Article(id=1320107531242943273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320107530261479891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1774368000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-25, revisedDate=1777305600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792667761859, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792667761859, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792667761859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792667761859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320107530261479891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='2171', pageEnd='2576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792667761625, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720444956, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320328500238725499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320107530261479891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320328500238725500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320107530261479891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2195, endPage=2203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320107531490407210, articleId=1320107531242943273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Tunable Liquid Crystal Topological Valley Photonic Crystal Waveguide-Coupled Power Splitter, columnId=1263922769897599102, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

Power splitters with low loss, compact footprint, and high stability are essential building blocks in modern on-chip photonic integrated systems for optical interconnection, signal routing, and dynamic optical power management. Conventional on-chip power splitters rely on phase matching and modal interference, and therefore usually suffer from splitting-ratio drift, increased loss, and enhanced crosstalk under bandwidth dispersion, fabrication errors, and bending-induced defects, making it difficult to maintain stable and consistent performance in large-scale integration. Photonic topological insulators (PTIs) exhibit remarkable advantages in suppressing backscattering, tolerating sharp bends, and maintaining robustness against defects due to their unique topologically protected edge-state transport, thus providing an effective route for the design of high-performance power splitters. However, the existing topological power splitters still regulate the splitting ratio via modifying geometric parameters, reconfiguring topological interfaces, or changing the coupling path length, so continuous dynamic tuning within a fixed structure remains difficult after fabrication, which restricts their application in reconfigurable integrated photonic systems. To overcome this limitation, this work was to propose a liquid-crystal-assisted topological power splitter based on coupled valley photonic crystal waveguides. From the perspective of functional units and ordered architectures, the device used petal-shaped VPC unit cells as the functional units and utilized zigzag topological interfaces together with backward-coupled waveguides as the ordered splitter architecture, thereby enabling continuously tunable power distribution through external-field-controlled liquid-crystal molecular reorientation, while preserving topological robustness.

Methods

A petal-shaped VPC unit cell was designed as a functional unit of the device. The spatial inversion symmetry was broken and a topolo gical bandgap was opened under transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization via changing the rotation angle from α of 0° to α of ±30°. Two topologically distinct domains (denoted as VPCA and VPCB) were then arranged into zigzag AB and BA interfaces, forming an ordered architecture that could support valley-locked edge states. On this basis, a topological power splitter consisting of two parallel topological waveguides and one rectangular coupling region was constructed. The coupling distance (d) was 4a and the coupling length (L) was 170a. A nematic liquid crystal (LC) was introduced into the air holes in the boundary waveguide and coupling regions. A line source polarized along the out-of-plane direction was placed at Port 1 to excite the edge state in WG1. The numerical simulations were conducted to calculate band structures, projected interface bands, transmission spectra, power-flow distributions, and electric-field distributions. In the numerical model, the liquid crystal was treated as a uniaxial anisotropic medium, and its optical response was described by an orientation-dependent permittivity tensor associated with director rotation in the XZ plane. The ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices were taken as no of 1.45 and ne of 1.75, respectively. The LC-controlled section length was denoted by w, and its influence on the output power ratio was investigated at a fixed operating frequency of 193.4 THz. To evaluate topological robustness, six defects belonging to three representative defect types were introduced into the structure.

Results and discussion

Based on this mechanism, effective backward coupling is realized between two adjacent topological waveguides in opposite propagation directions, and the simulated power-flow distribution shows a coupling loop consisting of forward transport in WG1, backward transport in WG2, and local vortex-mediated energy flow. To verify whether the coupling effect can be still preserved after introducing liquid crystal (LC), the transmission spectra of the two cases without and with LC filling in the boundary-waveguide and coupling regions are compared. The results show that effective coupling maintains in both cases, while the operating frequency range shifts after introducing LC. In the LC-filled case, nearly complete power transfer from WG1 to WG2 is achieved at 193.1-193.6 THz, and the total transmission efficiency reaches 93% as L=170a. When the LC orientation changes fromθ of 90° to θ of 0°, the coupling band shifts from 192.5-194.1 THz to 185.8-187.2 THz. At a fixed operating frequency of 193.4 THz, increasing the LC-controlled length w continuously reduces the effective coupling region, decreases the output power from WG2, and increases the transmitted power in WG1, thereby enabling continuously tunable power splitting in a fixed structure. In addition, the transmission spectra and output power ratios remain nearly unchanged under the representative defect types, defect numbers, and defect distributions, indicating that the proposed device maintains a good robustness against structural perturbations.

