硅酸盐学报

碳管基元序构高性能滤波超级电容器电极研究进展

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李佩 ¹^,² , 周子燕 ¹^,² , 蒋素侠 ¹^,² , 徐潇建 ¹^,² , 韩方明 ¹^,² , 孟国文 ¹^,²

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2026,54(7): 2220-2236

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2026 , 54 (7) : 2220 -2236

碳管基元序构高性能滤波超级电容器电极研究进展

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李佩¹^,², 周子燕¹^,², 蒋素侠¹^,², 徐潇建¹^,², 韩方明¹^,², 孟国文¹^,²

作者信息

^1．中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院固体物理研究所，合肥 230031

^2．中国科学技术大学研究生院科学岛分院，合肥 230026

通讯作者:

韩方明（1975—），男，博士，研究员；

孟国文（1960—），男，博士，研究员。

作者简介:

李佩（1998—），女，博士研究生。

Research Progress on Carbon-Tube Units Ordering Electrodes for High-Performance Line-Filtering Supercapacitors

Pei LI¹^,², Ziyan ZHOU¹^,², Suxia JIANG¹^,², Xiaojian XU¹^,², Fangming HAN¹^,², Guowen MENG¹^,²

Affiliations

^1.Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China

^2.Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding Author:

HAN Fangming (1975-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: fmhan@issp.ac.cn;

MENG Guowen (1960-), male, Ph.D., Professor. gwmeng@issp.ac.cn

LI Pei (1998-), female, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: lipei@issp.ac.cn

出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260202

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摘要

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随着电子产品向轻量化与小型化方向快速发展，传统铝电解电容器受限于面积/体积比电容低、结构刚性强等固有缺陷，已难以满足现代电子系统对高性能滤波元件的需求。凭借高比电容、快速充放电特性及优异的循环稳定性，超级电容器被认为是替代铝电解电容器的潜在方案。然而，传统电极内部无序多孔结构引发了严重的传质瓶颈。曲折的离子迁移路径极大地限制传输动力学，导致器件在120 Hz频率下陷入“鱼与熊掌不可兼得”的困境——快速响应与高能量密度无法共存，严重阻碍了其走向实际应用的步伐。近年来，通过对电极微观结构进行理性设计，尤其是对组成电极的纳米结构功能基元的空间取向与连接方式实施精确序构调控，逐渐成为突破上述矛盾的重要策略。基于结构维度与空间组织方式，本文对碳基滤波电极进行系统梳理，包括以高堆积密度为特征的二维平面结构、以随机扩散为主导的三维大孔结构，以及以定向传输为特征的高度垂直取向结构等，揭示结构有序性在调控电荷输运动力学中的关键作用。在此基础上，重点综述以碳管为功能基元的三维序构电极体系——三维互连碳管网格，深入分析其在构建低电阻连续电子传导网络与低曲折度定向离子通道方面的结构优势。围绕“结构序构—离子输运—高频滤波性能”这一内在逻辑，系统讨论自支撑骨架构筑、基元层级化调控、表界面工程、同轴套构、横向致密化及Y-形分支设计等结构演化策略，对离子输运行为及120 Hz滤波性能的影响规律。最后，总结当前研究进展与未来发展趋势，以期为高性能、小型化电化学滤波器的结构设计与理论研究提供参考。

关键词

功能基元 / 碳管 / 序构 / 滤波超级电容器 / 电极结构设计 / 电子-离子协同输运

Abstract

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With the rapid advancement of electronics toward lighter and more miniaturized designs, conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitors, constrained by intrinsically low areal/volumetric capacitance and mechanically rigid architectures, struggle to meet the demands for high-performance filtering in modern electronic circuits. Supercapacitors are regarded as promising alternatives to aluminum electrolytic capacitors due to their high specific capacitance, rapid charge-discharge capability, and excellent cycling stability. However, the intrinsically disordered porous architecture of conventional electrodes gives rise to severe mass-transport limitations. The highly tortuous ion migration pathways severely restrict transport kinetics, leading to a fundamental trade-off at 120 Hz, where fast frequency response and high energy density cannot be simultaneously achieved, thereby significantly impeding their practical application. In recent years, the rational design of electrode microstructures, particularly the precise ordering control of the spatial orientation and interconnection of nanoscale functional building units, emerges as an effective strategy to address this contradiction. This review represents carbon-based filtering electrodes based on structural dimensionality and spatial organization, encompassing two-dimensional planar architectures characterized by high packing density, three-dimensional macroporous structures dominated by random diffusion, and highly vertically aligned configurations featuring directional transport. The critical role of structural ordering in regulating charge-transport kinetics is thereby elucidated. On this basis, a special emphasis is placed on three-dimensional ordered electrode systems constructed from carbon tubes as functional units, i.e., three-dimensional interconnected carbon tube grids. Their structural advantages in constructing low-resistance, continuous electronic conduction networks and low-tortuosity, directional ion transport channels are analyzed. For the intrinsic logic of "structural ordering-ion transport-high-frequency filtering performance", this review discusses the effects of various structural evolution strategies (i.e., self-supporting scaffold construction, hierarchical regulation within building units, surface/interface engineering, concentric nesting, lateral densification, and Y-branch design) on the ion transport behavior and filtering performance at 120 Hz. In addition, the existing research progress and future development trends are also summarized to provide theoretical insights and structural design guidelines for high-performance, miniaturized electrochemical filtering devices.

