Article(id=1320090001459761989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320089968630944199, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735747200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-02, revisedDate=1738944000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792663582434, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792663582434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792663582434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792663582434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320089968630944199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, year='2025', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1403', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750348800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792663574607, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792663739055, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320090658786881616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320089968630944199, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320090658786881617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, issueId=1320089968630944199, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1672, endPage=1684, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320090001677865798, articleId=1320090001459761989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187385517883426, language=EN, title=Challenge and Solution of Garnet Oxide Solid Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium Battery, columnId=1321945714683392392, journalTitle=Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, columnName=Special Issue on Development of All-Solid-State Batteries—Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Garnet-type solid electrolytes are the most promising materials available, which attract much attention, due to their high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and stability with lithium. However, some challenges such as surface stability, lithium dendrite penetration, and cost remain critical for its industrialization. This review focuses on the crystal structure and ion conduction mechanisms of garnet-type oxide solid electrolyte (Li7La3Zr2O12, LLZO) to investigate the formation mechanisms and removal strategies for surface passivation layers, including lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. For the lithium dendrite penetration of LLZO, potential solutions are explored in view of the black and surface properties electrolyte. For the industrialization, this review analyzes the cost optimization strategies for garnet-type solid electrolytes, aiming to provide valuable insights for industrial advancement.

Summary and prospects

Garnet-type oxide solid electrolytes hold a significant promise for solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical window. However, large-scale production faces several challenges, i.e., 1) poor stability against air leading to the formation of lithium carbonate, 2) preventing the growth of lithium dendrites at the anode interface, and 3) high costs. These issues hinder the application of garnet-type all-solid-state batteries. Future development in garnet oxide solid electrolyte should focus on the following aspects. First, the surface alkalinity and the mechanism of lithium carbonate formation should be characterized accurately. It is crucial to contrude the excessive addition of lithium raw materials. While excess lithium can compensate for lithium losses during the heating and lead to lithium accumulation on the surface. Thus, a dynamic equilibrium must be established between the lithium supplement during sintering and the residual lithium on the surface. Furthermore, the formation of lithium carbonate is a dynamic process. Removing lithium carbonate is thus insufficient. Instead, it is indicated to convert lithium carbonate into a protective barrier that is both conductive to lithium ions and stable in air. Second, previous work proposed to mitigate the growth of lithium dendrites at LLZO/Li interface via incorporating the artificial solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) or buffer layers, which could facilitate a uniform electric field distribution and promote even lithium deposition at the interface. Moreover, the fabrication of highly densified LLZO represents an idea approach to alleviate the lithium dendrite growth. Third, rare-earth elements are widely used for doping to improve the ionic conductivity, which increases the cost of raw materials. The existing low-cost element doping, such as Si, Fe, Ca and W, are developed. In addition, developing a low-carbon sintering method is also an important way to reduce the cost. All-solid-state lithium batteries show a great potential with the continuous research efforts.

, authors=Xiaojun MA, Ning ZHAO, Xiangxin GUO, authorsList=Xiaojun MA, Ning ZHAO, Xiangxin GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ning ZHAO, Xiangxin GUO, authorNote=

MA Xiaojun (1999-), female, Master candidate. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHAO Ning (1988-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: ;
GUO Xiangxin (1973-), male, Ph.D., Professor.
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石榴石型固体电解质作为当今最具应用前景的固体电解质之一,因其高离子电导、宽电化学窗口、对锂稳定等优点受到广泛关注。当前,表面稳定性、锂枝晶刺穿以及成本控制是限制石榴石型固体电解质产业化的关键问题。本文将从石榴石型氧化物固体电解质(Li7La3Zr2O12,LLZO)的晶体结构和离子传导机理出发,探讨碳酸锂/氢氧化锂等表面钝化层的形成机理及去除策略。针对LLZO固体电解质的锂枝晶贯穿问题,从陶瓷片体相与界面离子传输角度探讨解决方案。最后,从产业化的角度,分析石榴石型固体电解质的低成本研发策略,以期为行业发展提供参考。

, authors=马晓君, 赵宁, 郭向欣, authorsList=马晓君, 赵宁, 郭向欣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵宁, 郭向欣, authorNote=

马晓君(1999—),女,硕士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵宁(1988—),男,博士,教授。
郭向欣(1973—),男,博士,教授。
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马晓君 , 赵宁 , 郭向欣
硅酸盐学报 | 全固态电池发展专刊—综合评述 2025,53(6): 1672-1684
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硅酸盐学报 |全固态电池发展专刊—综合评述 2025 , 53 (6) : 1672 -1684
应用于全固态锂电池的石榴石型氧化物固体电解质面临的挑战及应对策略
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马晓君 , 赵宁 , 郭向欣
作者信息
  • 青岛大学物理科学学院,山东 青岛 266071
通讯作者:
赵宁(1988—),男,博士,教授。
郭向欣(1973—),男,博士,教授。
作者简介:

马晓君(1999—),女,硕士研究生。

Challenge and Solution of Garnet Oxide Solid Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium Battery
Xiaojun MA , Ning ZHAO , Xiangxin GUO
Affiliations
  • College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHAO Ning (1988-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: ;
    GUO Xiangxin (1973-), male, Ph.D., Professor.

