硅酸盐学报

基于多尺度结构与界面工程调控的高储能密度聚合物基电介质复合材料

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王轶飞 ¹ , 吴诗丽 ¹ , 汪宏 ¹^,²

硅酸盐学报 | 电介质储能材料专刊—综合评述 2024,52(4): 1438-1450

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硅酸盐学报 |电介质储能材料专刊—综合评述 2024 , 52 (4) : 1438 -1450

基于多尺度结构与界面工程调控的高储能密度聚合物基电介质复合材料

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王轶飞¹, 吴诗丽¹, 汪宏¹^,²

作者信息

^1．西安交通大学材料科学与工程学院，金属材料强度国家重点实验室，西安 710049

^2．南方科技大学材料科学与工程系，广东深圳 518055

通讯作者:

汪宏（1969—），女，博士，教授。

作者简介:

王轶飞（1992—），男，博士，副教授。

High-Energy-Density Dielectric Polymer Composites Based on Multiscale Structure Design and Interface Engineering

Yifei WANG¹, Shili WU¹, Hong WANG¹^,²

Affiliations

^1.State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China

^2.Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China

Corresponding Author:

WANG Hong (1969-), female, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: wangh6@sustech.edu.cn

WANG Yifei (1992-), male, Ph.D., Associate Professor. E-mail: yifei.wang@xjtu.edu.cn

出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230759

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摘要

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电介质材料是决定电介质电容器储能特性的关键材料。聚合物基复合电介质因综合了聚合物基体和改性填料的独特优势已成为目前极具发展潜力的储能电介质材料。然而，当前高度集成化和小型化的能源动力系统对电介质电容器的储能性能提出了更高的要求，而改善性能的根本在于进一步提升聚合物基复合电介质的储能密度。本工作比较了不同种类聚合物基电介质复合材料的性能特征，总结了其结构特点和设计思路，从多尺度结构和界面工程调控等方面回顾了提升复合电介质储能性能的方法，包括调控填料的微观结构、构建宏观层状结构、纳米涂覆聚合物表面、聚合物分子结构设计等策略。最后，总结了当前聚合物基复合电介质材料面临的挑战和未来的发展趋势。

关键词

结构设计 / 界面工程 / 高储能密度 / 复合电介质

Abstract

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Among various types of energy storage devices, dielectric capacitors show unique advantages such as a high power density and a fast charge/discharge rate. The dielectric material is a key material that affects the energy density of dielectric capacitors. Dielectric capacitors complete the storage and release of energy precisely through the polarization behavior of the dielectrics. To achieve a goal of dielectric capacitors to gradually move towards lightweight, small-sized, and integration, it is necessary to further improve their energy density. Dielectric constant and breakdown field strength are two important factors affecting the energy density of dielectrics. However, improving the dielectric constant and breakdown field strength is still a great challenge.

As different types of dielectrics are thoroughly investigated, polymer-based composite dielectrics show a great potential for energy storage because they have a high dielectric constant and a low dielectric loss of inorganic dielectrics, and a unique flexibility and a superior breakdown resistance of polymers. However, there are some problems with polymer-based composite dielectrics that restrict the further improvement of their energy density. It is necessary for the improvement of the dielectric constant of polymer-based composite dielectrics to add a high content of dielectric constant fillers. However, a high content of fillers is prone to agglomeration. Large polarization differences between fillers and polymer matrix result in an interfacial compatibility issue, leading to an early breakdown in composite dielectrics. It is thus difficult to effectively improve the energy density.

The structural design of the fillers and the macrostructural modulation of the dielectric composites are expected to optimize the dielectric properties. The core-shell/coaxial structure of fillers can be designed to alleviate the problem of decreasing breakdown field strength due to the large difference in dielectric properties between polymers and fillers. For instance, cladding the filler surface with a material of medium dielectric constant can improve the electric field distortion. Recent studies reported the introduction of two-dimensional fillers with large aspect ratios into polymer matrices. Two-dimensional fillers have a smaller specific surface energy, which makes it easy to achieve a uniform dispersion in the polymer matrix. Two-dimensional fillers also promote the scattering of carriers, which delays the breakdown and improves the breakdown performance of composite dielectrics.

For the negative correlation between breakdown field strength and dielectric constant, many macro-regulations of polymer-based composite dielectrics are also investigated based on the development of polymer-based composite dielectric macro-control measures. Sandwich structures and composite dielectric structures with up to tens of layers are developed. The dielectric layers with different filler contents are designed to regulate the spatial distribution of the electric field, restricting the local weak electric field to a low filler content layer to inhibit the breakdown process of the dielectric. A high filler content layer enhances the dielectric constant of the composite dielectric. In addition, the use of layered films with a combination of linear and nonlinear dielectrics is expected to achieve a simultaneous increase in energy density and efficiency.

As capacitors are widely used in high-power energy storage scenarios such as aerospace and electric vehicles, higher requirements are placed on the thermal stability and dielectric properties of dielectrics at high temperatures. The high conduction loss of polymer-based dielectrics at high temperatures severely weakens their energy storage performance. A major strategy that can reduce the conductivity loss at high temperatures is to introduce wide bandgap inorganic fillers such as boron nitride nanosheets and alumina nanosheets into the polymer matrix. Another strategy is to apply wide bandgap inorganic coatings on the film surface to increase the potential barrier at the electrode-dielectric interface and hinder charge injection. An idea to enhance the high-temperature energy storage performance of composite dielectrics is the structural modification of polymer molecular chains such as grafting or cross-linking treatments, which introduces charge-trapping sites and hinders charge transport, thus suppressing the conductivity loss at high temperatures.

Summary and prospects

Micro-structural and macro-structural designs both can enhance the energy density of polymer-based dielectrics. However, there are still some issues to be further addressed, namely, the interfacial interaction mechanism between filler and polymer and the breakdown mechanism of the layered structure. The carrier dissipation and heat accumulation at high temperatures are also aspects to be explored. In summary, the investigation of the interfacial bonding and breakdown mechanism of polymer-based composite dielectrics and the enhancement of the high-temperature energy storage performance of composite dielectrics will promote the dielectric capacitors to achieve broader application prospects.

Key words

structural design / interface engineering / high energy density / composite dielectrics

引用本文

王轶飞, 吴诗丽, 汪宏. 基于多尺度结构与界面工程调控的高储能密度聚合物基电介质复合材料. 硅酸盐学报, 2024 , 52 (4) : 1438 -1450 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230759

Yifei WANG, Shili WU, Hong WANG. High-Energy-Density Dielectric Polymer Composites Based on Multiscale Structure Design and Interface Engineering[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024 , 52 (4) : 1438 -1450 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230759

基金

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国家自然科学基金青年项目(52303349)

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2024年第52卷第4期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230759

接收时间：2023-10-06
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2024-04-20

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出版历史

收稿日期：2023-10-06
修回日期：2023-10-30

基金

国家自然科学基金青年项目(52303349)

作者信息

^1．西安交通大学材料科学与工程学院，金属材料强度国家重点实验室，西安 710049

^2．南方科技大学材料科学与工程系，广东深圳 518055

通讯作者:

汪宏（1969—），女，博士，教授。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230759

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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