硅酸盐学报

原位激发产脲酶微生物固化尾矿砂

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赖永明 ¹ , 孔秋平 ²

硅酸盐学报 | 研究论文 2025,53(5): 1037-1056

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硅酸盐学报 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (5) : 1037 -1056

原位激发产脲酶微生物固化尾矿砂

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赖永明¹, 孔秋平²

作者信息

^1．龙岩学院资源工程学院，福建龙岩 364012

^2．福建永强岩土股份有限公司，福建龙岩 364000

通讯作者:

孔秋平（1986—），女，硕士，高级工程师。

作者简介:

赖永明（1988—），女，博士，副教授。

Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation in Tailings Sand Using In-situ Stimulation of Urease-Producing Microorganisms

Yongming LAI¹, Qiuping KONG²

Affiliations

^1.College of Resource Engineering, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, China

^2.Fujian Yongqiang Geotechnical Co., Ltd., Longyan 364000, Fujian, China

Corresponding Author:

KONG Qiuping (1986-), female, Master, Senior Engineer. E-mail: 173476054@qq.com

LAI Yongming (1988-), female, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: lym@lyun.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240551

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摘要

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尾矿砂力学性质差，重金属含量高，故其治理需要兼顾力学性能的提升和重金属的固定，实际工程中还需考虑成本及适用性。设计并优化尾矿砂原位激发方案，筛选富集本土微生物中的产脲酶菌固化尾矿砂，通过一系列试验评价比较本土产脲酶菌和巴氏芽孢杆菌固化尾矿砂效果及经济环境效益。结果表明：相同固化轮次下，本土产脲酶菌具有更强的重金属固定能力和更好的固化深度和均匀性。本土产脲酶菌固化15轮与巴氏芽孢杆菌固化10轮的尾矿砂力学性能相当，同时成本下降2/3。原位激发诱导碳酸钙沉淀填充了砂颗粒间的孔隙，并将可交换态的重金属转变为金属碳酸盐沉淀、金属-碳酸钙共沉淀或被铁、铝氧化物吸附，在提升力学性能的同时实现了原位固定尾矿砂中重金属。原位激发产脲酶微生物固化尾矿砂改善了砂土肥力，有利于矿山植被修复，具有良好的工程适用性和经济环境效益。

关键词

原位激发 / 微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀 / 尾矿砂 / 重金属固定

Abstract

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Introduction

The remediation of tailings sand requires improving both mechanical properties and the stabilization of heavy metals. Practical engineering applications must also consider cost and feasibility. Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is an innovative technique that uses microorganisms to enhance soil properties and immobilize heavy metals. However, the traditional MICP method using Bacillus pasteurii has several limitations: reduced activity in high concentrations of heavy metals, calcium carbonate buildup on the soil surface that clogs and limits solidification depth, risks of introducing invasive species, and high costs associated with bacterial cultivation and transport. These factors make it unsuitable for large-scale applications.

In situ stimulation of indigenous urease-producing microorganisms in the soil offers a solution. This approach avoids species invasion, eliminates the need for bacterial cultivation and injection, reduces costs, and minimizes clogging. Developing a cost-effective and feasible in situ stimulation strategy for tailings sand solidification is essential for applying this technology in practical engineering.

Methods

The tailings sand used in this study was sourced from the tailings reservoir of Fujian Makeng Mining Co., Ltd., moderately contaminated with cadmium and slightly with zinc. An initial stimulation solution was designed to screen and enrich urease-producing microorganisms in the tailings sand, considering the necessary carbon source, nitrogen source, urea, and other growth factors. Since urease activity is key to the effectiveness of MICP solidification, the urease activity of tailings sand suspensions after in situ stimulation was used as the evaluation metric for optimization.

The optimization process involved three steps: 1) Starting with the initial stimulation solution formula, single-factor experiments were conducted to vary carbon and nitrogen sources to identify those yielding the highest urease activity. 2) Using the selected optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, along with other components and pH, a Plackett-Burman (PB) design was employed to identify key factors affecting urease activity. Single-factor tests were then conducted to determine the optimal concentration range for each key factor. 3) A Central Composite Design (CCD) response surface analysis was performed, using urease activity as the response value, to calculate the optimal concentration of each key factor. This resulted in the most effective stimulation solution for tailings sand.

