Article(id=1320090249913548853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090243919892509, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240280, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713024000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-14, revisedDate=1718640000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792663641670, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792663641670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792663641670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792663641670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320090243919892509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2025', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='241', pageEnd='494', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739980800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792663640241, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792663843031, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320091094541520978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090243919892509, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320091094541520979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090243919892509, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=313, endPage=324, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320090250177790006, articleId=1320090249913548853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Sodium Chloride Crystallization Pressure in Micro Pores of Hardened Cement Paste, columnId=1319726165087077079, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Introduction

Salt crystallization plays an important role in the physical weathering process of materials, and is generally considered to be one of the main problems affecting the durability of materials, and most of the weathering damage of porous materials is related to salt crystallization. Since the permeation and crystallization of salt solutions are unavoidable. Therefore, it is of great value to explore the crystallization process and mechanism of salt in pores for the study of material durability in the fields of construction engineering, historical building protection engineering, traffic engineering, underground and geotechnical engineering, etc, and is of great significance for improving the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of historical buildings and infrastructure, and reasonably predicting the service life of structures. At present, the supersaturated crystallization pressure hypothesis is generally accepted as the cause of salt crystallization failure of porous materials, which holds that the crystallization pressure exerted by crystal on the pore surface is the main cause of the failure of cement-based materials. However, existing study has found that the actual crystallization pressure produced by NaCl evaporation crystallization is about 0.46 MPa, which is much lower than the tensile strength of concrete, and the concrete material still subjected to damage. Therefore, in this paper, the finite element method is used to study the crystallization process of NaCl in the micro pore of hardened cement paste, and the mechanism of crystallization pressure during the crystallization process is revealed. In addition, the effects of pore and crystal geometry, crystallization pressure and filling degree on the maximum tensile stress inside the hardened cement paste are also discussed.

Methods

The micro pore model and NaCl crystal model of hardened cement paste are established respectively, and the NaCl crystal model is horizontally put into the micro pore model of hardened cement paste to obtain the NaCl crystallization process model in the micro pore of hardened cement paste. In order to accurately distinguish the crystallization process of NaCl crystal, a two-dimensional spatial filling degree is introduced. The model of NaCl crystallization process in micro pore of hardened cement paste is established in three steps. The first step is to determine the geometric properties of the crystal. The size change of the crystals in the NaCl crystallization process model is controlled by the filling degree, and the crystals without pore wall confinement are obtained, and the crystals in the pore confined state are obtained by Boolean operation. The second step is to split the model. The NaCl crystallization process model is divided into two parts: the hardened cement paste micro pore model and the NaCl crystal model. The third step is to apply crystallization pressure. The stress distribution diagram of hardened cement paste and NaCl crystal is obtained by applying crystallization pressure to the contact parts between the crystal and the pore wall in the micro pore model and the NaCl crystal model. Results and discussion During the crystallization process of NaCl in the micro pore of the hardened cement paste, the tensile stress region is distributed within 2 μm of the pore radius, and the maximum tensile stress in the crystallization process is about 3 times of the crystallization pressure, which appears at the apex of the long axis of the pore, while the NaCl crystal is mainly compressed and the tensile stress is small. NaCl crystal do not fail before hardened cement paste. The pore axial ratio, filling degree and crystallization pressure are the main factors influencing the maximum tensile stress in the cement-based material during the crystallization process. The maximum tensile stress of hardened cement paste increases with the increase of pore axial ratio, filling degree and crystallization pressure during the crystallization process, while the crystal axial ratio has no obvious effect on the maximum tensile stress.

Conclusions

There are free crystallization and crystallization restricted stages in the crystallization process of salt in micro pore. The crystallization pressure generated by the crystallization restricted stage is a major factor causing damage to cement-based materials, and the tensile stress concentration caused by crystallization pressure is the direct cause of the damage of hardened cement paste. The crystallization pressure leads to the tensile stress concentration in the hardened cement paste, and the maximum tensile stress is about 3 times of the crystallization pressure, which appears at the apex of the long axis end of the pore. NaCl crystals will not be damaged before hardened cement paste. In addition, the pore axial ratio, filling degree and crystallization pressure are the main factors affecting the maximum tensile stress in the hardened cement paste during the crystallization process.

