硅酸盐学报

纳米二氧化硅改性气泡轻质土泡沫稳定性及力学特性

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刘思敏 ¹ , 许言 ² , 叶观宝 ¹ , 张振 ¹^,³ , 王明玉 ⁴ , 万勋 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2026,54(8): 2743-2752

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (8) : 2743 -2752

纳米二氧化硅改性气泡轻质土泡沫稳定性及力学特性

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刘思敏¹, 许言², 叶观宝¹, 张振¹^,³, 王明玉⁴, 万勋¹

作者信息

^1．同济大学地下建筑与工程系，中国上海 200092

^2．上海市自然资源调查利用研究院，中国上海 200072

^3．西藏农牧大学水利土木工程学院，中国西藏林芝 860000

^4．德国亚琛工业大学建筑材料研究所，德国亚琛 52062

通讯作者:

张振（1984—），男，博士，研究员。

作者简介:

刘思敏（2000—），女，硕士研究生。

Foam Stability and Mechanical Characteristics of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles-Modified Foamed Lightweight Soil

Simin LIU¹, Yan XU², Guanbao YE¹, Zhen ZHANG¹^,³, Mingyu WANG⁴, Xun WAN¹

Affiliations

^1.Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

^2.Shanghai institute of natural resources survey and utilization, Shanghai 200072, China

^3.College of Hydraulic and civil engineering, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, Xizang, China

^4.Institute of building materials research Aachen (ibac), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany

Corresponding Author:

{ZHANG} Zhen (1984-), male, Ph.D., Research Fellow. E-mail: 14149@tongji.edu.cn

LIU Simin (2000-), female, Master candidate. E-mail: 2330568@tongji.edu.cn

出版时间: 2026-04-16 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250739

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摘要

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气泡轻质土是一种将气泡、固化剂和水按一定比例搅拌后制成的新型轻质土工材料。气泡轻质土的力学特性受其孔隙结构影响，因此优化孔隙结构是提高其力学特性的途径之一。本工作通过宏细观试验研究纳米SiO₂颗粒掺入对气泡轻质土泡沫稳定性及力学特性的影响。纳米SiO₂质量掺入比为1‰、3‰和5‰，颗粒形状采用球形和不规则形，试样密度组为1.5、1.1 g/cm³和0.6 g/cm³。试验结果表明，纳米SiO₂的掺入使泡沫液膜增厚，形状趋于规则，掺入3‰不规则纳米SiO₂测试组对应的泡沫质量最佳。相较于未掺入纳米SiO₂的气泡轻质土试样，3个密度组的试样28、60 d龄期的抗压强度提高了7%~51%；试样孔隙体积减小，孔隙形状趋于规则，孔隙间隙分布趋于均匀。纳米SiO₂的加入对低密度组孔隙结构的优化效果更为显著。

关键词

气泡轻质土 / 纳米二氧化硅 / 力学性能 / 气泡稳定性 / 增强机制

Abstract

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Introduction

Foamed lightweight soil (FLS) is a cementitious geotechnical material prepared via mixing cement paste with preformed foam and sometimes incorporating additional aggregates. Its density and mechanical strength can be tailored via adjusting the foam content. FLS is widely employed in embankment construction and backfill applications due to its capacity to substantially reduce fill load and settlement. The strength of FLS generally exhibits an exponential relationship with density, which is affected by its internal pore structure. During casting, unstable bubbles can lead to non-uniform pore distribution. Enhancing foam stability is therefore crucial for pore structure optimization. Additives such as stabilizers and viscosifiers are commonly used to improve foam stability, but they can concurrently reduce foaming capacity. SiO₂ nanoparticles have a potential in modifying interface properties and inhibiting foam decay. However, its influence on the pore structure of FLS and a systematic comparison with conventional FLS remain to be insufficiently investigated. This study was to examine how SiO₂ nanoparticles could affect foam stability and enhance the mechanical properties and pore structure of FLS. The effects of morphology and content of SiO₂ nanoparticles were analyzed through bubble density measurements, foam bleeding tests, and optical microscopy. The mechanical performance and pore structure characteristics were evaluated by uniaxial compression tests and X-ray computed tomography, providing theoretical and practical insights for the application of nanomaterials in FLS.

Methods

FLS specimens were prepared with P·C 42.5 composite Portland cement, plant-protein-based foaming agent, nanoparticles of SiO₂, and tap water. SiO₂ nanoparticles were incorporated at different mass ratios (i.e., 1‰, 3‰, and 5‰) by cement mass. Three target wet density groups were designed at 1.5, 1.1 g/cm³, and 0.6 g/cm³. The mixtures were cast in cubic molds with the size of 70.7 mm, demolded after 24 h, and cured under standard conditions (i.e., (20 ± 2) ℃, RH > 95%) for 7, 28 d, and 60 d, respectively. The foam bleeding rate was determined via measuring the volume of liquid expelled from freshly prepared foam standing in air at specified intervals, calculated as a ratio of expelled liquid to initial foam volume. The bubble morphology and foam decay were analyzed by optical microscopy. The mechanical properties of hardened specimens were evaluated by uniaxial compression tests, while the pore structure was characterized using X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). All the experiments were repeated at least three times to ensure accuracy and reproducibility.

