Article(id=1320090131772592465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090116236882876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240721, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731513600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-14, revisedDate=1736265600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792663613503, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792663613503, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792663613503, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792663613503, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320090116236882876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2025', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='733', pageEnd='1030', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745078400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792663609799, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792663788359, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320090865276670951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090116236882876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320090865276670952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320090116236882876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=862, endPage=879, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320090132112331090, articleId=1320090131772592465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Multi-Dimensional Design of Flexible Thermoelectric Devices: Performance Optimization and Application, columnId=1321897782982591319, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Special Issue on the 14th Inorganic and Non-metallic Materials Conference—Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Flexible thermoelectric devices with the advantages of deformability, small size, portability, stability and reliability are widely studied, which can realize the combination of complex heat sources and maintain good thermoelectric conversion under dynamic deformation. Compared with conventional block thermoelectric devices composing of block thermoelectric materials and rigid components, flexible thermoelectric devices are more flexible in adapting to the geometry of the heat source and can collect more energy. Therefore, the development of flexible thermoelectric devices as a research direction with a great application potential in the field of thermoelectric technology has attracted much attention. Flexible thermoelectric devices can effectively adapt to the complex surface shape of the heat source in the real scene, as well as the special conditions caused by dynamic deformation, and meet the unique requirements of flexible electronic devices. As a result, flexible thermoelectric devices have a great potential for some applications, such as versatility, power for small portable devices and sensor applications.

In this review, the performance evaluation indexes of flexible thermoelectric devices are introduced, and the key performance, interface factors and the important influence of flexible stability indexes on flexible thermoelectric devices are summarized. This review represents the existing relevant research and summarizes the progress in three areas, i.e., flexible substrate devices, low-dimensional flexible devices, and fiber thermoelectric devices. Flexible substrate device is a typical form with the superior output performance. In contrast to the application limitations imposed by the immutability of bulk thermoelectric materials, the flexible substrate device is initially flexible through a flexible design that combines flexible components with rigid thermoelectric legs. The flexibility and wearability of substrate devices are significantly enhanced via optimizing the adaptability of flexible components and employing systematic designs. Also, some studies focus on special application scenarios, and deeply explore the flexible endowing methods for such devices to achieve optimization and innovation of preparation methods. The advent of low-dimensional flexible devices effectively overcomes the inherent limitations of flexible substrates in improving flexibility, which is reflected in improving the applicability of flexible devices in complex, small and dynamic environments. The different application for different heat flow directions are clarified through the in-depth investigation of the design of external and internal heat flow transfer. In the case of thin films for out-of-plane heat flow transfer, although it is difficult to maintain the temperature difference in the film thickness direction, the films are thin and easy to process, thus having an advantage in small and micro-integrated applications. In the case of thin films for in-plane heat flow transfer, the direction of heat flow is designed to propagate in the in-plane direction, and the temperature difference can be maintained in a large lateral range for efficient conversion of heat energy. In the domain of fiber thermoelectric devices, there exist applications that depend directly on structural flexibility. These applications involve the coating or integration of thermoelectric materials directly onto a fiber substrate with highly deformable properties. There are examples of thermoelectric materials prepared in fiber form and optimized for thermoelectric efficiency by virtue of a unique textile architecture that combines the advantages of material flexibility and structural flexibility. These flexible thermoelectric materials retain a high degree of flexibility and permeability, and have the advantage of manufacturing cost-effective and reliable high-volume products through industrial processes at room temperature. This property makes the material show a great application potential in flexible electronic devices.

This review systematically summarizes the related research progress and points out the synergistic enhancement of flexibility, stability, and output performance during the preparation and design optimization process. This provides a useful reference and guidance for the preparation and design optimization of flexible thermoelectric devices.

Summary and prospects

Although flexible thermoelectric technology has made remarkable progress in waste heat power generation, wearable devices and smart textiles, having a great application potential, there are still a series of problems in practical application. Therefore, a more systematic and comprehensive study is needed. The output of flexible substrate thermoelectric devices depends on the heat harvesting area and temperature gradient, and can produce power densities ranging from a few microwatts per square centimeter to a few milliwatts per square centimeter. However, the interface thermal resistance of low-dimensional flexible devices will lead to a low conversion efficiency, and its preparation technology is still limited to a large-scale application. Major challenges for fiber thermoelectric devices include building larger temperature gradients in the direction of heat flow, designing scalable architectures, improving mechanical stability, and enhancing comfort. In addition, the development of advanced preparation technologies such as magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition will also achieve a large-scale production. Also, the combination of boost and energy storage technologies, such as efficient DC-DC converters and new energy storage systems, will effectively solve the problem of low output voltage of thermoelectric devices, so that they can directly drive low-power sensors or communication modules. Finally, with the further development of interface stability and flexible design of flexible substrate thermoelectric devices, flexible thermoelectric devices will be more widely used in wearable technology, smart textiles and some related fields.