, authors=Ze ZHANG, Jinbo YANG, Yu ZHANG, authorsList=Ze ZHANG, Jinbo YANG, Yu ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinbo YANG, authorNote=

ZHANG Ze (2000-), male, Master candidate. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
YANG Jinbo (1978-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail:
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干湿循环盐结晶破坏是以水泥基材料为代表的多孔材料劣化的主要问题之一。过饱和结晶压力假说仅说明结晶压力是造成水泥基材料破坏的主要原因,但对结晶过程中结晶压力的作用机理并没有做出解释。基于有限元法建立了NaCl结晶过程模型,通过改变孔隙和晶体的轴比,研究了微米孔几何尺寸和晶体几何尺寸对硬化水泥浆体第一主应力的影响。模拟结果表明:结晶压力引起的硬化水泥浆体内最大拉应力约为晶体表面结晶压力的3倍;硬化水泥浆体内部最大拉应力主要与孔隙轴比、填充度及结晶压力有关;结晶压力引起拉应力集中是造成硬化水泥浆体破坏的直接原因,NaCl晶体不会先于硬化水泥浆体破坏。

, authors=张泽, 杨进波, 张宇, authorsList=张泽, 杨进波, 张宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨进波, authorNote=

张泽(2000—),男,硕士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨进波(1978—),男,博士,副教授。
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硬化水泥浆体微米孔内氯化钠结晶压力作用数值模拟
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张泽 , 杨进波 , 张宇
硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2025,53(2): 313-324
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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (2) : 313 -324
硬化水泥浆体微米孔内氯化钠结晶压力作用数值模拟
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张泽 , 杨进波 , 张宇
作者信息
  • 山东农业大学水利土木工程学院,山东 泰安 271018
通讯作者:
杨进波(1978—),男,博士,副教授。
作者简介:

张泽(2000—),男,硕士研究生。

Numerical Simulation of Sodium Chloride Crystallization Pressure in Micro Pores of Hardened Cement Paste
Ze ZHANG , Jinbo YANG , Yu ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YANG Jinbo (1978-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail:

    ZHANG Ze (2000-), male, Master candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240280
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干湿循环盐结晶破坏是以水泥基材料为代表的多孔材料劣化的主要问题之一。过饱和结晶压力假说仅说明结晶压力是造成水泥基材料破坏的主要原因,但对结晶过程中结晶压力的作用机理并没有做出解释。基于有限元法建立了NaCl结晶过程模型,通过改变孔隙和晶体的轴比,研究了微米孔几何尺寸和晶体几何尺寸对硬化水泥浆体第一主应力的影响。模拟结果表明:结晶压力引起的硬化水泥浆体内最大拉应力约为晶体表面结晶压力的3倍;硬化水泥浆体内部最大拉应力主要与孔隙轴比、填充度及结晶压力有关;结晶压力引起拉应力集中是造成硬化水泥浆体破坏的直接原因,NaCl晶体不会先于硬化水泥浆体破坏。

