硅酸盐学报

聚羧酸系高效减水剂：结构设计、应用技术与展望

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张岳 ¹ , 肖宇翀 ² , 马陈宇 ² , Johann Plank ³ , 雷蕾 ² , 史才军 ²

硅酸盐学报 | 化学外加剂助力现代混凝土绿色低碳与高性能化专题—综合评述 2025,53(3): 574-585

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硅酸盐学报 |化学外加剂助力现代混凝土绿色低碳与高性能化专题—综合评述 2025 , 53 (3) : 574 -585

聚羧酸系高效减水剂：结构设计、应用技术与展望

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张岳¹, 肖宇翀², 马陈宇², Johann Plank³, 雷蕾², 史才军²

作者信息

^1．西安高技术研究所，西安 710025，中国

^2．湖南大学土木工程学院，绿色先进土木工程材料及应用技术湖南省重点实验室，长沙 410082，中国

^3．慕尼黑工业大学，TUM自然科学学院，Garching 85748，德国

通讯作者:

雷蕾（1988—），女，博士，教授。

作者简介:

张岳（1992—），男，博士，讲师。

Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers: Structural Design, Application Technology, and Future Directions

Yue ZHANG¹, Yuchong XIAO², Chenyu MA², Johann Plank³, Lei LEI², Caijun SHI²

Affiliations

^1.Xi'an Hi-Tech Res. Inst., Xi'an 710025, China

^2.Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

^3.TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany

Corresponding Author:

LEI Lei (1988-), female, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: lei.lei@hnu.edu.cn

ZHANG Yue (1992-), male, Ph.D., Lecturer. E-mail: cn_yuezhang@163.com

出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240565

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摘要

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当前全球混凝土行业正致力于推动降碳、节能与减排，这一趋势加速了低碳胶凝材料的广泛应用。随着低碳胶凝材料技术的不断进步，开发适用于低熟料或无熟料胶凝体系的聚羧酸系减水剂（PCE）变得尤为重要。基于此，本文首先概述了PCE的分类、结构设计原理、合成方法及性能特点，探讨了PCE的最新应用进展与技术创新，特别强调了PCE在低碳掺合料胶凝体系中面临的应用挑战。最后，本文展望了PCE的技术前景及其在实现混凝土行业低碳转型中的重点发展方向。

关键词

聚羧酸系减水剂 / 低碳掺合料胶凝体系 / 分子设计 / 工作性能

Abstract

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The global concrete industry is actively committed to promoting energy conservation and carbon emission reduction. This trend accelerates the widespread application of low-carbon binders. As a technology of low-carbon binders continues to advance, the development of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (PCE) suitable for low-clinker or clinker-free binding systems becomes increasingly important. This review represents the classification, the principle of structural design, synthetic methods, and performance characteristics of PCE. The latest development and technological innovation of PCE are described, in particular emphasizing on some challenges faced by PCE in specific application scenarios of low carbon blended cementitious system. The review also looks ahead to the technological prospects of PCE and its key development directions in achieving the low-carbon transformation of the concrete industry.

PCE is a polymer designed via introducing different monomer types into its molecular main chain. These monomers include methoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylate (MPEG), allyl polyoxyethylene ether (APEG), methallyl polyoxyethylene ether (HPEG), isopentenyl polyethylene glycol ether (IPEG), and 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl polyoxyethylene ether (VPEG), each imparting distinct physical and chemical properties to PCE. For instance, MPEG-based PCE exhibits a remarkable water reduction rate and has a higher viscosity, thus restricting its application due to time-consuming synthesis. In contrast, VPEG-based PCE requires shorter synthetic time and lower reaction temperature, which demonstrates superior flowability and slump retention, making it suitable for application scenarios requiring prolonged water retention. Besides the choice of monomer types, the structural design of PCE involves other factors, i.e., molecular weight, charge density, and side chain length, etc.. These factors collectively determine the performance of PCE in cement-based materials, including workability, strength development, and long-term durability. The modifications to the main chain of PCE such as silane or phosphate groups can enhance sulfate resistance and adsorption capacity. Lignin-based framework modification of PCE employs readily available raw materials but performs better than traditional PCEs. Anionic side chain modifications and those with large terminal groups can significantly alter PCE's slump retention and clay tolerance. The development of C-S-H-PCE greatly improves the early strength performance of concrete.

Regarding the synthesis methods, PCE is typically prepared through free radical polymerization, which can be conducted in aqueous solution or via emulsion or microemulsion. The determination of synthesis conditions, i.e.. temperature, pressure, catalyst type, and agent concentration are crucial for achieving high-performance PCE. Also, adjusting the monomer ratio of polymer formulation can further enhance PCE performance to meet specific engineering requirements. Other PCE synthesis techniques encompass reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Compared to the simplest approach of free radical polymerization that cannot precisely control molecular weight and structural sequences, the RAFT process allows for customized PCE molecular structures through RAFT agents. The structure-activity relationship between molecular architecture and dispersion performance can be established via continuously innovating PCE synthesis methods e.g., RAFT and ATRP, thus facilitating the development of highly efficient and eco-friendly PCE polymers.

In response to the increasing demands for the sustainability of construction industry, the carbon footprint of PCE additives is accurately assessed, whereby the sources of carbon emissions during PCE production and application are identified. Consequently, green high-performance PCEs begin to be developed, delivering remarkable water-reducing efficiency and obtaining other properties such as improvement of early strength and reduction in dry-shrinkage cracks. Particularly for the development of low carbon cementitious systems, the application of PCE is crucial but currently encounters serious compatibility issues. For instance, some issues related to dispersion failure of PCE in alkali-activated cementitious materials remain unclear. Ensuring desirable workability and adaptability of PCE in low carbon binders is a challenge posed in these systems.

Summary and Prospects

To address these challenges, some solutions are explored. On one hand, the molecular structure of PCE is improved to enhance its stability and adaptability in complex environments. On the other hand, some concepts from nanotechnology and smart materials are proposed to develop self-healing PCE products. These innovative studies can improve the overall performance of concrete and pave some effective pathways for the green development of the construction industry. Polycarboxylate superplasticizers play a vital role in driving the concrete industry towards energy saving and emission reduction. A future research will focus on enhancing PCE performance, cost reduction, and expanding its application fields. With the advancement of technology and the guidance of innovative thinking, we can believe that PCE will play an even greater role in promoting sustainable development in the construction industry.

Key words

polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer / low-carbon blended cementitious system / molecular design / workability

引用本文

张岳, 肖宇翀, 马陈宇, Johann Plank, 雷蕾, 史才军. 聚羧酸系高效减水剂：结构设计、应用技术与展望. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (3) : 574 -585 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240565

Yue ZHANG, Yuchong XIAO, Chenyu MA, Johann Plank, Lei LEI, Caijun SHI. Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers: Structural Design, Application Technology, and Future Directions[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (3) : 574 -585 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240565

基金

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湖南大学建筑安全与节能教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(2022BSEE00X)

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2025年第53卷第3期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240565

接收时间：2024-09-24
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-03-20

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收稿日期：2024-09-24
修回日期：2024-10-23

基金

湖南大学建筑安全与节能教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(2022BSEE00X)

作者信息

^1．西安高技术研究所，西安 710025，中国

^2．湖南大学土木工程学院，绿色先进土木工程材料及应用技术湖南省重点实验室，长沙 410082，中国

^3．慕尼黑工业大学，TUM自然科学学院，Garching 85748，德国

通讯作者:

雷蕾（1988—），女，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240565

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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