Article(id=1320090301046313722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090269345755891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240349, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=1718812800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792663653860, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792663653860, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792663653860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792663653860, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320090269345755891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2025', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737302400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792663646303, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792663867433, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320091196899307738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090269345755891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320091196899307739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090269345755891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=47, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320090301478327035, articleId=1320090301046313722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Effect of Vertical Capillary Adsorption on Chloride Transport in Concrete in a Marine Water Fluctuation Environment, columnId=1319726165087077079, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

In the context of marine water fluctuation environment, the transport of chloride ions in concrete involves two mechanisms, i.e., diffusion due to concentration gradients and capillary adsorption due to moisture gradients. Most of the existing studies focus on diffusion and horizontal capillary adsorption of chloride ion transport patterns in water fluctuation environments, while neglecting vertical capillary adsorption. A few studies on vertical capillary adsorption are in static water level environments, which are not considered for water level changes. Vertical capillary adsorption exists in concrete under oceanic water level fluctuations, which may have an impact on the chloride ion transport process. It is thus necessary to carry out a research on the effect of vertical capillary adsorption on the chloride ion transport process under the environment of marine water level change.

Methods

To investigate the chloride ion transport patterns within concrete considering vertical capillary absorption in water level fluctuation environments, this study utilized a homemade marine tidal cycle simulation device. Two sets of comparative experiments were arranged, i.e., one accounting for vertical capillary absorption and another not. Concrete samples were ground in an active grinding machine at intervals of 1mm per layer within the 0-5 mm range from the diffusion surface, and at intervals of 2 mm per layer within the 7-21 mm range. The chloride ion content in the powdered samples in concrete for both sets of experiments was measured by a model ZDJ-5B-5/4B/4A conductometric titrator. The location of the most severe chloride ion erosion in concrete under water level fluctuation conditions was identified, and the effect of vertical capillary absorption on chloride ion concentration distribution, surface chloride ion concentration, and diffusion coefficients in concrete were evaluated.

Results and discussion

Based on the results of the chloride ion concentration distribution in concrete, the maximum chloride ion concentration in the capillary group appears in the area above tidal zone, while it in the control group appears in the area where the dry time accounted for 13/14 of the cycle. Comparing with the control group, the capillary group has higher chloride ion concentrations above the tidal zone but lower chloride ion concentrations in the tidal zone. This is due to the vertical capillary absorption on concrete. In the drying phase of the wet-dry cycle, vertical capillary absorption causes the concrete to absorb moisture from the bottom, maintaining a certain level of humidity. This reduces the intensity of capillary absorption during subsequent wetting, thus lowering the surface chloride ion concentration in the tidal zone. Also, vertical capillary absorption promotes the transfer of chloride ions from the tidal zone to the area above tidal zone, resulting in higher chloride ion concentrations above the tidal zone and lower chloride ion concentrations in the tidal zone.

In the tidal zone, the diffusion coefficients for chloride ions in the capillary test group are lower than those in the control group. For instance, after 200 d exposure, the diffusion coefficient for the capillary group is 2.11×10-12 m2/s when the dry time ratio is 13/14, compared to the diffusion coefficient of 2.33×10-12 m2/s for the control group. The surface chloride ion concentration (Cs) for the capillary group is 1.63% (in mass fraction), while that for the control group is 1.80% (in mass fraction). The surface chloride ion concentration and the diffusion coefficient in the capillary group both are approximately 10% lower than those in the control group.

In the area above the tidal zone, vertical capillary absorption significantly increases both the diffusion coefficient (Da) and the surface chloride ion concentration (Cs). For instance, in the 0-50 mm segment above the highest water level, the surface chloride ion concentration and diffusion coefficient in the capillary group both are higher than those in the control group throughout the entire exposure period.

Based on Fick's second law, an empirical model for chloride ion transport in concrete considering the impact of vertical capillary absorption is established, and the predicted data by the model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.

Conclusions

Vertical capillary absorption increased the chloride ion concentration above the tidal zone and reduced the chloride ion concentration in the tidal zone. The location with the maximum chloride ion concentration was within the 0-50 mm range above the highest water level due to the influence of vertical capillary absorption. In the tidal zone, vertical capillary absorption reduced the surface chloride ion concentration and the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions, leading to a less pronounced variation in chloride ion diffusion coefficient with wet-dry ratio. In the area above the tidal, vertical capillary absorption increased the surface chloride ion concentration and the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions within the 0-100 mm range above the highest water level. The effect of vertical capillary absorption diminished with increasing elevation, and the most significant impact occurred within the 0-50 mm range above the highest water level. A time-variable model for chloride ion transport considering vertical capillary absorption in marine water level fluctuation environments was established. The predicted data by the model were within ±15% deviation, compared to the measured results, validating the rationality and accuracy of the model.