, authors=Junyu LIN, Yanqi HUANG, Jingyi LV, Minwen YANG, Jing SHUAI, Yanglong HOU, authorsList=Junyu LIN, Yanqi HUANG, Jingyi LV, Minwen YANG, Jing SHUAI, Yanglong HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing SHUAI, Yanglong HOU, authorNote=

LIN Junyu (2000-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
SHUAI Jing (1988-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: ;
HOU Yanglong (1973-), male, Ph.D., Professor.
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为了推动热电器件的柔性化及其在可穿戴设备中的应用,需要深入认识热电器件的关键性能、界面因素以及柔性稳定性指标在柔性热电器件中的重要影响。本文系统回顾了已有相关研究,柔性衬底器件是一种输出性能优异的典型形式,通过柔性设计可初步具备柔性;低维化柔性器件在热流方向和柔性优化方面的研究进展;而纤维热电器件通过独特纺织架构优化热电效率,并且保持了高度柔性的优势。柔性热电器件在制备与设计优化过程中仍需重点关注柔性稳定性与输出性能的协同提升。本文将为柔性热电器件的制备及设计优化提供有益的参考与指导。

, authors=林俊宇, 黄妍琪, 吕竞一, 杨旻文, 帅晶, 侯仰龙, authorsList=林俊宇, 黄妍琪, 吕竞一, 杨旻文, 帅晶, 侯仰龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=帅晶, 侯仰龙, authorNote=

林俊宇(2000—),男,博士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
帅晶(1988—),女,博士,副教授;
侯仰龙(1973—),男,博士,教授。
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柔性热电器件的多维度设计:性能优化与应用
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林俊宇 , 黄妍琪 , 吕竞一 , 杨旻文 , 帅晶 , 侯仰龙
硅酸盐学报 | 第14届无机非金属材料专题研讨会专题—综合评述 2025,53(4): 862-879
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硅酸盐学报 |第14届无机非金属材料专题研讨会专题—综合评述 2025 , 53 (4) : 862 -879
柔性热电器件的多维度设计:性能优化与应用
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林俊宇 , 黄妍琪, 吕竞一, 杨旻文, 帅晶 , 侯仰龙
作者信息
  • 中山大学材料学院,广东 深圳 518107
通讯作者:
帅晶(1988—),女,博士,副教授;
侯仰龙(1973—),男,博士,教授。
作者简介:

林俊宇(2000—),男,博士研究生。

Multi-Dimensional Design of Flexible Thermoelectric Devices: Performance Optimization and Application
Junyu LIN , Yanqi HUANG, Jingyi LV, Minwen YANG, Jing SHUAI , Yanglong HOU
Affiliations
  • School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHUAI Jing (1988-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: ;
    HOU Yanglong (1973-), male, Ph.D., Professor.

    LIN Junyu (2000-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240721
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为了推动热电器件的柔性化及其在可穿戴设备中的应用,需要深入认识热电器件的关键性能、界面因素以及柔性稳定性指标在柔性热电器件中的重要影响。本文系统回顾了已有相关研究,柔性衬底器件是一种输出性能优异的典型形式,通过柔性设计可初步具备柔性;低维化柔性器件在热流方向和柔性优化方面的研究进展;而纤维热电器件通过独特纺织架构优化热电效率,并且保持了高度柔性的优势。柔性热电器件在制备与设计优化过程中仍需重点关注柔性稳定性与输出性能的协同提升。本文将为柔性热电器件的制备及设计优化提供有益的参考与指导。

柔性热电器件  /  热电薄膜  /  热电织物  /  热电材料  /  热电性能

Flexible thermoelectric devices with the advantages of deformability, small size, portability, stability and reliability are widely studied, which can realize the combination of complex heat sources and maintain good thermoelectric conversion under dynamic deformation. Compared with conventional block thermoelectric devices composing of block thermoelectric materials and rigid components, flexible thermoelectric devices are more flexible in adapting to the geometry of the heat source and can collect more energy. Therefore, the development of flexible thermoelectric devices as a research direction with a great application potential in the field of thermoelectric technology has attracted much attention. Flexible thermoelectric devices can effectively adapt to the complex surface shape of the heat source in the real scene, as well as the special conditions caused by dynamic deformation, and meet the unique requirements of flexible electronic devices. As a result, flexible thermoelectric devices have a great potential for some applications, such as versatility, power for small portable devices and sensor applications.

