硅酸盐学报

早期受冻混凝土及其防冻技术研究进展

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吴泽媚 ¹^,² , 崔鑫溦 ¹^,² , 郑新颜 ¹^,² , 张艳聪 ³

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2025,53(2): 471-494

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2025 , 53 (2) : 471 -494

早期受冻混凝土及其防冻技术研究进展

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吴泽媚¹^,², 崔鑫溦¹^,², 郑新颜¹^,², 张艳聪³

作者信息

^1．湖南大学土木工程学院，长沙 410082

^2．湖南大学，桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室，长沙 410082

^3．山西省交通科技研发有限公司，太原 030032

作者简介:

吴泽媚（1987—），女，博士，教授。

Research Progress of Early-Age Frozen Concrete and Its Protection Techniques

Zemei WU¹^,², Xinwei CUI¹^,², Xinyan ZHENG¹^,², Yancong ZHANG³

Affiliations

^1.College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

^2.State Key Laboratory of Bridge Safety and Resilience, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

^3.Shanxi Transportation Research and Development, Co., Ltd, Taiyuan 030032, China

WU Zemei (1987-), female, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: wuzemei@hnu.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240563

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我国东北、西北高原等寒冷地区冬季混凝土施工导致的早期受冻影响水泥的水化进程，使得混凝土孔结构疏松，内部可结冰水多，不利于混凝土力学性能及耐久性的发展。首先简要介绍了早期受冻混凝土冻融损伤机理及损伤评价方法，然后综述了不同影响因素，包括起冻时间、受冻温度、受冻时长、预养护制度、水胶比、辅助性胶凝材料、防冻剂品种和掺量等，对早期受冻混凝土力学性能、耐久性和微观结构的影响规律。基于关键影响因素对早期受冻混凝土的作用机理提出了基于延缓早期受冻时间、提高混凝土早期强度、降低可结冰水含量和抑制内部水分冻结的早期受冻混凝土防护措施，并对每种技术措施的优缺点进行对比分析。可为寒冷地区混凝土基础设施的早期受冻研究和防护提供理论基础和技术指导，以提升其耐久性及服役寿命。

关键词

早期受冻混凝土 / 损伤评价 / 微观结构 / 防冻技术

Abstract

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Concrete industries in cold regions, such as Northeast and Northwestern China, are facing serious challenges in achieving targeted performance criteria of concrete during winter construction. The early freezing of concrete during winter construction affects the hydration process of cement, rendering porous structure and increased internal frozen water content, which is detrimental to the development of mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Thus, investigating the performance and microstructure of early-age frozen concrete and proposing protection techniques are of great importance to the design, preparation, and durability improvement of concrete infrastructures in cold areas.

There is a large amount of unhydrated free water in the newly mixed concrete, which can be transformed into ice once frozen at low temperatures. This process generates 9% increase in volume, leading to expansion stress on concrete. Since the cement paste at an early age has a low hydration degree, its frost resistance is relatively weak due to its low tensile strength. Once the expansion stress exceeds the ultimate tensile strength of the material, cracks will occur and accelerate the deterioration of concrete. In addition, when the temperature rises above the freezing point of the pore solution, the ice melts and leaves cavities in concrete, resulting in irreversible losses of strength and durability.

The properties and microstructure of early-age frozen concrete are affected by factors, such as mixture proportion, water-to-binder ratio, antifreeze admixture type and dosage, freezing onset time, freezing temperature, freezing duration, and pre-curing regime, etc. The water-to-binder ratio is the primary factor influencing the damage degree of early-age frozen concrete because it directly determines the content of freezable water and concrete strength. When the water-to-binder ratio decreases from 0.46 to 0.29, the liquid water contents in the total and capillary pores decrease by 34.0% and 56.8%, respectively. Under a given water-to-binder ratio, freezing onset time is the most significant factor affecting the properties and microstructure of concrete, followed by freezing duration and temperature. With the decrease in freezing temperature, the extension of freezing duration, and the advance of onset freezing time, the mechanical properties of concrete gradually decline. This results in increased total and large pore volumes and decreased gel pore volume. In addition, early freezing lead to decreased polymerization degree and amount of C-S-H.

To prevent early-age frost damage, concrete should obtain sufficient strength before it freezes, that is, the critical strength. In the technical standards of concrete for winter construction in some countries, the critical strength value is specified, generally ranging from 3 MPa to 8 MPa. Several techniques have been employed to ensure sufficient strength to alleviate the early-age frost damage and guarantee the safety of concrete structures during cold weather concreting. These include postponing the onset time of freezing with the aid of heating devices, enhancing the early-age strength of concrete using rapid-setting cement, nano-materials, alkali activator, etc., reducing the freeable water content through densifying the microstructure of concrete, and inhibiting the freezing of internal water using antifreeze admixtures. The purpose of postponing the onset time of early freezing is to keep concrete at appropriate temperatures to reach the critical strength as soon as possible. The use of nano-materials, early-strength components, and alkali activators can accelerate the early hydration of cement and improve the early strength of concrete. By reducing the water-to-binder ratio or extending the curing time, the internal structure is densified to reduce the amount of freezable water. In addition, antifreeze admixtures can inhibit the freezing of internal water by reducing the freezing point of the solution of fresh concrete mixture. At present, concrete mixed with antifreeze admixtures combined with heating devices are common means to prevent the early-age frozen damage of concrete.

Summary and prospects

Concrete should have good early-age and long-term frost resistance under negative temperature conditions. The pore structure of concrete and the variety and dosage of antifreeze admixtures are critical to the development of the performance and microstructure of early-age frozen concrete. So far, precise mixture design of concrete subjected to early freezing is lacking. Therefore, proposing design methods for durable concrete based on the pore structure and antifreeze optimization is of great significance in promoting its application in cold environments. Besides, current literature mainly focuses on experimental investigation of early-age frozen concrete, the early-age frost damage mechanism is not clear since there are many influencing factors. It is necessary to correlate the macro-performance to the microstructure of early-age frozen concrete utilizing experimental tests and simulations. Also, there is a need to establish multi-scale freeze-thaw damage models, which would help explore the damage mechanism and predict the service life of early-age frozen concrete.

Key words

early-age frozen concrete / damage evaluation / microstructure / anti-freezing techniques

引用本文

吴泽媚, 崔鑫溦, 郑新颜, 张艳聪. 早期受冻混凝土及其防冻技术研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (2) : 471 -494 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240563

Zemei WU, Xinwei CUI, Xinyan ZHENG, Yancong ZHANG. Research Progress of Early-Age Frozen Concrete and Its Protection Techniques[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (2) : 471 -494 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240563

基金

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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3708700)
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52008164)
黄土地区公路建设与养护技术交通行业重点实验室开放课题(KLTLR-Y23-6)

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2025年第53卷第2期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240563

接收时间：2024-08-26
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-02-20

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收稿日期：2024-08-26
修回日期：2024-09-18

基金

国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3708700)

国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52008164)

黄土地区公路建设与养护技术交通行业重点实验室开放课题(KLTLR-Y23-6)

作者信息

^1．湖南大学土木工程学院，长沙 410082

^2．湖南大学，桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室，长沙 410082

^3．山西省交通科技研发有限公司，太原 030032

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240563

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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