化机制研究”(52172287)

国家重点研发计划“变革性技术关键科学问题”重点专项“生物过程启示的陶瓷材料室温制备关键科学问题”(2021YFA0715700)

作者信息

武汉理工大学，材料复合新技术全国重点实验室，武汉 430070

通讯作者:

邹朝勇（1989—），男，博士，研究员。

傅正义（1963—），男，博士，教授。

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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