Results and discussion

The results of foam stability test demonstrate that the incorporation of SiO₂ nanoparticles significantly reduces the foam bleeding rate and prolongs the bubble dissipation duration in FLS, while simultaneously promoting more uniform bubble size distribution and regular morphological characteristics. These results confirm the effective enhancement of bubble stability through the modification of SiO₂ nanoparticles. Note that FLS specimens incorporating irregularly-shaped SiO₂ nanoparticles exhibit superior comprehensive performance due to the larger contact area between irregular particles and bubble interfaces, compared to their spherical counterparts. For FLS specimens with irregular SiO₂ nanoparticles, the optimal incorporation ratio is 3‰ (in mass), achieving a 1 h bleeding rate of 23% in the foam system, representing a 70% reduction, compared to the control group without SiO₂ nanoparticles. This enhancement mechanism involves the adsorption of surfactant molecules onto the surfaces of the nanoparticles, where appropriate concentrations typically form monolayer adsorption films that convert the surface of originally hydrophilic to hydrophobic. However, the excessive surfactant adsorption leads to a bilayer formation, reverting the nanoparticle surface to hydrophilic and consequently diminishing a stabilization effectiveness. The results of uniaxial compression tests reveal that the peak strength of FLS in different density groups generally follows an initial increase and a subsequent decrease trend with increasing the content of SiO₂ nanoparticles, reaching the maximum values at an incorporation ratio of 3‰. The results of X-CT scanning further indicate that the incorporation of SiO₂ nanoparticles generally reduces the internal pore volume of FLS, while demonstrating that the pore volume has a decreasing-then-increasing pattern as the content of SiO₂ nanoparticles increases. Moreover, the addition of SiO₂ nanoparticles contributes to more regular pore morphology and more uniform pore spacing distribution in FLS. The specimens incorporating the SiO₂ nanoparticles of 3‰ and 5‰ exhibit more regular internal pore structures, compared to that with SiO₂ nanoparticles of 1‰.

Conclusions

The incorporation of SiO₂ nanoparticles enhanced foam density, while reducing foaming volume and bleeding rate. The microscopic analysis revealed that SiO₂ nanoparticles could thicken the liquid film, increase foam sphericity, and reduce the connectivity of Plateau borders, thereby inhibiting gas escape. The 3‰ content of irregular SiO₂ nanoparticles demonstrated an optimal foam quality. At identical curing ages, the uniaxial compressive strength of FLS in different density groups exhibited a characteristic trend of initial increase and subsequent decrease as the content of SiO₂ nanoparticles increased, obtaining the maximum value at the content of 3‰. Compared to the specimens without SiO₂ nanoparticles, the 28 d and 60 d compressive strengths in three density groups with SiO₂ nanoparticles could increase from 7% to 51%.For the specimens without SiO₂ nanoparticles, the 28 d FLS specimens with SiO₂ nanoparticles displayed reduced individual pore volumes in all density groups, and the average pore volume was decreased by 28%-46%. Concurrently, the pore sphericity increased and accompanied with a narrow size distribution, and the pore spacing became more uniform. The modification of SiO₂ nanoparticles could prove particularly effective in optimizing the pore structure of low-density FLS.

Key words

foamed lightweight soil / nano-silicon dioxide / mechanical properties / foam stability / enhanced mechanism

引用本文

刘思敏, 许言, 叶观宝, 张振, 王明玉, 万勋. 纳米二氧化硅改性气泡轻质土泡沫稳定性及力学特性. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (8) : 2743 -2752 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250739

Simin LIU, Yan XU, Guanbao YE, Zhen ZHANG, Mingyu WANG, Xun WAN. Foam Stability and Mechanical Characteristics of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles-Modified Foamed Lightweight Soil[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (8) : 2743 -2752 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250739

基金

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国家自然科学基金面上项目(42377165; 42372317)
上海市自然基金面上项目(22ZR1466600)

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2026年第54卷第8期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250739

接收时间：2025-10-04
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-04-16

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出版历史

收稿日期：2025-10-04
修回日期：2025-11-06

基金

国家自然科学基金面上项目(42377165; 42372317)

上海市自然基金面上项目(22ZR1466600)

作者信息

^1．同济大学地下建筑与工程系，中国上海 200092

^2．上海市自然资源调查利用研究院，中国上海 200072

^3．西藏农牧大学水利土木工程学院，中国西藏林芝 860000

^4．德国亚琛工业大学建筑材料研究所，德国亚琛 52062

通讯作者:

张振（1984—），男，博士，研究员。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250739

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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