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Article(id=1320095773644145225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320095743872971684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250930, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766505600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-24, revisedDate=1767456000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792664958629, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792664958629, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792664958629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792664958629, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320095743872971684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='2170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792664951531, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792738533970, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320404371276411812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320095743872971684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320404371276411813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320095743872971684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1945, endPage=1954, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320095773845471818, articleId=1320095773644145225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Energy Storage Performance of BiFeO3-Based Relaxor Ferroelectric Ceramics Modified with SrAl0.5Nb0.5O3, columnId=1263922769897599102, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

Dielectric capacitors are indispensable for pulsed power systems due to their high power density, ultrafast charge/discharge capability (>µs), and excellent fatigue resistance. However, their widespread adoption is fundamentally limited by poor energy storage performance, characterized by inadequate recoverable energy density (Wrec) and efficiency (η). To meet the demands of high-performance applications, it is imperative to simultaneously enhance Wrec, η, and breakdown strength (Eb). Among environmentally friendly candidates, BiFeO3-BaTiO3 (BF-BT) relaxor ferroelectric ceramics stand out due to their high Curie temperature (TC ≈ 830 ℃) and large maximum polarization (Pmax). However, the intrinsic low Eb of BF-BT ceramics caused from the volatilization of Bi3+ and the change in the valence state of Fe3+ hinder their energy storage potential. To address these challenges, this work was to use a dual-strategy approach with compositional tailoring and two-step sintering for the preparation of (0.7-x)BF-0.3BT-xSAN relaxor ferroelectric ceramics. The introduction of Sr(Nb0.5Al0.5)O3 into the 0.7BF-0.3BT system was to enhance relaxor behavior and refine the grain size, synergistically boosting both Eb and polarization response. Furthermore, the effect of SAN on the microstructure, dielectric, and energy storage properties was systematically investigated. This could provide research ideas and theoretical basis for improving the energy storage performance of BF-BT ceramics based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics.

Methods

The raw materials powders of Bi2O3, Fe2O3, BaCO3, TiO2, SrCO3, MnO2, Nb2O5 and Al2O3 were analytical purity. These powders were precisely weighed according to a stoichiometric ratio, then ground with ethanol in a ball mill at 400 r/min for 12 h prior to drying. The mixed powder with a small amount of sintering aids (MnO2) was subsequently calcined at 850 ℃. The mixture was further ground for 12 h and dried. The dried powder was compacted by cold isostatic pressing (200 MPa, 2 min) into circular discs (Ф10 mm×1 mm). These discs were placed in covered alumina crucibles to minimize Bi volatilization and thermally treated at 1050-1110 ℃ for 2 min, and then sintered at 1020-1050 ℃. The ceramic sheet was polished for microstructure characterization. After polishing for microstructural analysis, silver electrodes were screen-printed on the both surfaces of the 0.7 mm thick sintered ceramics and fired at 700 ℃ for 20 min for electrical characterization.

The crystal structure of the ceramics was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface morphology and grain distribution were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and performed by a software named Nano Measure. The microscopic domain structure of the ceramics was characterized by piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM). The Raman spectra in the range of 90-900 cm-1 were determined by Raman spectroscopy. The polarization-electric field hysteresis loops (P-E) were measured by a ferroelectric tester on disk-shaped samples (with the sizes of Ф1.5 mm × 0.08 mm).

Results and discussion

The XRD patterns reveal that all the (0.7-x)BF-0.3BT-xSAN ceramics exhibit an asymmetric singlet pattern, indicating that the crystal structure is a pseudo-cubic structure. The content of the second phase gradually increases with the increase of x due to the solid solubility limitation of SAN in BF-BT ceramics. The addition of SAN causes the XRD diffraction peaks shifting to higher angles, indicating a significant contraction of the lattice volume. The Raman peaks of ceramics do not show a significant shift in the Raman full spectrum, but the peak half width gradually increases, which is attributed to the increase in structural disorder. The Raman fitting results further indicate that increasing SAN weakens both A—O and B—O bonds, thereby reducing unit cell polarity and increasing local disorder in the BO6 octahedra. This enhanced disorder facilitates the establishment of local random electric fields, which in turn promotes the formation of polar nanoregions. The SEM images manifest that the SAN results in a significant grain size reduction, especially as the x exceeds 0.14. The PFM results demonstrate that ceramics of matrix and 0.54BF-.3BT-0.16SAN exhibit both strong and weak piezoelectric response nanodomains, and the nanodomains in 0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN exhibit a weaker piezoelectric response. All the ceramics exhibit significant frequency dispersion and diffusion phase transition in their dielectric results, which imply a strong relaxation behavior. Polar, which can be attributed to a synergistic effect from the fine grain size, moderates a dielectric constant, and the presence of highly active nanodomains. Moreover, the measurements of P-E loops under varying freqization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loops show a significant decrease in the polarization strength of the ceramic with the increase of SAN, which is attributed to the increase of relaxor characteristics. The Weibull distribution fitting results reveal that the breakdown strength (Eb) initially increases and then decreases with increasing x. Specifically, the 0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN ceramic achieves the maximum Eb of 370 kV/cm. The results of cycling tests reveal that the ceramic exhibits robust frequency, thermal, and fatigue stability.

