硅酸盐学报

ZnO白漆的空间环境效应及损伤机理

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姜海富 ¹^,² , 郑慧奇 ¹ , 李宇 ¹ , 刘宇明 ¹^,² , 姜利祥 ¹^,²

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2025,53(1): 10-15

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (1) : 10 -15

ZnO白漆的空间环境效应及损伤机理

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姜海富¹^,², 郑慧奇¹, 李宇¹, 刘宇明¹^,², 姜利祥¹^,²

作者信息

^1．北京卫星环境工程研究所，北京 100094

^2．可靠性与环境工程技术国防科技重点实验室，北京 100094

作者简介:

姜海富（1980—），男，高级工程师。

Space Environmental Effects and Damage Mechanism of ZnO White Paint

Haifu JIANG¹^,², Huiqi ZHENG¹, Yu LI¹, Yuming LIU¹^,², Lixiang JIANG¹^,²

Affiliations

^1.Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing 100094, China

^2.Science and Technology on Reliability and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Beijing 100094, China

JIANG Haifu (1980-), male, Senior Engineer. E-mail: haifujiang@163.com

出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240311

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摘要

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为揭示ZnO白漆空间环境作用损伤机理，优化材料性能，采用空间环境辐照实验对ZnO颜料及硅酸钾包覆的氧化锌（KSZ）白漆空间环境效应及损伤机制进行了研究。电子、质子、紫外及原子氧作用后，ZnO颜料在425 nm左右产生了吸收峰，ZnO颜料中双电离锌空位（V_Zn^2-）在电子、质子、紫外辐照下发生电离，生成单电离锌空位（V′_Zn^-）是光学性能退化的主要机制，而原子氧作用使得V_Zn^2-极少一部分转化为V′_Zn^-，大部分转化为未电离锌空位（V_Zn⁰）。相对于紫外及原子氧辐照，质子和电子辐照对KSZ白漆性能影响较大。在质子剂量3.15×10¹⁶ p/cm²、电子剂量2.25×10¹⁶ e/cm²、紫外剂量5000当量太阳小时条件下，KSZ涂层太阳吸收比由0.12增加至0.27。

关键词

氧化锌白漆 / 空间环境 / 损伤机理 / 太阳吸收比

Abstract

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Introduction

ZnO inorganic white paint is composed of ZnO pigment and a potassium silicate binder as a type of thermal control coating of spacecraft. It is commonly used for spacecraft antennas, cabin sections, and radiator surfaces. In general, the solar absorptance of ZnO inorganic white paint is lower than that of other thermal control coatings. ZnO mainly exists in the form of wurtzite structure, and its zinc oxygen ratio often deviates from stoichiometry, generating intrinsic defects internally. Oxygen deficient compounds are generally generated due to the easy escape of oxygen in zinc oxide. During the in-orbit service of spacecraft, ZnO inorganic white paint is subjected to space environmental effects, such as electrons, protons, ultraviolet (UV), and atomic oxygen (AO), resulting in its performance degradation and affecting the stable service of spacecraft in orbit. It is thus necessary to investigate the degradation and damage mechanism of ZnO inorganic white paint to support the optimization of material properties.

Methods

ZnO pigment sample was a circular flake powder, which was pressed into a grinding tool with an inner diameter of 25 mm using a machine. The pressure parameter is 10 kN and the pressure time is 5 min. A circular sample with potassium silicate-coated zinc oxide (KSZ) inorganic white paint with a diameter of 30 mm, composed of K₂SiO₃ binder and ZnO pigment was prepared on an aluminum substrate by a spray coating process.

Space environmental irradiation experiments were conducted on ZnO pigments and KSZ coatings by environmental irradiation and low orbit AO equipment. The electron energy of ZnO pigment irradiation experiment is 50 keV, with a fluence of 1×10¹⁶ cm^-2, a proton energy is 50 keV, with a fluence 6×10¹⁵ p/cm² and the UV dose is 5000 ESH. The AO fluence is 1×10²¹ atoms/cm². The electron and proton energies of KSZ irradiation experiment are the same as those in the ZnO pigment experiment, with fluence of 2.25×10¹⁶ e/cm² and 3.15×10¹⁶ p/cm², respectively. The UV dose is 5000 ESH. The AO fluence is 2.0×10²² atoms/cm².