    MA Xiaojun (1999-), female, Master candidate. E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250006
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石榴石型固体电解质作为当今最具应用前景的固体电解质之一,因其高离子电导、宽电化学窗口、对锂稳定等优点受到广泛关注。当前,表面稳定性、锂枝晶刺穿以及成本控制是限制石榴石型固体电解质产业化的关键问题。本文将从石榴石型氧化物固体电解质(Li7La3Zr2O12,LLZO)的晶体结构和离子传导机理出发,探讨碳酸锂/氢氧化锂等表面钝化层的形成机理及去除策略。针对LLZO固体电解质的锂枝晶贯穿问题,从陶瓷片体相与界面离子传输角度探讨解决方案。最后,从产业化的角度,分析石榴石型固体电解质的低成本研发策略,以期为行业发展提供参考。

石榴石型固体电解质  /  固态电池  /  应对策略  /  产业化

Garnet-type solid electrolytes are the most promising materials available, which attract much attention, due to their high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and stability with lithium. However, some challenges such as surface stability, lithium dendrite penetration, and cost remain critical for its industrialization. This review focuses on the crystal structure and ion conduction mechanisms of garnet-type oxide solid electrolyte (Li7La3Zr2O12, LLZO) to investigate the formation mechanisms and removal strategies for surface passivation layers, including lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. For the lithium dendrite penetration of LLZO, potential solutions are explored in view of the black and surface properties electrolyte. For the industrialization, this review analyzes the cost optimization strategies for garnet-type solid electrolytes, aiming to provide valuable insights for industrial advancement.

Summary and prospects

Garnet-type oxide solid electrolytes hold a significant promise for solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical window. However, large-scale production faces several challenges, i.e., 1) poor stability against air leading to the formation of lithium carbonate, 2) preventing the growth of lithium dendrites at the anode interface, and 3) high costs. These issues hinder the application of garnet-type all-solid-state batteries. Future development in garnet oxide solid electrolyte should focus on the following aspects. First, the surface alkalinity and the mechanism of lithium carbonate formation should be characterized accurately. It is crucial to contrude the excessive addition of lithium raw materials. While excess lithium can compensate for lithium losses during the heating and lead to lithium accumulation on the surface. Thus, a dynamic equilibrium must be established between the lithium supplement during sintering and the residual lithium on the surface. Furthermore, the formation of lithium carbonate is a dynamic process. Removing lithium carbonate is thus insufficient. Instead, it is indicated to convert lithium carbonate into a protective barrier that is both conductive to lithium ions and stable in air. Second, previous work proposed to mitigate the growth of lithium dendrites at LLZO/Li interface via incorporating the artificial solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) or buffer layers, which could facilitate a uniform electric field distribution and promote even lithium deposition at the interface. Moreover, the fabrication of highly densified LLZO represents an idea approach to alleviate the lithium dendrite growth. Third, rare-earth elements are widely used for doping to improve the ionic conductivity, which increases the cost of raw materials. The existing low-cost element doping, such as Si, Fe, Ca and W, are developed. In addition, developing a low-carbon sintering method is also an important way to reduce the cost. All-solid-state lithium batteries show a great potential with the continuous research efforts.

garnet type solid electrolyte  /  solid-state batteries  /  ion transport mechanism  /  industrialization
马晓君, 赵宁, 郭向欣. 应用于全固态锂电池的石榴石型氧化物固体电解质面临的挑战及应对策略. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (6) : 1672 -1684 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250006
Xiaojun MA, Ning ZHAO, Xiangxin GUO. Challenge and Solution of Garnet Oxide Solid Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium Battery[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (6) : 1672 -1684 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250006
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB2503900)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52372203和12474171)
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doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250006
  • 接收时间:2025-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-02
  • 修回日期:2025-02-08
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFB2503900)
国家自然科学基金(52372203和12474171)
作者信息
    青岛大学物理科学学院,山东 青岛 266071

通讯作者:

赵宁(1988—),男,博士,教授。
郭向欣(1973—),男,博士,教授。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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