Conclusions

The (0.7-x)BF-0.3BT-xSAN relaxor ferroelectric ceramics with a pseudo-cubic structure were prepared by a two-step sintering method. The addition of SAN led to a contraction of unit cell and a concurrent weakening of both A—O and B—O bonds, consequently reducing unit cell polarity and enhancing local disorder within the BO6 octahedra. The results of dielectric test indicated that (0.7-x)BF-0.3BT-xSAN ceramics had strong relaxation properties. The 0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN ceramic simultaneously achieved the superior energy storage performance (i.e., Wrec of 3.90 J/cm3 and η of 85.5%) at Eb of 370 kV/cm. Furthermore, the 0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN ceramic exhibited the excellent frequency (i.e., 1-1000 Hz), temperature (i.e., -20 ℃ to100 ℃), and cycling stability (i.e., 105 cycles).

, authors=Qinfu ZHAO, Xinsheng ZHANG, Shuyao CAO, Weiguo WANG, Ping ZHANG, Qiang LIU, Lei CHEN, Fang KANG, authorsList=Qinfu ZHAO, Xinsheng ZHANG, Shuyao CAO, Weiguo WANG, Ping ZHANG, Qiang LIU, Lei CHEN, Fang KANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei CHEN, Fang KANG, authorNote=

ZHAO Qinfu (1994-), male, Ph.D., Lecturer. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Lei (1983-), male, Ph.D., Lecturer. E-mail: ;
KANG Fang (1990-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
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本工作采用两步烧结法制备了（0.7-x）Bi1.02FeO3-BaTiO3-xSr（Nb0.5Al0.5）O3 （（0.7-x）BF-0.3BT-xSAN）高温弛豫铁电陶瓷。所有的陶瓷展示了伪立方相结构，且随着x增加，陶瓷的晶格收缩，BO6八面体中局部结构无序性增强。0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN陶瓷中适当介电常数（ƒ为1000）有利于提高其击穿场强。两步烧结的0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN陶瓷在100 Hz、370 kV/cm时同时获得3.90 J/cm3的可恢复储能密度和85.5%储能效率的优异能量存储性能。此外，0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN陶瓷具有优异的宽温（-20~100 ℃）、频率（1~1000 Hz）和疲劳（105次循环）稳定性。目前的工作为设计高性能介电材料提供了一种有前景的策略。

, authors=赵钦福, 张馨升, 曹舒尧, 王伟国, 张萍, 刘强, 陈雷, 康芳, authorsList=赵钦福, 张馨升, 曹舒尧, 王伟国, 张萍, 刘强, 陈雷, 康芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈雷, 康芳, authorNote=

赵钦福（1994—），男，博士，讲师。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈雷（1983—），男，博士，讲师；
康芳（1990—），女，博士，副教授。
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SrAl0.5Nb0.5O3调控BiFeO3基弛豫铁电陶瓷的储能性能
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赵钦福 , 张馨升 , 曹舒尧 , 王伟国 , 张萍 , 刘强 , 陈雷 , 康芳
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2026,54(6): 1945-1954
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (6) : 1945 -1954
SrAl0.5Nb0.5O3调控BiFeO3基弛豫铁电陶瓷的储能性能
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赵钦福 , 张馨升, 曹舒尧, 王伟国, 张萍, 刘强, 陈雷 , 康芳
作者信息
  • 延安大学物理与电子信息学院，陕西 延安 716000
通讯作者:
陈雷（1983—），男，博士，讲师；
康芳（1990—），女，博士，副教授。
作者简介:

赵钦福（1994—），男，博士，讲师。

Energy Storage Performance of BiFeO3-Based Relaxor Ferroelectric Ceramics Modified with SrAl0.5Nb0.5O3
Qinfu ZHAO , Xinsheng ZHANG, Shuyao CAO, Weiguo WANG, Ping ZHANG, Qiang LIU, Lei CHEN , Fang KANG
Affiliations
  • School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
    • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN Lei (1983-), male, Ph.D., Lecturer. E-mail: ;
    KANG Fang (1990-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor.