The spectrum reflectance of ZnO pigment and KSZ at wavelengths of 300-2200 nm was determined by a model Lambda 950 UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Co., USA), and the solar absorptance of KSZ was calculated. The fluorescence spectra of ZnO pigment were characterized by a model RF-5301PC spectrometer (SHIMADZU Co., Japan). The excitation source was a xenon lamp with an 220 nm wavelength. The electron spin resonance on ZnO pigments at a microwave frequency of 9.435 GHz was measured by a model JES-FE3AX electron spin resonance spectrometer (JEOL Co., Japan).

Results and discussion

After environment irradiation experiment, the spectral reflectance coefficient of ZnO pigment increases sharply and reaches its maximum value in a wavelength range of 360-500 nm. The spectral reflectance coefficient decreases with increasing wavelength. The peak position of the optical absorption band of ZnO pigment is at 425 nm. Compared to other environments, the absorption peak changes most severely under proton irradiation.

Under electron, proton, and UV irradiation, the inherent V_Zn^2- in ZnO pigments undergoes ionization, generating single ionized zinc vacancies (V′_Zn^-). AO causes a very small portion of the inherent V_Zn^2- in ZnO pigments to be converted into V′_Zn^- due to its intense electron affinity and oxidizing properties, while the majority of V_Zn^2- is converted into V_Zn⁰.

The initial value of the solar absorptance of KSZ coating is 0.12. After the electron, proton, and UV combined irradiation experiment, the solar absorptance of the coating increases with the increase of environmental test fluence. The solar absorptance of the coating increases to 0.27 at electron fluence of 2.25×10¹⁶ e/cm², proton fluence of 3.15×10¹⁶ p/cm², and UV dose of 5000 ESH. The solar absorptance of KSZ coating increases within 2000 ESH UV irradiation, and then the solar absorptance stabilizes at 0.15. The KSZ solar absorptance is increased by 0.02 after 2.0×10²² atoms/cm² AO irradiation.

Conclusions

After space environment irradiation experiment, the spectral reflectance coefficient of ZnO pigment decreased, mainly concentrated in the visible and near-infrared regions, and the peak position of the optical absorption band was at 425 nm. The ionization of the inherent V_Zn^2- in ZnO pigments occurred, resulting in the formation V′_Zn^-, which was the main mechanism for the degradation of the optical properties of ZnO pigments under electron, proton, and UV irradiation. AO caused a very small portion of the inherent V_Zn^2- in ZnO pigments to be converted into V′_Zn^- due to its intense electron affinity and oxidizing properties, and the majority was converted into V_Zn⁰. After the combined experiments of electron, proton, and UV (i.e., electron fluence of 2.25×10¹⁶ e/cm², proton fluence of 3.15×10¹⁶ p/cm², UV dose of 5000 ESH), the solar absorptance of KSZ coating increased from 0.12 to 0.27. After 5000 ESH UV irradiation, the KSZ solar absorptance reached to 0.15. After AO irradiation of 2.0×10²² atoms/cm², the KSZ solar absorptance was increased by 0.02. Compared to UV and AO, the electron and proton irradiation had a greater impact on the optical properties of KSZ inorganic white paint.

Key words

zinc oxide white paint / space environment / damage mechanism / solar absorptance

引用本文

姜海富, 郑慧奇, 李宇, 刘宇明, 姜利祥. ZnO白漆的空间环境效应及损伤机理. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (1) : 10 -15 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240311

Haifu JIANG, Huiqi ZHENG, Yu LI, Yuming LIU, Lixiang JIANG. Space Environmental Effects and Damage Mechanism of ZnO White Paint[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (1) : 10 -15 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240311

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国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0503602)

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2025年第53卷第1期

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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240311

接收时间：2024-05-05
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-01-20

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收稿日期：2024-05-05
修回日期：2024-06-05

基金

国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0503602)

作者信息

^1．北京卫星环境工程研究所，北京 100094

^2．可靠性与环境工程技术国防科技重点实验室，北京 100094

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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