Conclusions

An LC-assisted topological power splitter based on coupled valley photonic crystal waveguides was proposed and numerically demonstrated from the perspective of functional-unit engineering and ordered-architecture design. The device could achieve robust edge-state transport, effective inter-waveguide coupling, and continuously tunable power distribution within a fixed structure via combining petal-shaped valley photonic crystal unit cells, zigzag topological interfaces, the ordered architecture of backward-coupled waveguides, and external-field-controlled molecular reorientation of nematic liquid crystal. The results showed that the proposed splitter could reach a total transmission efficiency of 93%, realize continuously tunable power splitting via adjusting the LC-controlled length, and maintain stable transmission and power-distribution performance under the representative defect conditions. This work could provide a feasible strategy for reconfigurable on-chip power routing, dynamic optical interconnection, and actively tunable topological photonic devices.

, authors=Linwei SHEN, Yan LI, Chuanbao LIU, Yang BAI, authorsList=Linwei SHEN, Yan LI, Chuanbao LIU, Yang BAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chuanbao LIU, Yang BAI, authorNote=

SHEN Linwei (2000-), male, Master candidate. E-mail:

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BAI Yang (1979-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: ;
LIU Chuanbao (1988-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
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随着片上光子集成、光互连和动态光功率管理技术的快速发展,兼具低损耗、小型化和高稳定性的片上功率分配器已成为集成光子系统中的关键基础器件。光子拓扑绝缘体凭借其独特的拓扑保护边界态传输,在抑制背向散射、抗弯折和对缺陷的鲁棒性等方面具有显著优势,为高性能功率分配器设计提供了新的实现途径。然而,现有拓扑功率分配器大多仍依赖改变结构几何参数来实现分束比调控,器件制备完成后难以在同一结构中实现连续动态调节,限制了其在可重构集成光子系统中的应用。针对上述需求,本工作提出一种基于液晶调控的拓扑谷光子晶体波导耦合功率分配器。该器件以花瓣状孔径的正六边形单胞为功能基元,通过锯齿状拓扑界面与反向耦合波导的平面空间序构设计建立功率分配器,并在边界传输波导区域及耦合区域的孔径中引入向列相液晶,利用外加电场调控液晶分子光轴取向改变波导有效折射率,从而实现波导间耦合行为和输出功率比的连续调控。数值模拟结果表明,在目标通信波段(1550 nm)工作波长下,通过调控液晶作用区域长度,可在不改变功能基元与整体序构的前提下,实现两个输出端口间约0%~100%的连续可调功率分配。进一步,在引入多种结构缺陷后,该器件依然保持良好的传输性能,验证了其优异的鲁棒性。本研究为可重构片上光子路由、动态光互连和拓扑集成光子器件设计提供了新的实现方案,也为发展兼具鲁棒性与动态调控能力的集成光子系统开辟了可行路径。

, authors=沈林伟, 李妍, 刘传宝, 白洋, authorsList=沈林伟, 李妍, 刘传宝, 白洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘传宝, 白洋, authorNote=

沈林伟(2000—),男,硕士研究生。

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白洋(1979—),男,博士,教授;
刘传宝(1988—),男,博士,副教授。
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基于液晶的可调控拓扑谷光子晶体波导耦合功率分配器
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沈林伟 , 李妍 , 刘传宝 , 白洋
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2026,54(7): 2195-2203
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (7) : 2195 -2203
基于液晶的可调控拓扑谷光子晶体波导耦合功率分配器
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沈林伟 , 李妍, 刘传宝 , 白洋
作者信息
  • 北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
白洋(1979—),男,博士,教授;
刘传宝(1988—),男,博士,副教授。
作者简介:

沈林伟(2000—),男,硕士研究生。

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Linwei SHEN , Yan LI, Chuanbao LIU , Yang BAI
Affiliations
  • Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100080, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    BAI Yang (1979-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: ;
    LIU Chuanbao (1988-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor.

