硅酸盐学报

压力辅助烧结钙钛矿型压电陶瓷

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朱东泽 ¹ , 刘亦轩 ¹^,² , 黄浩峰 ¹ , 钟子晴 ¹ , 蔡贤先 ¹ , 逯景桐 ¹ , 徐泽 ¹ , 蒋昱奇 ¹ , 王轲 ¹^,²

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2025,53(2): 451-470

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2025 , 53 (2) : 451 -470

压力辅助烧结钙钛矿型压电陶瓷

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朱东泽¹, 刘亦轩¹^,², 黄浩峰¹, 钟子晴¹, 蔡贤先¹, 逯景桐¹, 徐泽¹, 蒋昱奇¹, 王轲¹^,²

作者信息

^1．清华大学材料学院，新型陶瓷与精细工艺国家重点实验室，北京 100084

^2．乌镇实验室先进功能陶瓷材料研究中心，浙江嘉兴 314500

通讯作者:

刘亦轩（1995—），男，博士，助理研究员；

王轲（1983—），男，博士，研究员。

作者简介:

朱东泽（2002—），男，博士研究生。

Pressure-Assisted Sintering of Perovskite Piezoelectric Ceramics

Dongze ZHU¹, Yixuan LIU¹^,², Haofeng HUANG¹, Ziqing ZHONG¹, Xianxian CAI¹, Jingtong LU¹, Ze XU¹, Yuqi JIANG¹, Ke WANG¹^,²

Affiliations

^1.State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

^2.Research Center for Advanced Functional Ceramics, Wuzhen Laboratory, Jiaxing 314500, Zhejiang, China

Corresponding Author:

LIU Yi-Xuan (1995-), male, Ph.D., Assistant Research Fellow. E-mail: liuyx2022@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn;

WANG Ke (1983-), male, Ph.D., Professor. wang-ke@tsinghua.edu.cn

ZHU Dongze (2002-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: zdz24@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240441

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摘要

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压电陶瓷通过压电效应实现机械能和电能的相互转换，是一类重要的功能陶瓷。目前部分压电陶瓷仍存在难烧结、元素挥发等问题，而压力辅助烧结技术可以通过外加压力促进烧结过程，从而有效调控压电陶瓷的电学性能。本文聚焦于钙钛矿型压电陶瓷制备中应用较多的3种压力辅助烧结技术（即热压烧结、热等静压烧结和放电等离子烧结），对提升压电陶瓷致密度、调控晶粒尺寸、缺陷调控、织构化以及制备复杂微结构等研究议题进行了综述，并对压力辅助烧结钙钛矿型压电陶瓷的未来研究方向做出了展望。

关键词

压力辅助烧结 / 压电陶瓷 / 热压烧结 / 晶粒尺寸 / 缺陷调控

Abstract

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Piezoelectric ceramics, which enable the mutual conversion of mechanical and electrical energy via the piezoelectric effect, are indispensable for various industries, including robotics, communications, biomedicine engineering, etc. Currently, some piezoelectric ceramics face challenges such as difficulty in sintering and element volatilization. Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS) technology can promote the sintering process with the application of external pressure, thereby effectively engineering the electrical properties of piezoelectric ceramics. In this review, three commonly used pressure-assisted sintering techniques in the preparation of perovskite piezoelectric ceramics are highlighted, i.e., hot pressing sintering, hot isostatic pressing sintering, and spark plasma sintering.

Hot pressing sintering, which applies a single-axis pressure during the sintering phase, is particularly adept at grain alignment and the fabrication of textured ceramics with directional property enhancement. Hot isostatic pressing sintering applies pressure uniformly in all directions, ensuring homogenous densification and the precise maintenance of complex structure dimensions. This method is invaluable for the creation of precision components where dimensional integrity is non-negotiable. HIP further enables the sintering of ceramics at reduced temperatures and shortened durations, thereby curtailing energy expenditure and averting excessive grain coarsening. Spark plasma sintering is characterized by its expedited heating rates and abbreviated sintering cycles, facilitated by the passage of pulsed direct current through the powder compact. This approach not only catalyzes swift densification but also promotes the development of fine-grained microstructures by curbing grain expansion. SPS is especially beneficial for crafting ceramics with exceptional strength and electrical properties.