Different concentrations of cementation solution and numbers of solidification rounds were tested to compare the effects of indigenous urease-producing bacteria and Bacillus pasteurii on tailings sand in terms of surface strength, cementation thickness, permeability, raindrop erosion resistance, heavy metal leachate toxicity, and heavy metal morphological changes. Microbial community analysis, combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), was conducted to explore how in situ stimulation enhances mechanical properties and immobilizes heavy metals.

Results and discussion

1) The optimal in situ activation formula for tailings sand includes sodium acetate at 35.85 mmol/L, ammonium sulfate at 53.59 mmol/L, urea at 481.0 mmol/L, yeast extract (YE) at 0.2 g/L, nickel chloride at 0.01 mmol/L, and a pH value of 8.70, achieving a urease activity 1.944 times higher than that before optimization. 2) The best cementation solution concentration for in situ solidification of tailings sand is 1 mol/L. In situ activation demonstrated better heavy metal immobilization, deeper solidification, and more uniformity compared to Bacillus pasteurii at the same round count. Although the mechanical properties of in situ-treated sand were lower after the same number of rounds, 15 rounds of in situ treatment achieved comparable properties to 10 rounds with Bacillus pasteurii. 3) The cost per round of in situ activation is only one-fifth that of Bacillus pasteurii. Achieving similar mechanical properties, the total cost of 15 rounds of in situ treatment is only one-third of 10 rounds with Bacillus pasteurii. In situ activation eliminates the need for bacterial culture or transportation and avoids the risk of introducing non-native species, providing superior economic and environmental benefits. 4) The optimized activation solution effectively enriched previously low-abundance urease-producing bacteria, making them the dominant group (70%-90% relative abundance) by inhibiting other microorganisms. This also increased the abundance of the urease accessory protein COG0830. 5) The final product of MICP is calcite. Compared to Bacillus pasteurii, in situ activation produced smaller, fewer, and more scattered calcite crystals under the same conditions. Calcite crystal nucleation and growth were influenced by cementation solution concentration. 6) The urease-producing bacteria in tailings sand exhibited good tolerance to heavy metals and had a long survival time, continuously converting exchangeable heavy metals into stable forms. After in situ activation, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the tailings sand increased, effectively enhancing soil fertility for mine site revegetation after heavy metal fixation.

Conclusions

1) In situ activation of urease-producing microbes offers stronger heavy metal immobilization and deeper, more uniform solidification compared to traditional MICP methods. 2) After 15 rounds of treatment, tailings sand solidified using native urease-producing bacteria achieved mechanical properties comparable to those treated with Bacillus pasteurii after 10 rounds, while reducing costs by two-thirds. 3) In situ activation altered the microbial community in the tailings sand, making urease-producing bacteria dominant. These bacteria induced calcium carbonate precipitation, filling sand particle pores, and converting exchangeable heavy metals into stable forms such as metal carbonates, metal-calcium carbonate co-precipitates, or adsorbed forms on iron and aluminum oxides. This improved both mechanical properties and heavy metal immobilization. 4) By increasing the cation exchange capacity, this method enhanced soil fertility, facilitating mine site revegetation. It is an economically and environmentally viable approach for engineering applications.

Key words

biostimulation / microbially induced carbonate precipitation / tailings sand / heavy metal immobilizatio

引用本文

赖永明, 孔秋平. 原位激发产脲酶微生物固化尾矿砂. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (5) : 1037 -1056 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240551

Yongming LAI, Qiuping KONG. Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation in Tailings Sand Using In-situ Stimulation of Urease-Producing Microorganisms[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (5) : 1037 -1056 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240551

基金

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福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2023J01963)
龙岩市社会发展科技重点项目(2023LYF9001)
龙岩学院博士科研启动项目(LB2024007)

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2025年第53卷第5期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240551

接收时间：2024-08-21
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2025-05-20

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收稿日期：2024-08-21
修回日期：2024-10-02

基金

福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2023J01963)

龙岩市社会发展科技重点项目(2023LYF9001)

龙岩学院博士科研启动项目(LB2024007)

作者信息

^1．龙岩学院资源工程学院，福建龙岩 364012

^2．福建永强岩土股份有限公司，福建龙岩 364000

通讯作者:

孔秋平（1986—），女，硕士，高级工程师。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240551

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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