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WANG Yuanzhan (1958-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail:

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在海洋水位变动环境下,氯离子在混凝土中的传输主要包括2种机制:浓度梯度产生的扩散和湿度梯度产生的毛细吸附。目前针对水位变动环境混凝土氯离子传输规律的研究,主要考虑扩散和水平向毛细吸附,忽视沿重力方向的竖向毛细吸附。为了研究其影响,利用自制的海洋潮汐循环模拟装置,设计了考虑和不考虑竖向毛细吸附的2种室内自然侵蚀试验。通过测定上述2组试验中氯离子浓度分布,确定混凝土氯离子浓度最高的区域,评估竖向毛细吸附对混凝土表面氯离子浓度Cs和氯离子扩散系数Da的影响。结果表明:受竖向毛细吸附影响,混凝土中氯离子浓度最高的区域在最高水位以上0~50 mm段。竖向毛细吸附降低了水位变动区氯离子浓度,增加了最高水位以上区域的氯离子浓度。在水位变动区域,竖向毛细吸附使得混凝土表面离子浓度和氯离子扩散系数降低。在最高水位以上区域,竖向毛细吸附增大了混凝土表面氯离子浓度和氯离子扩散系数。基于Fick第二定律,建立了考虑竖向毛细吸附影响的混凝土氯离子传输经验模型,模型与试验数据吻合良好。

, authors=王元战, 袁良智, authorsList=王元战, 袁良智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王元战(1958—),男,教授。

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竖向毛细吸附对海洋水位变动环境混凝土氯离子传输影响
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王元战 , 袁良智
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2025,53(1): 47-59
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (1) : 47 -59
竖向毛细吸附对海洋水位变动环境混凝土氯离子传输影响
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王元战 , 袁良智
作者信息
  • 天津大学水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室,天津 300072
作者简介:

王元战(1958—),男,教授。

Effect of Vertical Capillary Adsorption on Chloride Transport in Concrete in a Marine Water Fluctuation Environment
Yuanzhan WANG , Liangzhi YUAN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • WANG Yuanzhan (1958-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240349
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在海洋水位变动环境下,氯离子在混凝土中的传输主要包括2种机制:浓度梯度产生的扩散和湿度梯度产生的毛细吸附。目前针对水位变动环境混凝土氯离子传输规律的研究,主要考虑扩散和水平向毛细吸附,忽视沿重力方向的竖向毛细吸附。为了研究其影响,利用自制的海洋潮汐循环模拟装置,设计了考虑和不考虑竖向毛细吸附的2种室内自然侵蚀试验。通过测定上述2组试验中氯离子浓度分布,确定混凝土氯离子浓度最高的区域,评估竖向毛细吸附对混凝土表面氯离子浓度Cs和氯离子扩散系数Da的影响。结果表明:受竖向毛细吸附影响,混凝土中氯离子浓度最高的区域在最高水位以上0~50 mm段。竖向毛细吸附降低了水位变动区氯离子浓度,增加了最高水位以上区域的氯离子浓度。在水位变动区域,竖向毛细吸附使得混凝土表面离子浓度和氯离子扩散系数降低。在最高水位以上区域,竖向毛细吸附增大了混凝土表面氯离子浓度和氯离子扩散系数。基于Fick第二定律,建立了考虑竖向毛细吸附影响的混凝土氯离子传输经验模型,模型与试验数据吻合良好。

混凝土  /  水位变动环境  /  竖向毛细吸附  /  氯离子  /  回归分析
Introduction

In the context of marine water fluctuation environment, the transport of chloride ions in concrete involves two mechanisms, i.e., diffusion due to concentration gradients and capillary adsorption due to moisture gradients. Most of the existing studies focus on diffusion and horizontal capillary adsorption of chloride ion transport patterns in water fluctuation environments, while neglecting vertical capillary adsorption. A few studies on vertical capillary adsorption are in static water level environments, which are not considered for water level changes. Vertical capillary adsorption exists in concrete under oceanic water level fluctuations, which may have an impact on the chloride ion transport process. It is thus necessary to carry out a research on the effect of vertical capillary adsorption on the chloride ion transport process under the environment of marine water level change.