    SHEN Linwei (2000-), male, Master candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260174
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随着片上光子集成、光互连和动态光功率管理技术的快速发展,兼具低损耗、小型化和高稳定性的片上功率分配器已成为集成光子系统中的关键基础器件。光子拓扑绝缘体凭借其独特的拓扑保护边界态传输,在抑制背向散射、抗弯折和对缺陷的鲁棒性等方面具有显著优势,为高性能功率分配器设计提供了新的实现途径。然而,现有拓扑功率分配器大多仍依赖改变结构几何参数来实现分束比调控,器件制备完成后难以在同一结构中实现连续动态调节,限制了其在可重构集成光子系统中的应用。针对上述需求,本工作提出一种基于液晶调控的拓扑谷光子晶体波导耦合功率分配器。该器件以花瓣状孔径的正六边形单胞为功能基元,通过锯齿状拓扑界面与反向耦合波导的平面空间序构设计建立功率分配器,并在边界传输波导区域及耦合区域的孔径中引入向列相液晶,利用外加电场调控液晶分子光轴取向改变波导有效折射率,从而实现波导间耦合行为和输出功率比的连续调控。数值模拟结果表明,在目标通信波段(1550 nm)工作波长下,通过调控液晶作用区域长度,可在不改变功能基元与整体序构的前提下,实现两个输出端口间约0%~100%的连续可调功率分配。进一步,在引入多种结构缺陷后,该器件依然保持良好的传输性能,验证了其优异的鲁棒性。本研究为可重构片上光子路由、动态光互连和拓扑集成光子器件设计提供了新的实现方案,也为发展兼具鲁棒性与动态调控能力的集成光子系统开辟了可行路径。

拓扑谷光子晶体  /  功率分配器  /  液晶调控  /  片上光子器件
Introduction

Power splitters with low loss, compact footprint, and high stability are essential building blocks in modern on-chip photonic integrated systems for optical interconnection, signal routing, and dynamic optical power management. Conventional on-chip power splitters rely on phase matching and modal interference, and therefore usually suffer from splitting-ratio drift, increased loss, and enhanced crosstalk under bandwidth dispersion, fabrication errors, and bending-induced defects, making it difficult to maintain stable and consistent performance in large-scale integration. Photonic topological insulators (PTIs) exhibit remarkable advantages in suppressing backscattering, tolerating sharp bends, and maintaining robustness against defects due to their unique topologically protected edge-state transport, thus providing an effective route for the design of high-performance power splitters. However, the existing topological power splitters still regulate the splitting ratio via modifying geometric parameters, reconfiguring topological interfaces, or changing the coupling path length, so continuous dynamic tuning within a fixed structure remains difficult after fabrication, which restricts their application in reconfigurable integrated photonic systems. To overcome this limitation, this work was to propose a liquid-crystal-assisted topological power splitter based on coupled valley photonic crystal waveguides. From the perspective of functional units and ordered architectures, the device used petal-shaped VPC unit cells as the functional units and utilized zigzag topological interfaces together with backward-coupled waveguides as the ordered splitter architecture, thereby enabling continuously tunable power distribution through external-field-controlled liquid-crystal molecular reorientation, while preserving topological robustness.

