硅酸盐学报

含铁硫化物骨料在混凝土工程中的应用风险及研究进展

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路珏 ¹^,²^,³ , 冷发光 ¹^,²^,³ , 黄政宇 ⁴ , 王晶 ¹^,²^,³ , 夏京亮 ¹^,²^,³ , 陈志芳 ¹^,²^,³

硅酸盐学报 | 综合评述 2025,53(11): 3393-3403

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硅酸盐学报 |综合评述 2025 , 53 (11) : 3393 -3403

含铁硫化物骨料在混凝土工程中的应用风险及研究进展

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路珏¹^,²^,³, 冷发光¹^,²^,³, 黄政宇⁴, 王晶¹^,²^,³, 夏京亮¹^,²^,³, 陈志芳¹^,²^,³

作者信息

^1．中国建筑科学研究院有限公司，北京 100013

^2．建筑安全与环境国家重点实验室，北京 100013

^3．国家建筑工程技术研究中心，北京 100013

^4．湖南大学土木工程学院，长沙 410082

通讯作者:

冷发光（1968—），男，博士，研究员。

作者简介:

路珏（1995—），女，博士研究生。

Application Risk and Research Progress of Iron Sulfide-Bearing Aggregates in Concrete Engineering

Jue LU¹^,²^,³, Faguang LENG¹^,²^,³, Zhengyu HUANG⁴, Jing WANG¹^,²^,³, Jingliang XIA¹^,²^,³, Zhifang CHEN¹^,²^,³

Affiliations

^1.China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013, China

^2.State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Environment, Beijing 100013, China

^3.National Research Center of Construction Engineering Technology, Beijing 100013, China

^4.College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

Corresponding Author:

LENG Faguang (1968-), male, Ph.D., Professor. E-mail: lengfaguang@126.com

LU Jue (1995-), female, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: 905914545@qq.com

出版时间: 2025-11-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250151

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摘要

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在混凝土生产中，若所用的骨料含有黄铁矿或磁黄铁矿等铁硫化物，会发生铁硫化物氧化和内部硫酸盐腐蚀，产生膨胀和溶蚀，导致混凝土破坏。然而，在固废资源化利用中，因忽视这类骨料在混凝土中的反应性已在世界各地广泛引发安全事故。本文对比分析了国内外研究差异，梳理了相关工程失效案例，阐述了铁硫化物对混凝土侵蚀机制，归纳了标准规范对该类骨料的限值要求以及相关评价方法，并据此探讨了目前含铁硫化物骨料在混凝土中的应用风险，同时对未来的研究进行了展望。

关键词

含铁硫化物骨料 / 混凝土 / 工程破坏 / 劣化机制 / 限值要求 / 评价方法

Abstract

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Pyrite and pyrrhotite, along with other iron sulfides, are widely present in the Earth's crust. These sulfides undergo oxidation when exposed to oxygen and moisture. The oxidized products of iron absorb water and expand, and the oxidation process also releases sulfuric acid., which in turn leads to cracking and damage in concrete. When such materials are used as aggregates in concrete engineering, iron sulfide oxidation and internal sulfate corrosion may occur, resulting in expansion and corrosion, resulting in concrete failure. As the recycling of solid waste progresses, materials containing sulfides, such as iron tailings, are increasingly used as concrete aggregates, making the study of their deterioration mechanisms and preventive measures particularly important. Western countries have reached preliminary conclusions on the deterioration mechanisms through extensive attention and research on such damages, while proposing preventive and control measures at the standard level. In contrast, related engineering damages emerged later in China, with relatively lagging mechanism studies and standard specifications.

The research in this field originated from the discovery and exploration of pyrite oxidation phenomena in engineering, with the earliest reports of such damage coming from Europe and North America. Literature analysis reveals that Switzerland, Germany, Norway, and the United States have made highly influential contributions to this field, while scholars from Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom have published extensively. Since 2018, Chinese researchers have also begun investigating the oxidation-induced deterioration of iron sulfides in concrete. The characteristics of iron sulfides, physical properties of aggregates, and environmental conditions make the reaction process of iron sulfide-containing aggregates in concrete complex and variable, urgently requiring in-depth research. Current understanding of iron sulfide-bearing aggregates is still evolving, and the establishment of standards continues to develop based on research, practical experience, and industry feedback, making it still impossible to uniformly establish threshold levels for pyrite or pyrrhotite. Canada and Ireland have developed evaluation methods for assessing the reactivity of iron sulfide-bearing aggregates in concrete. By reviewing domestic and international advancements in engineering experience, research on corrosion mechanisms, standards, specifications, and evaluation methods, this paper discusses the key issues in the current application of iron sulfide-bearing aggregates in concrete and provides perspectives for future research and development.