Summary and Prospects

As a highly promising filtering component for next-generation lightweight and miniaturized electronic circuits, supercapacitors have pursued performance breakthroughs centered on the synergistic optimization of ultrafast frequency response and high areal capacitance. Reviewing the evolution of electrode design for filtering supercapacitors reveals a paradigm shift from mere compositional engineering toward an ordering-driven paradigm guided by rational microstructural design. In this review, carbon-based filtering electrodes are systematically categorized according to structural dimensionality and spatial organization, including two-dimensional planar architectures, three-dimensional randomly macroporous frameworks, and highly vertically aligned configurations, thereby elucidating a pivotal role of structural ordering in governing charge-transport kinetics. In particular, three-dimensional ordered grid electrodes constructed from carbon tubes as functional building units are identified as an effective strategy to resolve the intrinsic trade-off between capacitance density and frequency response.

From the construction of an integrated electron/ion transport networks, the systematic structural evolution clearly demonstrates that the continuous improvement of filtering supercapacitor performance does not arise merely from the unbounded enlargement of specific surface area, but rather from achieving an optimal balance between ion transport accessibility (i.e., low-tortuosity pathways) and interfacial charge-storage density (i.e., highly active surfaces). Such carbon-tube-based, ordered interconnected networks extend the performance limits in terms of capacitance and frequency response, and provide a robust and reproducible structural framework for ultrafast charge transport, thereby effectively propelling the transition of supercapacitors from conventional energy-storage devices toward high-frequency filtering applications.

Despite the remarkable potential of functional unit ordering strategies, some substantial challenges remain in translating this concept toward deeper theoretical understanding and practical implementation. From a theoretical perspective, there is an urgent need to establish a universal, quantitative descriptor system for assessing the "degree of ordering" in electrode architectures. Specifically, key geometric descriptors should include tortuosity (i.e., quantifying deviation of ion transport pathways from ideal straight channels), connectivity parameters (i.e., lateral junction density), orientation distributions (i.e., reflecting alignment along the current collector normal), and spatial uniformity metrics. The quantitative relationships can be established between structural parameters and kinetic metrics such as phase angle, cutoff frequency, and characteristic time constants via integrating these descriptors with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and multiphysics simulations. Such a framework linking geometric descriptors to dynamic electrochemical responses will enable a transition from empirical optimization toward digitally guided electrode design.

In terms of transport mechanism analysis, it is particularly important to develop methods capable of decoupling the respective contributions of electronic conduction and ionic diffusion. For instance, an experimental strategy involving "fixed structure-variable conductivity" can be employed, whereby the crystallinity of the material is selectively tuned, while maintaining identical three-dimensional architectures and mass loading, thereby isolating the influence of electronic transport on the frequency response. In parallel, finite element simulations based on realistic structural models with independent variation of electronic conductivity (σ_e) and ionic diffusivity (D_ion) can be used to perform sensitivity analyses and establish causal relationships among structure, transport parameters, and electrochemical performance. These methods provide a critical theoretical guidance for the targeted optimization of ordered electrode architectures.

At the structural design level, future efforts should focus on maintaining kinetic advantages under thick-electrode and high-mass-loading conditions. To mitigate the transport limitations caused via increased loading, strategies such as constructing multidimensionally interconnected networks and optimizing hierarchical pore size distributions are required to ensure ultralow transport resistance for both electrons and ions, even in the deep regions of electrodes. This is essential for achieving simultaneous enhancement of areal capacitance and frequency response.

From an engineering perspective, the scalable fabrication of large-area, highly uniform ordered electrodes remains a key bottleneck in practical applications. Future developments should aim at synthesis strategies with improved generality and process tolerance to enable a smooth transition from centimeter-scale laboratory samples to industrial-scale electrode systems. In addition, some challenges relating to device packaging and circuit integration must be addressed, including minimizing the resistance at electrode/current collector interface, suppressing parasitic effects under high-frequency operation, and optimizing impedance characteristics at target frequencies (e.g., 120 Hz and above). Furthermore, the structural stability of three-dimensional porous architectures under long-term cycling, electro-thermal coupling, and mechanical deformation, as well as the reliability of multi-device integration, will critically determine their feasibility in applications.

Overall, building-unit ordering represents not merely a structural optimization strategy, but a unifying paradigm that bridges materials design, device performance, and application scenarios. With continued advancement of multiscale structural regulation capabilities, in-situ characterization techniques, and theoretical modeling tools, a research on filtering supercapacitor electrodes is expected to evolve from empirically driven exploration toward mechanism-informed and quantitatively guided design, ultimately enabling a broad application in highly integrated and miniaturized electronic systems.

Key words

functional units / carbon tubes / ordered structures / filtering supercapacitors / electrode architecture design / electron-ion synergistic transport

引用本文

李佩, 周子燕, 蒋素侠, 徐潇建, 韩方明, 孟国文. 碳管基元序构高性能滤波超级电容器电极研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2220 -2236 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260202

Pei LI, Ziyan ZHOU, Suxia JIANG, Xiaojian XU, Fangming HAN, Guowen MENG. Research Progress on Carbon-Tube Units Ordering Electrodes for High-Performance Line-Filtering Supercapacitors[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2220 -2236 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260202

基金

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国家自然科学基金(92463309; 91963202)

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2026年第54卷第7期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260202

接收时间：2026-04-01
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-06-04

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收稿日期：2026-04-01
修回日期：2026-04-27

基金

国家自然科学基金(92463309; 91963202)

作者信息

^1．中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院固体物理研究所，合肥 230031

^2．中国科学技术大学研究生院科学岛分院，合肥 230026

通讯作者:

韩方明（1975—），男，博士，研究员；

孟国文（1960—），男，博士，研究员。

参考文献

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260202

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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