硅酸盐学报

含碳耐火材料抗热震性研究进展——理论、表征及性能提升

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骆吉源 ¹ , 丁冬海 ¹ , 肖国庆 ¹^,²

硅酸盐学报 | 碳中和与耐火材料专题—综合评述 2025,53(9): 2597-2612

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硅酸盐学报 |碳中和与耐火材料专题—综合评述 2025 , 53 (9) : 2597 -2612

含碳耐火材料抗热震性研究进展——理论、表征及性能提升

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骆吉源¹, 丁冬海¹, 肖国庆¹^,²

作者信息

^1．西安建筑科技大学材料科学与工程学院，西安 710055

^2．西安建筑科技大学，西部绿色建筑全国重点实验室，西安 710055

通讯作者:

丁冬海（1983—），男，教授。

作者简介:

骆吉源（1995—），男，博士。

Recent Progress on Thermal Shock Resistance of Carbon-Containing Refractories

Jiyuan LUO¹, Donghai DING¹, Guoqing XIAO¹^,²

Affiliations

^1.College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China

^2.State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China

Corresponding Author:

DING Donghai (1983-), male, Professor. E-mail: dingdongxauat@163.com

LUO Jiyuan (1995-), male, PhD. E-mail: luojiyuan@xauat.edu.cn

出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240791

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摘要

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洁净钢的冶炼及绿色冶金均要求减少含碳耐火材料中的石墨使用量，对其抗热震性能提出了更高的要求。含碳耐火材料抗热震性能研究需协同耐火材料抗热震理论的拓展与优化、表征方法的改良与完善以及抗热震性能提升方法的发掘与创新。本文首先综述了耐火材料抗热震理论的发展，对比了目前常用的抗热震性能表征方法的优缺点，在此基础上从基质强韧化、骨料复合化以及骨料/基质界面设计3个方面论述了近年来含碳耐火材料抗热震性能的研究进展，以期对含碳耐火材料抗热震性能研究提供参考，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。

关键词

含碳耐火材料 / 抗热震性 / 理论拓展 / 表征方法 / 性能提升

Abstract

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The introduction of graphite endows refractories the superior thermal shock resistance and slag corrosion resistance, which makes carbon-containing refractories an indispensable support for metallurgy. The existing widely used shaped carbon-containing refractories include MgO-C, Al₂O₃-C, as well as Al₂O₃-MgO-C, and Al₂O₃-ZrO₂-C. The development on carbon-containing castables has attracted recent attention. The excellent properties of carbon-containing refractories mainly contribute to the low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity and low permeability to molten steel and slags of graphite. However, a high carbon content (about 10%-30%) in conventional carbon-containing refractories is prone to increase the carbon pick-up in steel, affecting the production of clean steel and low-carbon steel. In addition, the sensitivity of carbon to oxidation leaves numerous pores in refractories and releases CO_x gases, which accelerate the corrosion of the refractories and greenhouse effect. It is thus of great importance to develop low-carbon (i.e., <8%) and ultralow-carbon containing refractories. However, directly decreasing the use of graphite usually leads to the deterioration of the thermal shock resistance of the refractories. Therefore, more and more attention is paid to the study of thermal shock resistance of carbon-containing refractories. Expansion and optimization of thermal shock theory of refractories, improvement and modification of thermal shock resistance testing methods, and exploration and innovation of thermal shock resistance improvement methods are the inseparable directions of the research on the thermal shock resistance of carbon-containing refractories.

This review represents recent development on thermal shock theory of refractories. The theory derived from linear elastic fracture mechanics suits dense ceramics and specific refractories and strength while it cannot be used in assessing the thermal shock resistance of carbon-containing refractories with high porosities and numerous defects. The unified theory derived by Hasselman clarifies the resistance of materials to both fracture initiation and crack propagation, and the parameter R_st can determine the thermal shock resistance of refractories. Compared to the theories above, those derived from elastic-plastic fracture mechanics with a strain energy-fracture energy as the parameters determine the resistance of refractories to thermal shock more precisely for that the fracture of refractories under strain is prone to have elastic-plastic characteristics. The development of wedge splitting test achieves the specific fracture energy of refractories. The brittleness determining parameters like the characteristic crack length and the Brittleness number can be calculated.