Summary and prospects

During the resource utilization of solid waste, the neglect of scientific analysis on the composition of iron sulfide-containing aggregates and their reactivity in concrete has led to severe concrete deterioration caused by such aggregates. Through investigating the research progress, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) Concrete failures induced by iron sulfide-containing aggregates have occurred extensively worldwide. Initially, this failure mode was identified as oxidation-induced expansion in geological engineering and foundation backfills. With increasing building service life and recent growth in tailing aggregate usage, European and American countries have widely reported adverse effects of such damage. Although relevant reports emerged later in China, the problems have rapidly manifested due to shorter latency periods. 2) The research of degradation mechanisms of iron sulfide-bearing aggregates in concrete has shifted from initial attention to single factors like pyrite and sulfate attack to comprehensive impacts on concrete performance. Comparatively, studies on pyrrhotite-bearing aggregates remain scarce. The degradation process caused by iron sulfides includes water-absorbing expansion of iron oxidation products, erosion from released sulfate during oxidation, and steel corrosion. 3) Significant variations exist in the reactivity of different iron sulfide-containing aggregates within concrete, leading to inconsistent sulfur content limits in regional standards across countries. Current preliminary identification methods for such aggregates include visual inspection, petrographic analysis, elemental testing, and indirect evaluation approaches. However, laboratory comprehensive assessments remain essential for accurately evaluating their suitability in concrete applications.

The existing research are conducted in the related fields. However, due to the extensive and complex nature of iron sulfides destruction, the field still faces other challenges.:1) Concrete engineering failures caused by iron sulfide-bearing aggregates have already occurred in China. It is crucial to enhance attention to such issues, promptly develop effective prevention and treatment measures, and minimize losses. Concurrently, technical training for Chinese engineers should be strengthened to improve awareness of iron sulfide-bearing aggregates, effectively preventing their misuse while ensuring rational resource utilization of other iron tailing aggregates.2) Current research on iron sulfide deterioration mechanisms in concrete mainly focuses on pyrite. However, pyrrhotite in aggregates exhibits higher reactivity, causing faster and more significant engineering damage. Therefore, urgent research is needed on the deterioration mechanisms of pyrrhotite-bearing aggregates in concrete. 3) Different iron sulfide-bearing aggregates exhibit distinct reaction characteristics, showing varied deterioration manifestations, development speeds, and impact ranges in concrete. Thus, sulfur content limits should be established according to different iron sulfide types based on China's actual aggregate characteristics, while accelerating the development of comprehensive evaluation methods adapted to domestic engineering conditions to propose effective preventive measures in standards.

Key words

iron sulfide-bearing aggregates / concrete / engineering damage / deterioration mechanism / limit requirements / evaluation method

引用本文

路珏, 冷发光, 黄政宇, 王晶, 夏京亮, 陈志芳. 含铁硫化物骨料在混凝土工程中的应用风险及研究进展. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (11) : 3393 -3403 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250151

Jue LU, Faguang LENG, Zhengyu HUANG, Jing WANG, Jingliang XIA, Zhifang CHEN. Application Risk and Research Progress of Iron Sulfide-Bearing Aggregates in Concrete Engineering[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (11) : 3393 -3403 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250151

基金

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国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3807305)

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2025年第53卷第11期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250151

接收时间：2025-03-07
首发时间：2026-10-21
出版时间：2025-11-20

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收稿日期：2025-03-07
修回日期：2025-04-09

基金

国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3807305)

作者信息

^1．中国建筑科学研究院有限公司，北京 100013

^2．建筑安全与环境国家重点实验室，北京 100013

^3．国家建筑工程技术研究中心，北京 100013

^4．湖南大学土木工程学院，长沙 410082

通讯作者:

冷发光（1968—），男，博士，研究员。

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gsyxb/CN/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20250151

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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