盐结晶  /  硬化水泥浆体  /  结晶压力  /  最大拉应力
Introduction

Salt crystallization plays an important role in the physical weathering process of materials, and is generally considered to be one of the main problems affecting the durability of materials, and most of the weathering damage of porous materials is related to salt crystallization. Since the permeation and crystallization of salt solutions are unavoidable. Therefore, it is of great value to explore the crystallization process and mechanism of salt in pores for the study of material durability in the fields of construction engineering, historical building protection engineering, traffic engineering, underground and geotechnical engineering, etc, and is of great significance for improving the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of historical buildings and infrastructure, and reasonably predicting the service life of structures. At present, the supersaturated crystallization pressure hypothesis is generally accepted as the cause of salt crystallization failure of porous materials, which holds that the crystallization pressure exerted by crystal on the pore surface is the main cause of the failure of cement-based materials. However, existing study has found that the actual crystallization pressure produced by NaCl evaporation crystallization is about 0.46 MPa, which is much lower than the tensile strength of concrete, and the concrete material still subjected to damage. Therefore, in this paper, the finite element method is used to study the crystallization process of NaCl in the micro pore of hardened cement paste, and the mechanism of crystallization pressure during the crystallization process is revealed. In addition, the effects of pore and crystal geometry, crystallization pressure and filling degree on the maximum tensile stress inside the hardened cement paste are also discussed.

Methods

The micro pore model and NaCl crystal model of hardened cement paste are established respectively, and the NaCl crystal model is horizontally put into the micro pore model of hardened cement paste to obtain the NaCl crystallization process model in the micro pore of hardened cement paste. In order to accurately distinguish the crystallization process of NaCl crystal, a two-dimensional spatial filling degree is introduced. The model of NaCl crystallization process in micro pore of hardened cement paste is established in three steps. The first step is to determine the geometric properties of the crystal. The size change of the crystals in the NaCl crystallization process model is controlled by the filling degree, and the crystals without pore wall confinement are obtained, and the crystals in the pore confined state are obtained by Boolean operation. The second step is to split the model. The NaCl crystallization process model is divided into two parts: the hardened cement paste micro pore model and the NaCl crystal model. The third step is to apply crystallization pressure. The stress distribution diagram of hardened cement paste and NaCl crystal is obtained by applying crystallization pressure to the contact parts between the crystal and the pore wall in the micro pore model and the NaCl crystal model. Results and discussion During the crystallization process of NaCl in the micro pore of the hardened cement paste, the tensile stress region is distributed within 2 μm of the pore radius, and the maximum tensile stress in the crystallization process is about 3 times of the crystallization pressure, which appears at the apex of the long axis of the pore, while the NaCl crystal is mainly compressed and the tensile stress is small. NaCl crystal do not fail before hardened cement paste. The pore axial ratio, filling degree and crystallization pressure are the main factors influencing the maximum tensile stress in the cement-based material during the crystallization process. The maximum tensile stress of hardened cement paste increases with the increase of pore axial ratio, filling degree and crystallization pressure during the crystallization process, while the crystal axial ratio has no obvious effect on the maximum tensile stress.

Conclusions

There are free crystallization and crystallization restricted stages in the crystallization process of salt in micro pore. The crystallization pressure generated by the crystallization restricted stage is a major factor causing damage to cement-based materials, and the tensile stress concentration caused by crystallization pressure is the direct cause of the damage of hardened cement paste. The crystallization pressure leads to the tensile stress concentration in the hardened cement paste, and the maximum tensile stress is about 3 times of the crystallization pressure, which appears at the apex of the long axis end of the pore. NaCl crystals will not be damaged before hardened cement paste. In addition, the pore axial ratio, filling degree and crystallization pressure are the main factors affecting the maximum tensile stress in the hardened cement paste during the crystallization process.

salt crystallization  /  hardened cement paste  /  crystallization pressure  /  maximum tensile stress
张泽, 杨进波, 张宇. 硬化水泥浆体微米孔内氯化钠结晶压力作用数值模拟. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (2) : 313 -324 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240280
Ze ZHANG, Jinbo YANG, Yu ZHANG. Numerical Simulation of Sodium Chloride Crystallization Pressure in Micro Pores of Hardened Cement Paste[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (2) : 313 -324 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240280
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023ME039; ZR2021MA067)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240280
  • 接收时间:2024-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-14
  • 修回日期:2024-06-18
基金
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023ME039; ZR2021MA067)
作者信息
    山东农业大学水利土木工程学院,山东 泰安 271018

通讯作者:

杨进波(1978—),男,博士,副教授。
参考文献
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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