The existing methods used in testing the thermal shock resistance of refractories mainly contain quenching test, splitting test, cyclic test and nanoindentation. Compared to the qualitive quenching method, splitting test can assess the thermal shock resistance of refractories quantitively. Furthermore, the ability of refractories resisting thermal strain and mechanical strain can be also revealed. Nanoindentation has some dispensable advantages in exhibiting the evolution of mechanical properties in micro-/nano-scales, while it still needs numerous explorations to standardise the testing schedule on refractories.

Researches on improving the thermal shock resistance of refractories mainly concentrate on matrix toughening, aggregates modification and aggregate/matrix interface designing. Nanocarbons and ceramic whiskers are commonly used as additives to strengthen and toughen the refractory matrix. Researches on modifying magnesia aggregates to improve the thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories are conducted, while seldomly reported in other refractories. The design of the aggregate/matrix interface can also effectively improve the thermal shock resistance of refractories, and preparing interfacial layer with a tailored structure for load transmission and crack deflection is a potential method.

Summary and prospects

The development of improving the thermal shock resistance of refractories materials is based on scientific and reliable thermal shock resistance theories combined with scientific and accurate testing methods, and thermal shock resistance enhancement methods. The research on the thermal shock resistance of carbon-containing refractories focuses on the composition/structure nano-scaling and microstructure design. However, single modification approach cannot fulfil the requirement imposed by the low-carbon containing refractories ascribe to their complex thermal shock behavior. Integration of matrix toughening, aggregates modification and aggregate/matrix interface design is assumed to exhibit some effects on improving the thermal shock resistance of refractories.

Macro-mechanical testing methods are not sensitive to the optimization of the microstructure of refractories. Nanoindentation method can test the mechanical properties of materials in micro-scales. The combination of macro-mechanical property test and micro-mechanical property test can deeply reveal the improving mechanism of the properties of refractories. There is still a long way for nanoindentation to be widely used in refractories with a high heterogeneity because of its nano-scale characteristics. It is of great importance to standardise nanoindentation test in refractories.

Numerical simulation and machine learning can verify the experimental results and predict the properties of refractories. Combining them with experiments can provide a further guidance for the microstructure design of refractories. Besides, the combination of numerical simulation and nanoindentation or fatigue test can accelerate the development of nanoindentation test standards and fatigue test standards for refractories.

Key words

carbon-containing refractories / thermal shock resistance / theory development / testing methods / property improvement

引用本文

骆吉源, 丁冬海, 肖国庆. 含碳耐火材料抗热震性研究进展——理论、表征及性能提升. 硅酸盐学报, 2025 , 53 (9) : 2597 -2612 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240791

Jiyuan LUO, Donghai DING, Guoqing XIAO. Recent Progress on Thermal Shock Resistance of Carbon-Containing Refractories[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2025 , 53 (9) : 2597 -2612 . DOI: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240791

基金

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国家自然科学基金(52272027; 52372034)
陕西省重点研发计划(2022GY-421)

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排序方式：

2025年第53卷第9期

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文章信息

doi: 10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20240791

接收时间：2024-12-10
首发时间：2026-10-21
出版时间：2025-09-20

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收稿日期：2024-12-10
修回日期：2024-01-03

基金

国家自然科学基金(52272027; 52372034)

陕西省重点研发计划(2022GY-421)

作者信息

^1．西安建筑科技大学材料科学与工程学院，西安 710055

^2．西安建筑科技大学，西部绿色建筑全国重点实验室，西安 710055

通讯作者:

丁冬海（1983—），男，教授。

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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