    ZHAO Qinfu (1994-), male, Ph.D., Lecturer. E-mail:

出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250930
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本工作采用两步烧结法制备了（0.7-x）Bi1.02FeO3-BaTiO3-xSr（Nb0.5Al0.5）O3 （（0.7-x）BF-0.3BT-xSAN）高温弛豫铁电陶瓷。所有的陶瓷展示了伪立方相结构，且随着x增加，陶瓷的晶格收缩，BO6八面体中局部结构无序性增强。0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN陶瓷中适当介电常数（ƒ为1000）有利于提高其击穿场强。两步烧结的0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN陶瓷在100 Hz、370 kV/cm时同时获得3.90 J/cm3的可恢复储能密度和85.5%储能效率的优异能量存储性能。此外，0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN陶瓷具有优异的宽温（-20~100 ℃）、频率（1~1000 Hz）和疲劳（105次循环）稳定性。目前的工作为设计高性能介电材料提供了一种有前景的策略。

铁酸铋基陶瓷  /  弛豫铁电体  /  储能性能  /  畴演变
Introduction

Dielectric capacitors are indispensable for pulsed power systems due to their high power density, ultrafast charge/discharge capability (>µs), and excellent fatigue resistance. However, their widespread adoption is fundamentally limited by poor energy storage performance, characterized by inadequate recoverable energy density (Wrec) and efficiency (η). To meet the demands of high-performance applications, it is imperative to simultaneously enhance Wrec, η, and breakdown strength (Eb). Among environmentally friendly candidates, BiFeO3-BaTiO3 (BF-BT) relaxor ferroelectric ceramics stand out due to their high Curie temperature (TC ≈ 830 ℃) and large maximum polarization (Pmax). However, the intrinsic low Eb of BF-BT ceramics caused from the volatilization of Bi3+ and the change in the valence state of Fe3+ hinder their energy storage potential. To address these challenges, this work was to use a dual-strategy approach with compositional tailoring and two-step sintering for the preparation of (0.7-x)BF-0.3BT-xSAN relaxor ferroelectric ceramics. The introduction of Sr(Nb0.5Al0.5)O3 into the 0.7BF-0.3BT system was to enhance relaxor behavior and refine the grain size, synergistically boosting both Eb and polarization response. Furthermore, the effect of SAN on the microstructure, dielectric, and energy storage properties was systematically investigated. This could provide research ideas and theoretical basis for improving the energy storage performance of BF-BT ceramics based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics.

Methods

The raw materials powders of Bi2O3, Fe2O3, BaCO3, TiO2, SrCO3, MnO2, Nb2O5 and Al2O3 were analytical purity. These powders were precisely weighed according to a stoichiometric ratio, then ground with ethanol in a ball mill at 400 r/min for 12 h prior to drying. The mixed powder with a small amount of sintering aids (MnO2) was subsequently calcined at 850 ℃. The mixture was further ground for 12 h and dried. The dried powder was compacted by cold isostatic pressing (200 MPa, 2 min) into circular discs (Ф10 mm×1 mm). These discs were placed in covered alumina crucibles to minimize Bi volatilization and thermally treated at 1050-1110 ℃ for 2 min, and then sintered at 1020-1050 ℃. The ceramic sheet was polished for microstructure characterization. After polishing for microstructural analysis, silver electrodes were screen-printed on the both surfaces of the 0.7 mm thick sintered ceramics and fired at 700 ℃ for 20 min for electrical characterization.

The crystal structure of the ceramics was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface morphology and grain distribution were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and performed by a software named Nano Measure. The microscopic domain structure of the ceramics was characterized by piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM). The Raman spectra in the range of 90-900 cm-1 were determined by Raman spectroscopy. The polarization-electric field hysteresis loops (P-E) were measured by a ferroelectric tester on disk-shaped samples (with the sizes of Ф1.5 mm × 0.08 mm).