The advantages for enhancement of ceramic density, grain size, and defect engineering, texturing, as well as preparation of complex microstructures are demonstrated compared with conventional sintering. This review underscores the substantial benefits of PAS in bolstering ceramic density, a parameter of paramount importance to the mechanical and electrical properties of piezoelectric ceramics. The uniform density attainable through PAS is instrumental in enhancing performance and reliability. Moreover, the controlled sintering milieu in PAS is conducive to the precise manipulation of grain size, a factor with a significant bearing on piezoelectric performance. Fine-grained ceramics yielded via PAS have demonstrated superior functionality when juxtaposed with their coarse-grained analogs. Defect engineering represents another critical arena where PAS exerts a substantial influence. By moderating sintering temperatures and maintaining a controlled atmosphere, PAS minimizes the emergence of defects, such as vacancies and dislocations, which can diminish the efficacy of piezoelectric ceramics. The capacity to regulate defect concentration and type within the material is paramount for optimizing its electrical properties, including dielectric constant and piezoelectric coefficients. Furthermore, PAS has unveiled remarkable potential in the realm of complex microstructure fabrication, indispensable for state-of-the-art applications like high-frequency ultrasound transducers.

The review also probes potential future research trajectories for PAS in perovskite piezoelectric ceramics. There is an imperative need for deeper exploration into the fundamental mechanisms governing sintering behavior under pressure-assisted conditions. Gaining insights into these mechanisms is vital for devising more efficient sintering protocols and achieving material property enhancements. Additionally, there is a burgeoning interest in the development of in-situ monitoring techniques, capable of furnishing real-time sintering process feedback, thereby enabling more precise control over the final ceramic properties.

Despite its considerable merits, the scalability and economic implications of PAS must be deliberated to facilitate broader industrial implementation. Pressure-assisted sintering has validated its transformative potential in the realm of perovskite piezoelectric ceramic fabrication, offering meticulous control over microstructure and material properties. As investigative endeavors in this domain persist, PAS is poised to assume a central role in the genesis of next-generation piezoelectric materials.

Summary and prospects

Pressure-assisted sintering effectively promotes ceramic densification by providing additional sintering driving force, offering a feasible method for the fabrication of piezoelectric ceramics with high density and performance. Furthermore, Pressure-assisted sintering allows for flexible control of sintering temperature and time, which enables the preparation of high-density ceramics with varying grain sizes. Additionally, pressure-assisted sintering can combine with sintering atmospheres, electric currents, and other physical fields to engineer the defects. Uniaxial pressure can also introduce texture in some piezoelectric ceramics. Therefore, pressure-assisted sintering is expected to achieve synergistic regulation of density, grain size, defects, and grain orientation in piezoelectric ceramics, thereby comprehensively enhancing the mechanical, dielectric, piezoelectric, and optical properties of the material.

However, precisely controlling the process of pressure-assisted sintering is challenging due to limitations in sintering equipment and mold materials. The issue of reproducibility caused by inhomogeneous pressure or current distribution deserves concern. For fundamental scientific research, pressure-assisted sintering can bring novel physical properties to piezoelectric ceramics. The clear demonstration of the sintering behavior of piezoelectric ceramics is the prerequisite for the in-depth understanding of these properties. Therefore, developing in-situ sintering characterization may assist in fully understanding the relationships among pressure, sintering behavior, and physical properties. For practical applications, high cost is the most significant barrier to scaling up pressure-assisted sintering for piezoelectric ceramics. The improvement in equipment and optimization of control systems are in high demand to overcome these technical challenges.

Key words

pressure-assisted sintering / piezoelectric ceramics / hot-pressing / grain size / defect engineering

引用本文

朱东泽, 刘亦轩, 黄浩峰, 钟子晴, 蔡贤先, 逯景桐, 徐泽, 蒋昱奇, 王轲. 压力辅助烧结钙钛矿型压电陶瓷. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (2) : 451 -470 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240441

Dongze ZHU, Yixuan LIU, Haofeng HUANG, Ziqing ZHONG, Xianxian CAI, Jingtong LU, Ze XU, Yuqi JIANG, Ke WANG. Pressure-Assisted Sintering of Perovskite Piezoelectric Ceramics[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (2) : 451 -470 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240441

基金

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国家自然科学基金(52032005; 52302148)

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2025年第53卷第2期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240441

接收时间：2024-07-02
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-02-20

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收稿日期：2024-07-02
修回日期：2024-08-02

基金

国家自然科学基金(52032005; 52302148)

作者信息

^1．清华大学材料学院，新型陶瓷与精细工艺国家重点实验室，北京 100084

^2．乌镇实验室先进功能陶瓷材料研究中心，浙江嘉兴 314500

通讯作者:

刘亦轩（1995—），男，博士，助理研究员；

王轲（1983—），男，博士，研究员。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240441

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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