Methods

To investigate the chloride ion transport patterns within concrete considering vertical capillary absorption in water level fluctuation environments, this study utilized a homemade marine tidal cycle simulation device. Two sets of comparative experiments were arranged, i.e., one accounting for vertical capillary absorption and another not. Concrete samples were ground in an active grinding machine at intervals of 1mm per layer within the 0-5 mm range from the diffusion surface, and at intervals of 2 mm per layer within the 7-21 mm range. The chloride ion content in the powdered samples in concrete for both sets of experiments was measured by a model ZDJ-5B-5/4B/4A conductometric titrator. The location of the most severe chloride ion erosion in concrete under water level fluctuation conditions was identified, and the effect of vertical capillary absorption on chloride ion concentration distribution, surface chloride ion concentration, and diffusion coefficients in concrete were evaluated.

Results and discussion

Based on the results of the chloride ion concentration distribution in concrete, the maximum chloride ion concentration in the capillary group appears in the area above tidal zone, while it in the control group appears in the area where the dry time accounted for 13/14 of the cycle. Comparing with the control group, the capillary group has higher chloride ion concentrations above the tidal zone but lower chloride ion concentrations in the tidal zone. This is due to the vertical capillary absorption on concrete. In the drying phase of the wet-dry cycle, vertical capillary absorption causes the concrete to absorb moisture from the bottom, maintaining a certain level of humidity. This reduces the intensity of capillary absorption during subsequent wetting, thus lowering the surface chloride ion concentration in the tidal zone. Also, vertical capillary absorption promotes the transfer of chloride ions from the tidal zone to the area above tidal zone, resulting in higher chloride ion concentrations above the tidal zone and lower chloride ion concentrations in the tidal zone.

In the tidal zone, the diffusion coefficients for chloride ions in the capillary test group are lower than those in the control group. For instance, after 200 d exposure, the diffusion coefficient for the capillary group is 2.11×10-12 m2/s when the dry time ratio is 13/14, compared to the diffusion coefficient of 2.33×10-12 m2/s for the control group. The surface chloride ion concentration (Cs) for the capillary group is 1.63% (in mass fraction), while that for the control group is 1.80% (in mass fraction). The surface chloride ion concentration and the diffusion coefficient in the capillary group both are approximately 10% lower than those in the control group.

In the area above the tidal zone, vertical capillary absorption significantly increases both the diffusion coefficient (Da) and the surface chloride ion concentration (Cs). For instance, in the 0-50 mm segment above the highest water level, the surface chloride ion concentration and diffusion coefficient in the capillary group both are higher than those in the control group throughout the entire exposure period.

Based on Fick's second law, an empirical model for chloride ion transport in concrete considering the impact of vertical capillary absorption is established, and the predicted data by the model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.

Conclusions

Vertical capillary absorption increased the chloride ion concentration above the tidal zone and reduced the chloride ion concentration in the tidal zone. The location with the maximum chloride ion concentration was within the 0-50 mm range above the highest water level due to the influence of vertical capillary absorption. In the tidal zone, vertical capillary absorption reduced the surface chloride ion concentration and the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions, leading to a less pronounced variation in chloride ion diffusion coefficient with wet-dry ratio. In the area above the tidal, vertical capillary absorption increased the surface chloride ion concentration and the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions within the 0-100 mm range above the highest water level. The effect of vertical capillary absorption diminished with increasing elevation, and the most significant impact occurred within the 0-50 mm range above the highest water level. A time-variable model for chloride ion transport considering vertical capillary absorption in marine water level fluctuation environments was established. The predicted data by the model were within ±15% deviation, compared to the measured results, validating the rationality and accuracy of the model.

concrete  /  water fluctuation environment  /  vertical capillary adsorption  /  chloride ions  /  regression analysis
王元战, 袁良智. 竖向毛细吸附对海洋水位变动环境混凝土氯离子传输影响. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (1) : 47 -59 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240349
Yuanzhan WANG, Liangzhi YUAN. Effect of Vertical Capillary Adsorption on Chloride Transport in Concrete in a Marine Water Fluctuation Environment[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (1) : 47 -59 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240349
  • 国家自然科学基金(51979191)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2603000)
  • 中国路桥工程有限责任公司科研项目(2020-zlkj-10)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240349
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
  • 修回日期:2024-06-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(51979191)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2603000)
中国路桥工程有限责任公司科研项目(2020-zlkj-10)
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    天津大学水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室,天津 300072
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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