Results and discussion

The XRD patterns reveal that all the (0.7-x)BF-0.3BT-xSAN ceramics exhibit an asymmetric singlet pattern, indicating that the crystal structure is a pseudo-cubic structure. The content of the second phase gradually increases with the increase of x due to the solid solubility limitation of SAN in BF-BT ceramics. The addition of SAN causes the XRD diffraction peaks shifting to higher angles, indicating a significant contraction of the lattice volume. The Raman peaks of ceramics do not show a significant shift in the Raman full spectrum, but the peak half width gradually increases, which is attributed to the increase in structural disorder. The Raman fitting results further indicate that increasing SAN weakens both A—O and B—O bonds, thereby reducing unit cell polarity and increasing local disorder in the BO6 octahedra. This enhanced disorder facilitates the establishment of local random electric fields, which in turn promotes the formation of polar nanoregions. The SEM images manifest that the SAN results in a significant grain size reduction, especially as the x exceeds 0.14. The PFM results demonstrate that ceramics of matrix and 0.54BF-.3BT-0.16SAN exhibit both strong and weak piezoelectric response nanodomains, and the nanodomains in 0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN exhibit a weaker piezoelectric response. All the ceramics exhibit significant frequency dispersion and diffusion phase transition in their dielectric results, which imply a strong relaxation behavior. Polar, which can be attributed to a synergistic effect from the fine grain size, moderates a dielectric constant, and the presence of highly active nanodomains. Moreover, the measurements of P-E loops under varying freqization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loops show a significant decrease in the polarization strength of the ceramic with the increase of SAN, which is attributed to the increase of relaxor characteristics. The Weibull distribution fitting results reveal that the breakdown strength (Eb) initially increases and then decreases with increasing x. Specifically, the 0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN ceramic achieves the maximum Eb of 370 kV/cm. The results of cycling tests reveal that the ceramic exhibits robust frequency, thermal, and fatigue stability.

Conclusions

The (0.7-x)BF-0.3BT-xSAN relaxor ferroelectric ceramics with a pseudo-cubic structure were prepared by a two-step sintering method. The addition of SAN led to a contraction of unit cell and a concurrent weakening of both A—O and B—O bonds, consequently reducing unit cell polarity and enhancing local disorder within the BO6 octahedra. The results of dielectric test indicated that (0.7-x)BF-0.3BT-xSAN ceramics had strong relaxation properties. The 0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN ceramic simultaneously achieved the superior energy storage performance (i.e., Wrec of 3.90 J/cm3 and η of 85.5%) at Eb of 370 kV/cm. Furthermore, the 0.54BF-0.3BT-0.16SAN ceramic exhibited the excellent frequency (i.e., 1-1000 Hz), temperature (i.e., -20 ℃ to100 ℃), and cycling stability (i.e., 105 cycles).

bismuth ferrite-based ceramics  /  relaxor ferroelectrics  /  energy storage performance  /  domain evolution
赵钦福, 张馨升, 曹舒尧, 王伟国, 张萍, 刘强, 陈雷, 康芳. SrAl0.5Nb0.5O3调控BiFeO3基弛豫铁电陶瓷的储能性能. 硅酸盐学报, 2026 , 54 (6) : 1945 -1954 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250930
Qinfu ZHAO, Xinsheng ZHANG, Shuyao CAO, Weiguo WANG, Ping ZHANG, Qiang LIU, Lei CHEN, Fang KANG. Energy Storage Performance of BiFeO3-Based Relaxor Ferroelectric Ceramics Modified with SrAl0.5Nb0.5O3[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2026 , 54 (6) : 1945 -1954 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250930
基金
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  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划（一般青年项目(2025JC-YBQN-079)
  • 陕西省教育厅自然科学研究项目(25JK0734)
  • 延安大学博士科研启动项目(YDBK-59; YDBK-58)
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2026年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250930
  • 接收时间：2025-12-24
  • 首发时间：2026-10-22
  • 出版时间：2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期：2025-12-24
  • 修回日期：2026-01-04
基金
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划（一般青年项目(2025JC-YBQN-079)
陕西省教育厅自然科学研究项目(25JK0734)
延安大学博士科研启动项目(YDBK-59; YDBK-58)
作者信息
    延安大学物理与电子信息学院，陕西 延安 716000

通讯作者:

陈雷（1983—），男，博士，讲师；
康芳（1990—），女，博士，副教授。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250930
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