硅酸盐学报

提升结构混凝土耐久性的外加剂研究进展

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蔡景顺 ¹^,² , 李华 ¹^,² , 舒鑫 ² , 单广程 ¹^,² , 陈健 ² , 冉千平 ¹

硅酸盐学报 | 化学外加剂助力现代混凝土绿色低碳与高性能化专题—综合评述 2025,53(3): 553-573

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硅酸盐学报 |化学外加剂助力现代混凝土绿色低碳与高性能化专题—综合评述 2025 , 53 (3) : 553 -573

提升结构混凝土耐久性的外加剂研究进展

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蔡景顺¹^,², 李华¹^,², 舒鑫², 单广程¹^,², 陈健², 冉千平¹

作者信息

^1．东南大学材料科学与工程学院，江苏省土木工程材料重点实验室，南京 211189

^2．江苏省建筑科学研究院有限公司，高性能土木工程材料国家重点实验室，南京 210008

通讯作者:

冉千平（1973—），男，博士，教授。

作者简介:

蔡景顺（1985—），男，博士研究生，正高级工程师。

Research Progress on Chemical Admixtures for Improving Durability of Structural Concrete

Jingshun CAI¹^,², Hua LI¹^,², Xin SHU², Guangcheng SHAN¹^,², Jian CHEN², Qianping RAN¹

Affiliations

^1.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

^2.State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Nanjing 210008, China

Corresponding Author:

RAN Qianping (1973-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: qpran@cnjsjk.cn

CAI Jingshun (1985-), male, Doctor candidate, Professor. E-mail: caijingshun@cnjsjk.cn

出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240504

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摘要

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结构混凝土耐久性是公认的世界性难题，随着全球气候变暖，服役环境恶劣，混凝土耐久性能过早失效的问题日益突出。化学外加剂作为混凝土的关键组分，在改善混凝土微结构、提升耐久性方面表现出显著的技术优势。本文从混凝土裂缝控制、孔结构调控与钢筋阻锈性能提升3个影响耐久性的关键因素出发，综述了耐久性提升外加剂的发展现状与最新研究动态，并对耐久性提升外加剂的未来发展进行展望，助力混凝土耐久性提升技术的创新与低碳、可持续社会的发展。

关键词

混凝土耐久性 / 外加剂 / 混凝土开裂 / 冻融 / 疏水改性 / 纳米密实 / 钢筋锈蚀

Abstract

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Concrete durability is recognized as a worldwide problem. With global warming and harsh service environment, the problem of premature failure of structural concrete durability becomes more prominent. Chemical admixtures as the key components of concrete show significant technical advantages in improving the microstructure and durability of structural concrete. This review represents research progress on the durability enhancement admixtures for the innovation of concrete durability enhancement technology and the development of low-carbon and sustainable society.

Some admixtures used for concrete crack control (i.e., expanding agent, water evaporation inhibitor, heat of hydration inhibitor) are described. The addition of nanomaterials and polymers as well as the use of monomer in-situ polymerization are summarized. In addition, SAP, osmotic crystallization and expansion agents for realizing the self-healing of cracks are also discussed.

Air entraining agent, pore hydrophobic agent and nano-pore compacting agent are summarized to enhance concrete microstructure, thus solving the durability failure problem of concrete under freeze-thaw, sulfate attack and chloride ion attack.

Corrosion inhibitor is inducted. Recent research progress on organic rust inhibitors, green rust inhibitors and intelligent rust inhibitors is reviewed, and the existing problems of current rust inhibitors are summarized, and the development direction of future rust inhibitors is prospected.

Summary and Prospects

Durability failure is a challenge facing the sustainable development of society. How to improve the durability of structural concrete with low cost and high efficiency is a key problem to be solved. This review represents the research progress on durability enhancing admixtures in concrete crack control, microstructure regulation and reinforcement rust resistance improvement, and points out the existing problems of various admixtures.

1) Concrete crack control is a premise of structural concrete durability improvement. However, how to further improve the effectiveness and adaptability of admixtures according to the changes of concrete material system characteristics and environmental requirements is a major development direction. In addition, toughness enhancement and self-healing admixtures are still in the research stage, and the key properties are still unclear. How to realize the application needs, further reveal the structure-activity relationship of key materials and achieve the improvement of toughness and self-healing properties is a problem worthy of in-depth study.

2) The control of concrete microstructure is a key to improving the durability of concrete. Air entraining agent, pore hydrophobic agent and nano-pore compacting agent are effective technical means to enhance concrete microstructure, which can solve the durability failure problem of concrete under freeze-thaw, sulfate attack and chloride ion attack. However, for coupled corrosion environment, there are still insufficient mutual adaptability of various admixtures applied together, and a further research is needed. In addition, the relations among air entrainment agent, pore hydrophobic agent, nano densifier, cement hydration, stable regulation/optimization of pore structure, and the resulting durability impact mechanism are still unclear, which need to be further investigated.

3) The improvement of rust resistance of steel bars is a fundamental to the improvement of structural concrete durability. Inorganic and organic rust inhibitors are important components of rust inhibitors, and the reasonable use of different kinds of rust inhibitors is a key to achieve the improvement of rust resistance performance of steel bars in complex systems. The corrosion protection and repair of structural concrete can be improved via different application methods such as internal mixing, external coating, electromigration and pressure penetration. The future development direction of rust inhibitors can be green and intelligent, but it still needs to be further studied in combination with practical applications.

Although the durability of concrete is extremely complex, admixtures have some technical advantages in improving the durability of concrete. In the future, it is necessary to further analyze the micro-action mechanism and structure-activity relationship of admixtures, and propose an effective method of structural design and preparation of admixtures by theoretical calculation (i.e., molecular simulation, artificial intelligence and other theoretical analysis). Also, slow and controlled release technologies such as microcapsule coating, layered and porous material loading are used with the characteristics of cement hydration to enhance the durability and improve the adaptability of admixtures to cement concrete, thus realizing the efficient use of admixtures in concrete systems at regular and fixed points, avoiding the influence of admixtures on cement hydration, microstructure formation and long-term performance, and achieving an accurate control of structural concrete durability throughout the life cycle.

Key words

durability of concrete / admixture / concrete cracking / freeze-thaw / hydrophobic modification / concrete compacted by nanomaterial / corrosion of reinforcement

引用本文

蔡景顺, 李华, 舒鑫, 单广程, 陈健, 冉千平. 提升结构混凝土耐久性的外加剂研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (3) : 553 -573 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240504

Jingshun CAI, Hua LI, Xin SHU, Guangcheng SHAN, Jian CHEN, Qianping RAN. Research Progress on Chemical Admixtures for Improving Durability of Structural Concrete[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (3) : 553 -573 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240504

基金

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国家重点研发计划(2023YFB11400)
江苏省自然科学基金(BK20221550)

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2025年第53卷第3期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240504

接收时间：2024-07-31
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-03-20

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出版历史

收稿日期：2024-07-31
修回日期：2024-09-13

基金

国家重点研发计划(2023YFB11400)

江苏省自然科学基金(BK20221550)

作者信息

^1．东南大学材料科学与工程学院，江苏省土木工程材料重点实验室，南京 211189

^2．江苏省建筑科学研究院有限公司，高性能土木工程材料国家重点实验室，南京 210008

通讯作者:

冉千平（1973—），男，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240504

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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