Methods

A petal-shaped VPC unit cell was designed as a functional unit of the device. The spatial inversion symmetry was broken and a topolo gical bandgap was opened under transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization via changing the rotation angle from α of 0° to α of ±30°. Two topologically distinct domains (denoted as VPCA and VPCB) were then arranged into zigzag AB and BA interfaces, forming an ordered architecture that could support valley-locked edge states. On this basis, a topological power splitter consisting of two parallel topological waveguides and one rectangular coupling region was constructed. The coupling distance (d) was 4a and the coupling length (L) was 170a. A nematic liquid crystal (LC) was introduced into the air holes in the boundary waveguide and coupling regions. A line source polarized along the out-of-plane direction was placed at Port 1 to excite the edge state in WG1. The numerical simulations were conducted to calculate band structures, projected interface bands, transmission spectra, power-flow distributions, and electric-field distributions. In the numerical model, the liquid crystal was treated as a uniaxial anisotropic medium, and its optical response was described by an orientation-dependent permittivity tensor associated with director rotation in the XZ plane. The ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices were taken as no of 1.45 and ne of 1.75, respectively. The LC-controlled section length was denoted by w, and its influence on the output power ratio was investigated at a fixed operating frequency of 193.4 THz. To evaluate topological robustness, six defects belonging to three representative defect types were introduced into the structure.

Results and discussion

Based on this mechanism, effective backward coupling is realized between two adjacent topological waveguides in opposite propagation directions, and the simulated power-flow distribution shows a coupling loop consisting of forward transport in WG1, backward transport in WG2, and local vortex-mediated energy flow. To verify whether the coupling effect can be still preserved after introducing liquid crystal (LC), the transmission spectra of the two cases without and with LC filling in the boundary-waveguide and coupling regions are compared. The results show that effective coupling maintains in both cases, while the operating frequency range shifts after introducing LC. In the LC-filled case, nearly complete power transfer from WG1 to WG2 is achieved at 193.1-193.6 THz, and the total transmission efficiency reaches 93% as L=170a. When the LC orientation changes fromθ of 90° to θ of 0°, the coupling band shifts from 192.5-194.1 THz to 185.8-187.2 THz. At a fixed operating frequency of 193.4 THz, increasing the LC-controlled length w continuously reduces the effective coupling region, decreases the output power from WG2, and increases the transmitted power in WG1, thereby enabling continuously tunable power splitting in a fixed structure. In addition, the transmission spectra and output power ratios remain nearly unchanged under the representative defect types, defect numbers, and defect distributions, indicating that the proposed device maintains a good robustness against structural perturbations.

Conclusions

An LC-assisted topological power splitter based on coupled valley photonic crystal waveguides was proposed and numerically demonstrated from the perspective of functional-unit engineering and ordered-architecture design. The device could achieve robust edge-state transport, effective inter-waveguide coupling, and continuously tunable power distribution within a fixed structure via combining petal-shaped valley photonic crystal unit cells, zigzag topological interfaces, the ordered architecture of backward-coupled waveguides, and external-field-controlled molecular reorientation of nematic liquid crystal. The results showed that the proposed splitter could reach a total transmission efficiency of 93%, realize continuously tunable power splitting via adjusting the LC-controlled length, and maintain stable transmission and power-distribution performance under the representative defect conditions. This work could provide a feasible strategy for reconfigurable on-chip power routing, dynamic optical interconnection, and actively tunable topological photonic devices.

valley photonic crystal  /  power splitter  /  liquid crystal tuning  /  on-chip photonic device
沈林伟, 李妍, 刘传宝, 白洋. 基于液晶的可调控拓扑谷光子晶体波导耦合功率分配器. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2195 -2203 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260174
Linwei SHEN, Yan LI, Chuanbao LIU, Yang BAI. Tunable Liquid Crystal Topological Valley Photonic Crystal Waveguide-Coupled Power Splitter[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (7) : 2195 -2203 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260174
  • 国家自然科学基金(92463311; 52372279)
  • 北京市科技新星计划(20240484583)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20260174
  • 接收时间:2026-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-25
  • 修回日期:2026-04-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(92463311; 52372279)
北京市科技新星计划(20240484583)
作者信息
    北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,北京 100083

通讯作者:

白洋(1979—),男,博士,教授;
刘传宝(1988—),男,博士,副教授。
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