In this review, the performance evaluation indexes of flexible thermoelectric devices are introduced, and the key performance, interface factors and the important influence of flexible stability indexes on flexible thermoelectric devices are summarized. This review represents the existing relevant research and summarizes the progress in three areas, i.e., flexible substrate devices, low-dimensional flexible devices, and fiber thermoelectric devices. Flexible substrate device is a typical form with the superior output performance. In contrast to the application limitations imposed by the immutability of bulk thermoelectric materials, the flexible substrate device is initially flexible through a flexible design that combines flexible components with rigid thermoelectric legs. The flexibility and wearability of substrate devices are significantly enhanced via optimizing the adaptability of flexible components and employing systematic designs. Also, some studies focus on special application scenarios, and deeply explore the flexible endowing methods for such devices to achieve optimization and innovation of preparation methods. The advent of low-dimensional flexible devices effectively overcomes the inherent limitations of flexible substrates in improving flexibility, which is reflected in improving the applicability of flexible devices in complex, small and dynamic environments. The different application for different heat flow directions are clarified through the in-depth investigation of the design of external and internal heat flow transfer. In the case of thin films for out-of-plane heat flow transfer, although it is difficult to maintain the temperature difference in the film thickness direction, the films are thin and easy to process, thus having an advantage in small and micro-integrated applications. In the case of thin films for in-plane heat flow transfer, the direction of heat flow is designed to propagate in the in-plane direction, and the temperature difference can be maintained in a large lateral range for efficient conversion of heat energy. In the domain of fiber thermoelectric devices, there exist applications that depend directly on structural flexibility. These applications involve the coating or integration of thermoelectric materials directly onto a fiber substrate with highly deformable properties. There are examples of thermoelectric materials prepared in fiber form and optimized for thermoelectric efficiency by virtue of a unique textile architecture that combines the advantages of material flexibility and structural flexibility. These flexible thermoelectric materials retain a high degree of flexibility and permeability, and have the advantage of manufacturing cost-effective and reliable high-volume products through industrial processes at room temperature. This property makes the material show a great application potential in flexible electronic devices.

This review systematically summarizes the related research progress and points out the synergistic enhancement of flexibility, stability, and output performance during the preparation and design optimization process. This provides a useful reference and guidance for the preparation and design optimization of flexible thermoelectric devices.

Summary and prospects

Although flexible thermoelectric technology has made remarkable progress in waste heat power generation, wearable devices and smart textiles, having a great application potential, there are still a series of problems in practical application. Therefore, a more systematic and comprehensive study is needed. The output of flexible substrate thermoelectric devices depends on the heat harvesting area and temperature gradient, and can produce power densities ranging from a few microwatts per square centimeter to a few milliwatts per square centimeter. However, the interface thermal resistance of low-dimensional flexible devices will lead to a low conversion efficiency, and its preparation technology is still limited to a large-scale application. Major challenges for fiber thermoelectric devices include building larger temperature gradients in the direction of heat flow, designing scalable architectures, improving mechanical stability, and enhancing comfort. In addition, the development of advanced preparation technologies such as magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition will also achieve a large-scale production. Also, the combination of boost and energy storage technologies, such as efficient DC-DC converters and new energy storage systems, will effectively solve the problem of low output voltage of thermoelectric devices, so that they can directly drive low-power sensors or communication modules. Finally, with the further development of interface stability and flexible design of flexible substrate thermoelectric devices, flexible thermoelectric devices will be more widely used in wearable technology, smart textiles and some related fields.

flexible thermoelectric devices  /  thermoelectric films  /  thermoelectric textiles  /  thermoelectric materials  /  thermoelectric performance
林俊宇, 黄妍琪, 吕竞一, 杨旻文, 帅晶, 侯仰龙. 柔性热电器件的多维度设计:性能优化与应用. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (4) : 862 -879 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240721
Junyu LIN, Yanqi HUANG, Jingyi LV, Minwen YANG, Jing SHUAI, Yanglong HOU. Multi-Dimensional Design of Flexible Thermoelectric Devices: Performance Optimization and Application[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (4) : 862 -879 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240721
  • 国家自然科学基金(52471247)
  • 广东省珠江人才引进创新创业团队(2021ZT09L227)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240721
  • 接收时间:2024-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-14
  • 修回日期:2025-01-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(52471247)
广东省珠江人才引进创新创业团队(2021ZT09L227)
作者信息
    中山大学材料学院,广东 深圳 518107

通讯作者:

帅晶(1988—),女,博士,副教授;
侯仰龙(1973—),男,博士,教授。
参考文献
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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